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Changes in Latin America

Ch 25

Central and South America sought to break from colonial rule

Same as every other colony in this time period Spanish Colonies influenced by Napoleon’s actions Influenced by Enlightenment Haiti slave rebellion (1792)

Fear of all of the other colonies

I. Introduction

Simon Bolivar Led Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador against Spain (1817-

1822) Formed Gran Colombia

Broke up due to political differences Rejected being crowned king

II. Colonies to Nations

Reasons for “Revolucion” Creoles, natives and mixed were not treated

equally American and French Revolution Haitian Slave Revolution

Toussiant L’Overture lead the overthrow of French rule

Plantation owners fearful

II. Colonies to Nations

Mexico Father Miguel de Hidalgo

Encouraged Indians and Mestizos to rebel- Executed Augustin de Iturbide

Officer, negotiated with creoles and became emperor Problems

Inequality Texas

Alamo Mexican-American War

US takes ½ of Mexico’s land Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

La Reforma- redistributed Indian land- Rich win

II. Colonies to Nations

Brazil Important economically

Sugar Cotton and Cacao Portuguese Royal family flee from Napoleon

Rio de Janiero becomes Portuguese imperial city Changes when Portuguese leave

Nation Traded coffee Kept slavery- last to abolish Monarchy collapses

Bloodless military coup- Republic

II. Colonies to Nations

Argentina Liberated under Jose de San Martin

With Chile and Peru Formed a republic (brought prosperity)

Domingo F. Sarmiento President who made numerous reforms

Greatly exported beef, hides and wool Greatly expanded territory Became a place for Italian, German and Russian

immigrants Some would travel back and forth for growing seasons

II. Colonies to Nations

US stayed “isolated” until after Civil War Monroe Doctrine 1823

US handles problems in Americas No further European colonization

Fear of assault launch pad Manifest Destiny

Destined to rule coast-coast Brought into conflict with Mexico

Spanish American War Retaliation vs. Money

USS Maine Cuban Sugar

US occupied Cuba Puerto Rico becomes an American dependency

III. US Involvement

Panama Canal Shortcut for US fleet US helps Panama gain independence from Columbia Built from 1903-1914 Initially under US control but turned over to Panama

(1999)

III. US Involvement

Latin America became very fragmented Common culture but different political and social views

War of the Pacific aka Fertilizer War (1879-1883) Chile vs. Bolivia and Peru

Chile gains territory and problems proceeded in Bolivia and Peru

Rivalries in exports

IV. General Problems