Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

Pratheesh P k

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

Educational Technology is the systematic application of scientific knowledge to teaching, learning and conditions of learning to improve the efficiency of teaching and training.

G.O.M Leith

Robert M GagnaeRobert M Gagnae

“Educational Technology can be understood as meaning the development of a set of systematic technique, and accompanying practical knowledge for designing testing and operating school as educational systems.”

Indian educationalist Indian educationalist S.S Kulkarni S.S KulkarniEducational Technology

Chapter ObjectivesChapter ObjectivesDefinitions of educational technology Identifying the component parts of a

computer systemFunctions of a given systems deviceClassifying computer softwareDescribing the contributions of educational

technologistsClassifying educational technology products

However, Saettler (1990) urgesHowever, Saettler (1990) urges

“The historical function of “The historical function of educational technology is a educational technology is a

processprocess rather than a rather than a product.”product.”

Any useful definition of educational technology, therefore, must focus on the process of applying tools for educational purposes, and the materials used.

In education, the combination of process and product merges instructional procedures with instructional tools.

Technology in Education as Technology in Education as Media and Audiovisual Media and Audiovisual

CommunicationsCommunications

Audiovisual movement: ways of delivering information that could be used as alternatives to lectures and books.

Audiovisual communications: the “branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.” (Saettler, IETIE,p6)

AECT- Association for Ed. Commo. and Technology.

Technology in Education as Technology in Education as Instructional SystemsInstructional Systems

1960s and 1970s Human and non-human resources

( teachers and media).Systematic approach to designing,

developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.

International Society for Performance Improvement.

Validating and creating instruction.

Approaches to Technology Approaches to Technology in Educationin Education

An emphasis on Computer An emphasis on Computer SystemsSystems

Computers as media are becoming more complex and more capable.

Computer systems are subsuming other forms of media.

The perceived complexity of computer-based systems has made it more difficult for educators to effectively integrate software and computer media into classrooms.

Background on Background on Computer-based Computer-based

Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology

What’s a Computer??What’s a Computer??

Hardware Providing the Electronic Capability

SoftwareCommunicating with the Hardware

Any electromechanical device that accepts input, processes input and produces output.

Software in a Computer Software in a Computer SystemSystem

Systems Software ( Types of Operating Systems)

Applications Software (used for Education, Entertainment, or Edutainment)

Systems Software (Types Systems Software (Types of Operating Systems)of Operating Systems)

Unix Ms-DOSApple Dos, ProDOSMacintosh DOS, System 7Windows 95

Applications Software for Applications Software for EducationEducation

Tool Software:1. Word Processing

2. Spreadsheets

3. Database Management

4. Integrated Packages

5. Graphics Software

6. Communications Software

7. Other Tools

Applications Software for Applications Software for Education( cont.)Education( cont.)

Programming Software:1. BASIC

2. Logo

3. FORTRAN

4. COBOL, SNOBOL

5. C

6. Pascal

7. PL/1

Hardware: Hardware: Providing the Providing the Electronic CapabilityElectronic Capability

1. Input functions: • Keyboard • Mouse • Joystick and game paddle • Bar-code reader • Scanner • Touch screen and light pen

Hardware: Hardware: Providing the Providing the Electronic Capability (cont.)Electronic Capability (cont.)

2. Output Functions • Printers

• Monitors

3. Input and Output Functions• Disk drives

The CPU’s StepsThe CPU’s StepsStep 1.

The controller gets an instruction from the system’s internal memory and puts it in a register.

Step 2.

The controller directs the ALU to do necessary computations.

Step 3.

The controller gets the result from the register and stores it once again in internal memory.

CPU Central Processing CPU Central Processing UnitUnit

ALU : stands for Arithmetic/Logic

UnitControl Unit: directs the activities of

the whole system.

The Internal and External The Internal and External Memory and Memory and

Communication FunctionsCommunication FunctionsThe internal memory functions:

A limited amount of space is arranged inside the computer for storage of instructions. For example: RAM and ROM.

The external memory functions:

External storage devices can store larger quantities of information. For Example: Hard Disks and CD-ROM.

The Internal and External The Internal and External Memory and Memory and

Communications FunctionsCommunications Functions

The communications function is optional, but it is vital for communicating with other systems. For example: Modem and Fax.

Software: Software: Communicating Communicating with the Hardwarewith the Hardware

Programming Languages:

Low-Level languages (Machine and Assembly).

High-Level languages (Java, Cobol, VC++ and Fortran ).

Types of Software

Systems Software Acts as a visible interface between the

machine and the user. Applications Software Programs written to do tasks, such as

word processing or drawing pictures.

Software DesignSoftware Design

Step 1. Analyzing the problem

Step 2. Developing the algorithm

Step 3. Coding

Step 4. Testing

Step 5. Revising and Debugging

Types of Computer SystemsTypes of Computer Systems

Personal ComputersMini and Mainframe ComputersSupercomputers

– Cost , the number of users that can be supported, size, speed, and storage capacity distinguish between these.

ComeniusComenius

Hard ware and software approach

Hard ware Hardware Approach has

physical science and applied engineering  as   its    basis.

Hardware approach in education is the view of Finn and his colleagues.

Hardware Approach has mechanised the whole teaching-learning process.

Soft ware In software approach, the basis

of all thinking and working is behavioural science and psychology of learning

This approach to educational technology originated from the efforts of B.F.Skinner, Gagne and Norman.A.Crowder.

It is sometimes referred to as Teaching Technology, Instructional Technology or Behavior Technology.

HARD WARE APPROACH

Hardware Approach adopts a Product-oriented Approach.

Hardware technology has the potential to hand over the educational benefits to the mass with greater ease and economy.

SOFTWARE APPROACH

It is a Process-oriented Approach

It does not have any such wide application

System A system is a set of inter-connected and inter-

related elements directed to achieve certain goals.

It consists mainly of three aspects-input, process and output.

The input to a given teaching/learning system consists of people, resources and information

The output consists of people whose performance or ideas have improved in desired way.

Process consists of sequence of interdependent and linked procedures which, convert inputs into outputs.

—Systems Approach to education emphasizes

System

Identifying and stating the goals to be achieved.  Identifying the processes, methods, techniques

and strategies    that   may be most relevant to achieving the predetermined goals;

 Building up theoretical foundation justifying the relevance of these processes to achieving the goals;

 Determining specific interactions visualized existing among various other components of inputs;

Specifying the various kinds of controls needed in the total system at different points; and

Keeping the whole in mind all the time while preparing the model or the system.

System Approach

This is the modern approach.  —It acts as a link between hardware and

software approach.  —It is also known as 'Management

Technology'.   —It has brought to educational management a

scientific approach for solving educational administrative problems.

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