Changing Empires

From Byzantine…

To Turkish rule

ConstantinopleConstantinople• Surrounded on 3 sides by water; good for trade and defense

• a shipping and trading hub; located on major trade routes

• Capital of Eastern Roman Empire; heavily influenced by Roman culture

• Christian city from the beginning

•Empire was a blend of Christian, Roman,& Greek (official language) culture

•Survived centuries of riots, religious discord, wars, & 88 leaders

•Seized by Turks in 1453; Renamed Istanbul

becomes Istanbulbecomes Istanbul

Trade Routes in the Byzantine Empire

• Connected 3 continents with a vast trade network of caravans, rivers, seaways, and roads

• Constantinople became the center of religion and trade after the fall of the Roman Empire, until its own demise in 1453 at the hands of the Ottoman Turks

Who are the Turks?The Turks are a non-Arab people that live in modern day Turkey.Turkish scholars have made many important contributions to astronomy and medicine. Powerful Turkish empires dominated the Middle East for centuries.

The Ottoman Empire was the most powerful empire in the world during the 1500's and 1600's. At its height, it controlled what is now Turkey and parts of northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and southeastern Europe. The empire began about 1300 and lasted until 1922. The Ottomans were nomadic Turkish tribes that migrated to the Middle East from central Asia. The term Ottoman comes from Osman, the founder. and first sultan (ruler) of the empire.

A Powerful EmpireA Powerful Empire

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire• Osman was the leader of the Osman Turks

in the late 13th century.• In the 14th century, the Ottoman Turks

expanded into the Balkans and began to put pressure on the Byzantine Empire.

• The Ottoman leaders, or SultansSultans, began to recruit Christian soldiers and converted them into an elite Islamic fighting force.

• The Ottomans changed warfare by introducing cannons and muskets to the battlefield.

• Constantinople falls to the Ottomans in 1453. Renamed the famed city to IstanbulIstanbul.

The Hagia SophiaThe Hagia Sophia

•Built in 5 years 532-537 AD; Known as Church of Holy Wisdom

•When Constantinople fell to the Turks, Hagia Sophia became a mosque

•Today it is a museum

Important Concepts Found

in the Architecture

•Plain exterior symbolizes earthly life

•Ornate interior: Spiritual universe

•Size, pillars, and enclosed space show Roman influence

•Intricate and ornate design shows Eastern influence

•Cathedral shows blending of east and west in the Byzantine Empire

•Style spread to Russia & S. Italy

Ottoman Expansion in Ottoman Expansion in EuropeEurope

• Suleiman I the “Magnificent” was the greatest of the Ottoman Sultans.

• Ruled from 1520 to 1566• A centralized administrative system was

adopted.• Published a code of laws that established a

system of justice.• Many architectural wonders were

commissioned by him.• The Ottoman system was relatively tolerant of

non-Muslims.• Muslims were prohibited from adopting

another faith.

Named after King Solomon

And so the story goes…

By the mid-1500's, the Ottomans ruled Asia Minor, the Balkans, and parts of northern Africa and present-day Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. The Ottomans were Muslims, and they spread Islam throughout the empire.

Decline of the Ottoman Decline of the Ottoman EmpireEmpire

• Selim II led the Ottomans into decline.

• Incompetence within the ruling family, and western influence were the major factors that led to the downfall of the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman Empire slowly declined only after 1700, when it was faced with the emerging powers of Europe. When World War I began in 1914, the Ottoman Empire consisted of only Asia Minor, parts of southwestern Asia, and part of the Balkans. The Ottomans were defeated in the war, and the empire came to an end in 1922.

Decline of the Ottoman Decline of the Ottoman EmpireEmpire

The Ottoman Empire

Rise Fall

Trade

Expansion

Notable Mentions

•Where was the Ottoman Empire located?

•The time period

•Suleiman the Magnificent and his accomplishments

•Vocabulary: sultans, caliph, theocracy

•The Janissaries

Did you know?Islam’s Contribution to Learning

For about 700 years, Islamic scholars were among the leading thinkers of the world. During the Middle Ages (500-1453 AD), Islamic scientists, mathematicians, and doctors pushed forward the frontiers of knowledge.

Islamic scientists made important contributions to astronomy, meteorology, and physics. Arab mathematicians introduced the Arabic system of numerals, which dramatically reduced the time it took to make calculations.

Medicine also progressed in the Muslim empires. Every major city had a hospital, and doctors began to understand how the immune system and contagious diseases worked.

The Silk Road

China and the west first became aware of one another in the second century BC. Chinese traders exchanged silks, tea, furs, and spices for gold, silver, precious stones, glass, ivory, horses, and wool. The primary trade route between China and the west was the Silk Road, a 4,000-mile caravan route through South Asia and the Middle East. The Silk Road was also a route for the exchange of information and ideas. Buddhism traveled from the Indian subcontinent to China by the Silk Road.

The Silk Road

ConstantinopleIstanbul, Turkey

The Silk RoadChinese Porcelain

Chinese spicesChinese tea

Chinese silks

Chinese gunpowder

Icons•pictures of important Christians or sacred events. They take the form of murals, mosaics, or wooden panels.

•In the West, Icons were to be respected.

•In the East, Icons were used, although many disapproved of them.

The Great Schism• Btwn. 800 and 1000 eastern and western Christians fought

over icons and spiritual power• Christians in the Holy Roman Empire used icons because

few people could read • Some Christians in the Byzantine Empire disapproved of

showing devotion to icons.• Byzantines also struggle with Rome over power• In 1054, the Christian church split into two churches

forever.

Catholic Church

•Catholic is Latin for “universal”

•Masses conducted in Latin

•Pope thought to be supreme religious authority

•Clergy were celibate

Orthodox Church

•Orthodox is Greek for “correct belief”

•Masses conducted in Greek: Bible translated into various languages

•Patriarch appointed by Byzantine emperor

•Bishops celibate; priests could marry