10 11THE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE EMPIRES Santiago Espitia Berndt

Carthague

Alexandria

Memphis

LATIN GREEK

LATIN GREEK

LATIN

Theben

Jerusalem

Gaza

Antioch

Ancyra

EphesusSmyrna

Pergamon

ByzantionBrundisiumRoma

Massillia

Augusta T.Castra Regina

Londinium

CordubaCarthago Nova

Terraco

Mediolanum

Ravenna

Ancona

Mediolanum

Tingis

Gades

Thessalonice

Athenes

DamascosBerytus 17 days

11 days

9 days 4 d

ays

20 days

East RomanEmpire

BurgundyKdm.

FranconianKdm.

OstrogothEmp.

532

persian-attack

awarian-attack

533

535

534

534

532

550

551

552

554

WestgothKdm.

VandalEmp.

BasquesSuebi

Alexandria

Antioch

ConstantinoplaRoma

Ravenna

Athenes

Damascos

Bosra

Gepids

Bulgarians

Huns

Alanians

Arabians

Berbers

Persians

Sassanid Emp.

Slavs

Baltic germans

Thuringians

Saxons

Danes

Bretons

Anglo-Saxons

Langorbards

hinterland of cities

landway

see- riverway

bigger than 100.000

caravanway

languageborder

bigger than 30.000

city

Roman Emp. 200 B.C.

acquisitions t.100 B.C.

acquisitions t. 14 A.D.

acquisitions t. 117 A.D.

temp. acquisitions

under Sassanid occupation

reconquest by Justinian 534

reconquest by Justinian 554

Roman Emp. after Justinian. 565

Persian Attack

Avarian Attack

patriarchy

Constantine‘s fort

East Roman Empire

Burgundy Kdm.

Franconian Kdm.

Ostrogoth Emp.

Vandal Emp.

Westgoth Emp.

other German groups

hinterland of cities

landway

see- riverway

bigger than 100.000

caravanway

languageborder

bigger than 30.000

city

Roman Emp. 200 B.C.

acquisitions t.100 B.C.

acquisitions t. 14 A.D.

acquisitions t. 117 A.D.

temp. acquisitions

under Sassanid occupation

reconquest by Justinian 534

reconquest by Justinian 554

Roman Emp. after Justinian. 565

Persian Attack

Avarian Attack

patriarchy

Constantine‘s fort

East Roman Empire

Burgundy Kdm.

Franconian Kdm.

Ostrogoth Emp.

Vandal Emp.

Westgoth Emp.

other German groups

hinterland of cities

landway

see- riverway

bigger than 100.000

caravanway

languageborder

bigger than 30.000

city

Roman Emp. 200 B.C.

acquisitions t.100 B.C.

acquisitions t. 14 A.D.

acquisitions t. 117 A.D.

temp. acquisitions

under Sassanid occupation

reconquest by Justinian 534

reconquest by Justinian 554

Roman Emp. after Justinian. 565

Persian Attack

Avarian Attack

patriarchy

Constantine‘s fort

East Roman Empire

Burgundy Kdm.

Franconian Kdm.

Ostrogoth Emp.

Vandal Emp.

Westgoth Emp.

other German groups

hinterland of cities

landway

see- riverway

bigger than 100.000

caravanway

languageborder

bigger than 30.000

city

Roman Emp. 200 B.C.

acquisitions t.100 B.C.

acquisitions t. 14 A.D.

acquisitions t. 117 A.D.

temp. acquisitions

under Sassanid occupation

reconquest by Justinian 534

reconquest by Justinian 554

Roman Emp. after Justinian. 565

Persian Attack

Avarian Attack

patriarchy

Constantine‘s fort

East Roman Empire

Burgundy Kdm.

Franconian Kdm.

Ostrogoth Emp.

Vandal Emp.

Westgoth Emp.

other German groups

Roma conquers southern Italy (Greek colonies)Roma and Carthage fight the first Punic war

Gauls invade Romeinvading Gauls are defeated

Hannibal invades Italy and the Gauls of n.Italy ally with him

Rome defeats the Macedonian King Philip VCelts of Spain are Subjugated

Roma conquers Greece after the battle of CorithCartague is destroyed

slave revolt in Socilybegining of mediterranean expansion

social wars in ItalySpartacus leads the revolt of the gladiators

Roman general Pompey annexed the western part of Syria Damascus incorporated into league of Decapolis

Berytus conquered by Agrippa Pompeus captures Jerusalem and anexes Palestine

first war against Persia

Caesar becomes dictator of RomeCaesar invades Egipt and proclaims Cleopatra queen

Rome tries to invade PersiaCleopatra commits suicide and Egipt is anexed to Rome

Augustus the first EmperorRoma and Persia fixes the boundary along Euphrates

Augustus expands borders to region of DanubeJesus is born

Roma has 1 Million People

Augustus expands in the Balkansfive million people live in the whole empire

Jesus CrucifiedCaligula transferred Damascus to Nabataean control

Claudius invades Britain

Romans conquer Armeniafirst Christian persucution

Tito destroys JerusalemJews spread to the whole empire

Trajan anexes Dacia Nabataea Damascus returned to Roma

Trajan conquers Mesopotamia

jewish revolt against Rome

plaguefirst Atack to Rome by the Barbarians

second Attack against Rome by the BarbariansCaracalla grants citizenship on all free people of the Empire

Severus murders King Abgar IX of Edesa

Decius order the first empire-wide persecution of ChristiansSassanids defeat Romans and conquer Dura Europorus

in Mesopotamia

Romans destroy the city of Palmyra

REPUBLIC

OF

ROME

EMPIRE

Augustus

Tiberius Caligula Claudius

Nero

Galba Otho / Vitellius / Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan

Hadrian Antoninus Pius

Marcus Aurelius

Commodus Pertinax / Didius Julian Septimius Severus

Caracalla

Macrinus Elagabalus Alexander Severus

Maximin Gordian I / II / Pupienus Balbinus / Gordian III Philipp “Arabs” Decius

Hostilian / Gallus Aemilian / Valerian

Gallienus Claudius II Quintillus / Aurelian

Tacitus Florian / Probus

275264

225222218

196175

149146138

90736564

6353

49473630272013

6143337

43

5864

79

106107115

132

164167

212214

225

256259

273

27

333741

54

686979819698

117132

161

180192193

211

217218222

235238

244249

251253

259268270

275276

250

200

150

100

50

BC

0

AD

50

100

150

200

250

The Roman government wanted Roman culture to flourish in the farthest reaches of the empire, which at the time included east-ern Palestine. So they encour-aged the growth of ten cities, allowing them some political autonomy within the protective sphere of Rome. Each city func-tioned as a polis or city-state, with jurisdiction over an area of the surrounding countryside. Each city also minted its own coins.

Damascus became a metropolis by the beginning of the second century and in 222 it was up-graded to a colonia by the Em-peror Septimius Severus. Dur-ing the Pax Romana, Damascus and the Roman province of Syria in general began to pros-per. Damascus's importance as a caravan city was evident with the trade routes from southern Arabia, Palmyra, Petra, and the silk routes from China all con-verging on it.

EXPANSION

CRISIS

ByzANTIuM AND THE “RESTORATION OF THE EMPIRE”

The Roman and Byzantine EmpiresFrom The Republic till Trajan

DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

12 13THE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE EMPIRES Santiago Espitia Berndt

empire divides into east and westpopulation of the Empire is around 60 million people15 million Christians

Constantine recognizes the Christian ChurchConstantine founds Constantinoplecapital ist moved to Constantinople

Visigoths defeat the Roman Army at Hadrianopolis

Empire is divided. Milan / Constantinople are capitalscapital ist moved to Ravenna Wdecline of Rome´s population to 100.000 W

Barbarians invades France form the north W

city Wall of Constantinople is being built EConstantinople has a million people Ewar against Sassanid Empire E

bataillon is defeated by Huns in Naissus E

Huns invades Italy WVandals sack Roma W

decline from West Roman Empire W

Ostrogoths led by Theodoric conquer Italy

anti-Jewish policies Antioch in Syria is destroyed by an earthquake Justinian decides to reconquer Italy Justinian shuts down the Academia of PlatoJustinian’s code of law “Corpus Juri Civilis” is published Belisarius destroys the Arian kingdom of the Vandals reconquers southern Spain and northern AfricaOstrogoths surrenderJustinian builds the church of Hagia Sophia Belisarius takes Ravenna from Ostrogothic plague decimates the Empire

city of Rome is reconqueredearthquake destroys Berytus end of Ostrogothic resistance in Italy

Alboin’s Lombards invade northern Italy

Sassanids capture JerusalemPersians capture EgyptVisigoths reconquer Spain from Roman empireSassanids besiege ConstantinopleRomans retake Syria from the SassanidsArabs capture Syria and Palestine

CarusNumerian/ Carinus

DiocletianMaximian

Constantius I / Galerius Severus / Maximian / Maxentius

Maximinus Daia Licinius / Constantine I /

Constantine II

Constantius II / Constans

JulianJovian

Valentinian I W . E Valens Gratian W / Valentinian II W

Theodosius WMaximus E Eugenius E

Arcadius E . W Honorius

Theodosius II E

Constantius III Johannes

Valentinian III W

Marcian E

Petronius W / Avitus W Majorian W . Leo I E

Severus WAnthemius W

Olybrius WGlycerius / Julius Nepos W

zeno ERomulus A. W . Basiliscus E

Anastasius I E

Justin I E

Justinian

Justin I

Tiberius IIMaurice

Phocas IHeraclius I

Constantine III / Heracleon/ Constans II

286

313324330

378

395

402

406

413

421

441

452455

476

493

525526527529533534535536537540542

551

552

568

614619621626628636

282283284285

305306308

311

337

361363364375

379383392395

408

421423425

450

455457461467472473474475

491

518

527

565

578582

602610

641

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

The region of Syria remained one of the most important prov-inces of the Byzantine Empire, although in the 6th century it was plagued by Sassanid Per-sian incursions during the Ro-man-Persian Wars. It was occu-pied by the Sassanids between 609 and 628, when recovered by the emperor Heraclius.

Diocletian created a new administrative system.After the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, however, the tetrachy collapsed, and Constantine I replaced it with the dynastic principle of hereditary succession.

TETRARCHy

DIVISION

SHRINKING BORDERS

RESTORATIONJustinians reign is marked by the ambitious but ultimately failed renovatio imperii. This ambition was expressed in the partial recovery of the territories of the Western Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. A still more resonant aspect of his legacy was the uniform rewriting of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis. His reign also marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture.

Theodosius' death brought the Empire into the less skilled hands of his sons Honorius and Arcadius. Their personal hostil-ity was resolved by a decision to divide the Empire irrevocably into two parts. Arcadius became Emperor of the Eastern Empire, which soon became known as the Byzantine Empire. Honorius assumed the throne of the new Western Empire--just 81 years before its demise at the hands of Odoacer.

10 Km 50 Km

borders 1st. century

borders after Trajan

main street-way

main city

member of Decapolis league

middle East 1st. & 2nd. Century

city

town

Syria

Arabia

Judaea

Canatha

Caesarea Philipi

Dion

Bethsaida

Ptolemais

Raphana

Gadara

Sepphoris

Tiberia

Caesarea

Sychar

Shechem

Ephraim

Jericho

Qumaran

Machaerus

Lydda

Joppa

EmmausJerusalem

Beersheba

Bethlehem

Jamnia

Gaza

Masaba

Pella

BethabaraScythopolis

Gerasa

Damascus

Bosra

Tyre

Berytus

Capernum

Hyppos

Nazareth

Balbek

PHOENICIA

GAULANITIS

SYRIA

ARABIA

JUDAEA

DECAPOLIS

PEREA

JUDEA

SUMARIA

NABATEA

IDUMEA

PHILISTIA

Jabbok

Philadelphia

DeadSea

Galileesea

1 Km 5Km

1.5 Km

Constantinople

Wal

l of C

onst

antin

e

Marmarm

eer

Bosporus

Wal

l of

Theo

dosi

us II

Roma

Antioch

Tiber

The Roman and Byzantine Empiresfrom constantine to the end of the Empire

DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel