K NGUYN THNG MI SM NG NAM (900-1300 CE): NGHIN CU TRNG HP MANDALA CHAMPA1 Trng Giang Vin Nghin cu ng Nam (ISEAS-VASS) V National University of Singapore (NUS)

K nguyn thng mi sm ng Nam (900-1300 CE) Gii nghin cu kh quen thuc vi lun im v mt thi i thng mi c xut bi gio s ni ting Anthony Reid ni v lch s khu vc ng Nam trong thi k t 1400 n 1680.2 Theo A.Reid, khong nm 1400 s pht trin kinh t ng Nam c thc y bi nhu cu v gia v, h tiu v cc sn phm khc t vng qun o. ng cho rng, trong sut thi k ny, cc c nhn v cc nh nc ng Nam c th hng li ln t thng mi quc t thng qua vic thch ng trc nhng nhu cu ang thay i.3 Thi gian gn y, Geoff Wade s dng thut ng k nguyn thng mi sm (an early age of commerce) din t mt bi cnh chung mang tnh ph qut ca lch s khu vc ng Nam trong thi k t nm 900 n 1300. Geoff1

Nhng tng c bn ca bi vit c trnh by ln u tin ti TWENTIETH ANNUAL WORLD HISTORY ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE, t chc ti GLOBAL HISTORY CENTER, CAPITAL NORMAL UNIVERSITY, Beijing, China, 7-10 July 2011. Tc gi xin by t lng bit n i vi i hc Osaka (Osaka University) i th mi kinh ph tc gi c c hi gp mt ti Hi tho v trnh by bo co ca mnh. Trong

qu trnh hon thin bi vit, tc gi nhn c nhng kin ng gp v nhng tng quan trng ca GS Momoki Shiro, GS Bruce Lockhart, TS Geoff Wade, TS Masaki Mukai v hai nh nghin cu Mohamed Effendy v Morragotwong Phumplab. Nhn y, tc gi xin c by t lng bit n ca mnh i vi nhng kin ng gp qu bu y. Bi vit c ng trong sch: Ngi Vit vi bin, do PGS.TS Nguyn Vn Kim ch bin, NXB Th Gii, H Ni, 2011.2

Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: The Lands Below the Winds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993; v Southeast Asia in the age of commerce: 1450-1680: Expansion and crisis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. Anthony Reid cho rng k nguyn thng mi c ngun gc t nhng thay i din ra trong sut th k XV. S bng n ca thng mi v s ni ln ca cc cng th nh l nhng trung tm thng mi thc y nhng thay i v mt chnh tr, x hi v kinh t nh du k nguyn thng mi trong khu vc, ko di t th k XV n th k XVII. S bng n ca hi thng dn n s tri dy ca thuyn mnh ng Nam cng nh l nhng k thut hng hi mi Mt s biu hin v mt x hi khc ca k nguyn thng mi cn bao gm mt cuc cch mng v tn gio, vi s thm nhp ca Hi gio v Thin cha gio vo khu vc, mt cuc cch mng v qun s vi cc k thut chin tranh mi h tr cho sc mnh ca cc th ch mi.3

Anthony Reid, An age of commerce in Southeast Asian History, in trong Modern Asian Studies 24, 1. Great Britain, 1990, tr.30.

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Wade cho rng, trong sut thi k ny, nhng s thay i ln lao v triu i cng nh cc chnh sch khuyn khch ngoi thng Trung Hoa, Nam v vng Trung ng (Ty ) cng nh nhng pht trin ni ti ca khu vc ng Nam dn ti mt mi trng thun li thc y cc hot ng thng mi bin, v h qu l dn ti s xut hin ca cc cng th ven bin mi v mt s thay i v chnh tr v x hi cc nc ng Nam .4 Trc , J.W.Christie cng chia s nhiu kin tng ng vi G.Wade v nh danh thi k t th k X n th k XIII nh l thi i bng n thng mi Chu (Boom of Asian maritime trade. 5 Theo G.Wade th c ba nguyn nhn chnh dn ti s bng n ca cc hot ng hi thng trn vng bin ca ng Nam trong giai on ny, trong ng c bit nhn mnh ti nhng bin chuyn ln cc trung tm kinh t ln ca khu vc chu , bao gm: (1) cc chnh sch khuyn thng (commercial-supported policies) v cc tc ng ca chng Trung Quc, (2) s pht trin ca mng li thng nhn Arab trn khp cc vng bin ca chu , v (3) s m rng ca cng ng thng nhn Tamil ng Nam v Nam Trung Hoa. 1). S thng nht ca Trung Hoa di triu i Tng (960 A.D.) v cc chnh sch c thc thi sau ca cc vng triu Tng c nhng tc ng su sc ti h thng hi thng Chu. Triu i Tng c tha nhn rng ri nh mt trong nhng vng triu thnh cng nht ca Trung Hoa trong vic thc y cng nh kim sot cc hot ng hi thng. Geoff Wade cho rng s tn ti ca cc triu i bc v nam Tng t nm 960 n 1279 to nn mt thi k pht trin thng mi v cng nghip mnh m Trung Hoa, ln n mc nhng thay i din ra trong giai on ny c xem nh cuc cch mng kinh t thi trung i (medieval economic revolution). 6 Mt s chnh sch c ban hnh nhm kim sot v thc y s pht trin ca cc cng th min Nam Trung Hoa, c bit l cng vng Qung Chu. Cc vua nh Tng cng ban4

Geoff Wade, An early age of commerce in Southeast Asia, 900-1300 CE, in trong Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 40 (2), National University of Singapore, 2009. 5 Jan Wisseman Christie, Javanese markets and the Asian sea trade boom of the Tenth to Thirteenth centuries A.D., in trong Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient, 41, 3, 1998. 6 Geoff Wade, An early age of commerce, tld, tr.222.

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hnh cc chnh sch khuyn khch cc thng nhn ngoi quc n v thc hin cng vic trao i bun bn cc cng th Nam Trung Hoa. Mt v d in hnh l nm 987, triu nh Trung Hoa gi bn phi b ngoi giao vi quc th ca hong khuyn khch cc thng nhn ngoi quc vng Nam Dngn v bun bn ti cc cng th nam Trung Hoa. 7 Triu nh nh Tng cng khuyn khch cc nc lng ging phng nam gi cc phi b ngoi giao v triu cng ti Trung Hoa. Thng qua vic , triu nh Trung Hoa nhn c nhng ngun thu ln qua cc hng ha cng phm c gi ti, cng nh l khng nh v th ca Trung Hoa i vi cc nc lng ging (m Trung Hoa lun xem nh l nhng phin quc hay cc ch hu nm di s bo tr ca triu nh). ng thi, h thng triu cng cng mang li nhng li ch thit thc v quan trng cho cc phi b triu cng ca cc nc c v mt chnh tr v kinh t. Trong mt cng trnh c cng b gn y, nh nghin cu Mukai Masaki cho rng, c mt s bng n (boom) cc phi b triu cng n t cc chnh th ca vng bin Nam Dng ti Trung Hoa trong sut thi k nh Tng. 8 Theo th, s bng n ca cc phi b triu cng ny phn nh s ti thit lp ca ton th mng li hi thng.9 Masaki cng ch ra rng mt s lng ln cc phi on triu cng ti triu nh Trung Hoa c thc hin bi cc thng nhn n t bin (sea-traders), c bit l cc phi b n t Dashi (cc nc Arab v Ba T). Cc nc v cc thng nhn hi ngoi mong mun d nhp vo mng li triu cng ca Trung Hoa bi v cc Hong Trung Hoa thng p li vi nhng mn qu/mn hng vi gi tr tng ng v thm ch l cao hn nhiu so vi gi tr ca cc mn hng triu cng. Hn na, d nhp vo mng li triu cng ny cng mang li nhng c hi cho cc thng nhn ngoi quc c hi thc hin vic trao i bun bn v thu thp hng ha ni a ca Trung Quc vi mc gi thp v khng phi np thu.

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Paul Wheatley, Geographical notes on some commodities involved in Sung maritime trade, in trong Journal of the Malayan, Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 32, 2. Kuala Lumpur, 1959, tr. 393. 8 Mukai Masaki, Contacts between empires and entrepots and the role of supra-regional network: Song-Yuan-Ming transition of the Maritime Asia, 960-1405, trnh by ti The First Congress of the Asian Association of World Historians, Osaka, 2009, tr.2. 9 Mukai Masaki, Contacts between empires and entrepots, tld.

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Vo u th k th XIII, thng cng Qung Chu, cng th quan trng nht min nam Trung Hoa bc vo giai on khng hong. S khng hong ny l kt qu ca mt qu trnh xung t v chuyn giao gia triu Nam Tng v nh Nguyn. H qu l, hu ht cc thng nhn ngoi quc ri khi cc cng ven bin nam Trung Hoa ti cc trung tm bun bn khc. Sauk hi kim sot c ton b lnh th Trung Hoa, triu Nguyn bt u m rng sc mnh trn bin ca mnh. Kublai Khan thit lp quyn lc ca mnh vng duyn hi nam Trung Hoa, thit lp mt s lng ln cc c quan kim sot tu bun v thng nhn ngoi quc ti cc cng th nhm kim sot vic trao i bun bn trn bin. Thng cng Qung Chu v cc cng th khc vng nam Trung Hoa li bt u hi sinh v tr nn thnh vng di triu Nguyn v triu Nguyn c xem nh l mt bc ngot (turning point) ca lch s thng mi bin chu .10 Trong mt chuyn kho v lch s hi thng ng Nam , gio s Sakurai Yumio cng nhn mnh ti vai tr ca th trng Trung Hoa i vi s pht trin ca thng mi bin khu vc ng Nam . ng cho rng S bin i quan trng nht thi k ny l s hng thnh ca cc th Trung v Nam Trung Quc. S pht trin cn ti s bun bn trn bin. V mt k thut, thuyn bum ln xut hin cc vng pha nam Trung Quc. Sc ch ca loi thuyn ny tng ln rt nhanh chng v hi trnh ca chng cng thay i t cn hi n vin dng. Hng ha chuyn ch cng bt u thay i t nhng hng ha nh, qu nh t la sang nhng loi hng nng nh s, t nhng xa x nh du thm sang nhng vt dng i chng hn nh giy.11 Chnh nhng s thay i v k thut hng hi cng nh nhng thay i v nhu cu ca cc mt hng trao i cc th trng ln dn n s thay i ca cc tuyn hi thng khu vc, c bit l cc tuyn giao thng vn hnh trn cc vng bin ng Nam . Chnh s thay i ca cc dng chuyn vn giao thng nh vy c nhng tc ng trc tip v su sc ti s hng thnh v suy vong ca cc tiu quc vng ng Nam .

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Mukai Masaki, Contacts between empires and entrepots, tld, tr.12. Sakurai Yumio, Th phc dng cu trc lch s ca khu vc ng Nam (thng qua mi quan h gia bin v lc a), tp ch Nghin cu ng Nam 04/1996, tr.41.

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2). Nhn t ngoi sinh th hai c nhng tc ng su sc ti ton b khu vc ng Nam l vai tr tch cc ngy cng tr nn mnh m ca cc thng nhn Arab, nhng ngi nm gi v kim sot s vn hnh ca cc tuyn hi thng khu vc Nam v ng Nam . T cc trung tm ban u Konkan v Gujarat, cc c dn Ba T v Arab dn dn m rng lnh th ca h v pha ng v chim c cc tuyn hi thng dc theo b bin n Dng vo th k th IX. Cc thng nhn Arab sau m rng mng li hot ng ca mnh ti khu vc ng Nam v nam Trung Hoa vo th k th X.12 Da trn cc ngun t liu lch s, Geoff Wade cho rng n cui th k XII, hot ng hi thng vng bin phng nam trn thc t nm trong tay cc thng nhn Hi gio. 13 n th k XIII, cc thng nhn Arab tip tc nm gi vai tr quan trng trong vic kim sot tuyn hi thng ni kt Trung Hoa vi ng Nam , Nam v Ty . 3).Nhn t th ba tc ng ti khu vc ng Nam t th k X n th k XIV l s m rng hot ng ca cc mng li thng nhn gc Tamil (vng ng Nam n ) cng vi s thnh vng ca vng quc Chola b bin ng nam n . Ni ln nh mt vng quc bin ln b bin n vo nm 985, vng quc Cholas sau m rng lnh th c trong vng lc a rng ln cng nh trn cc i dng. Cc vua Cholas khuyn khch cc hot ng giao thng trn bin v d nhp tch cc vo h thng hi thng t bin a Trung hi v Ba T pha Ty n vng ng Nam v nam Trung Hoa. Hermann Kulke nhn nhn s ni ln ca vng quc bin Chola v vai tr tch cc ca cc thng nhn Tamil, s xung t/cnh tranh gia vng quc Cholas v vng quc Srivijaya vo th k th XI nh l mt s tri dy ca cc cng quc mi, s chuyn di ca cc tuyn hi thng, v, h qu ca qu trnh ny, l mt s cnh tranh phn chia th trng. 14

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Andre Wick, Al-Hind: The making of the Indo-Islamic world. Vol.2: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th13 centuries. New York: Brill, 1997, tr.1. 13 Geoff Wade, An early age of Commerce, tld, tr.234. 14 Hermann Kulke, The naval expeditions of the Cholas in the context of Asian history, in trong: Hermann Kulke, K.Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuaja, Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval expeditions to Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009, tr.3.th

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Nh th, ba nhn t chnh tc ng trc tip v su sc ti ton th khu vc ng Nam trong k nguyn thng mi sm bao gm s hi sinh ca th trng Trung Hoa di thi nh Tng v Nguyn, s m rng cc mng li ca thng nhn Arab/hi gio v s tri dy ca vng quc bin Chola. y ng thi cng chnh l cc th trng kinh t ln ca th gii, v h qu l, tuyn hi thng kt ni ba trung tm kinh t ny i qua vng bin ng Nam tr thnh mt trong nhng tuyn hi thng nng ng v quan trng nht ca th gii ng thi. S thnh vng ca mng li hi thng ny mang li nhng c hi thun li cho cc chnh th ca khu vc ng Nam d nhp vo th trng quc t v thu li t vic trao i bun bn vi th gii bn ngoi. Srivijaya, Champa nhng th ch bin in hnh ca khu vc ng Nam tn dng mi trng thun li ny tch cc d nhp vo mng li khu vc bng vic cung cp cc ngun hng bn x, cc cng th ven bin thun li, cng nh c gng chim c cc tuyn hi thng. Geoff Wade cho rng, trong bn th k t 900 n 1300 CE din ra mt s nhng thay i v thng mi v ti chnh Trung Hoa, Nam , vng Trung ng (Ty ) v ni vng ng Nam , thc y mnh m nn hi thng, dn ti s hnh thnh ca cc thng cng v cc trung tm th mi, s chuyn dch ca cc kinh hnh chnh v pha cc b bin, s gia tng dn s, gia tng cc mi lin h trn bin gia cc cng ng c dn, s bnh trng/m rng ca Pht gio Theravada v Islam, gia tng vic c tin/lu hnh tin t, cc ngnh sn xut mi, hnh thc tiu th mi v cc t chc ph trch cc hot ng trn bin mi. T Geoff Wade xut rng thi k t nm 900 n nm 1300 c th c xem nh l k nguyn thng mi sm trong lch s khu vc ng Nam .15 Biu hin chnh ca mt k nguyn thng mi sm l s t khi cc hot ng giao thng trn bin din ra ti cc trung tm kinh t ln, cng nh cc tuyn hi thng. Bn cnh s gia tng thng mi, chng ta cn thy s ni ln ca cc thng cng v/hoc cc chnh th trng thng mi (new trade-based polities) nh l cc cng th trn o Sumatra, cc cng th mi trn bn o [Malay], cng Thi Ni (Quy Nhn ngy nay) tiu quc Vijaya (Champa), thng cng Vn n ca ngi Vit v15

Geoff Wade, An early age of Commerce, tld, tr.221.

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cc cng ca Java, tt c u din ra t th k XI n th k XII. 16 Mt bng chng na cho thy s a dng ca cc loi hng ha trao i gia cc cng th ngy cng tr nn r rng l vic khai qut cc tu m trn cc vng bin ng Nam . C nm tu m cung cp cho chng ta nhng thng tin v giao thng ng Nam nm trong khong thi gian t th k IX n th k XIII v theo G.Wade th tt c u c lin h vi cc cng ng Nam , v chuyn ch hng ha t ng Nam , Trung Quc, Trung ng v Nam : Tu m Batu Hitam gn o Belitung ca Indonesia (th k IX), tu m Cirebon (th k X), tu m Intan (th k X), tu m Pulau Buaya (th k XII/XIII) v tu m trn bin Java (th k XIII).17 Geoff Wade cho rng, s din ra ng thi ca nhng thay i bn ngoi khu vc v nhng thay i ni ti ca khu vc ng Nam mang n mt mi trng thun li cho s bng n ca hi thng, v s bng n ca hi thng dn n nhng bin chuyn v chnh tr, x hi v kinh t trn ton khu vc. 18 Nhng chuyn bin mang tnh ph qut (generic changes) m s bng n thng mi mang n cho cc chnh th, cc nn kinh t v cc x hi ng Nam trong thi k t th k X n XIII bao gm: S chuyn di ca cc trung tm hnh chnh gn hn v pha b bin nhm thu li v kim sot hi thng mi bin; S ni ln ca cc cng th mi nh l nhng entrepot cho s bng n v hi thng; S gia tng dn s; S gia tng cc mi lin h trn bin gia cc cng ng c dn; s thm nhp ca cc tn gio mi; s gia tng hot ng c/lu thng tin t; s pht trin ca cc trung tm sn xut gm; s pht trin ca ngnh sn xut dt; cc cuc chin tranh c lin quan ti thng mi bin; cc phng thc tiu th mi; v cui cng l s ni ln ca cc t chc ph trch cc hot ng trn bin mi...19 Trc , trong cng trnh ni ting Strangle Parallels ca mnh, gio s Victor Lieberman nhn mnh rng, trc nm 1350 th thng mi bin tng i khng quan trng i vi cc nc ng Nam , c bit l cc nc ng Nam lc a. Chng hn, trong trng hp ca i Vit, V.Lieberman cho rng, chu th sng Hng trong16 17

Geoff Wade, An early age of Commerce, tld, tr.239. Geoff Wade, An early age of Commerce, tld, tr.239-240. 18 Geoff Wade, An early age of Commerce, tld, tr.259. 19 Geoff Wade, An early age of Commerce, tld, tr.258-262.

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thi k ny, hi thng ch nh l mt tc ng ngoi vi i vi vn dn s hay sn xut nng thn.20 Da trn nhng c liu lch s v s pht trin ca hi thng khu vc trong k nguyn thng mi sm, Geoff Wade cho rng, quan im ca V.Lieberman cn c xem xt li nhm nhn thc li tm quan trng cng nh s hng khi ca hi thng trong sut thi k ny, v nhng thay i v mt x hi c th c lin h vi vn thng mi.21 Trong bi vit ny, chng ti t vn tm hiu trng hp mandala Champa trong k nguyn thng mi sm, kho st nhng pht trin ni ti ca mandala Champa, cng nh cc mi lin h khu vc khc ca vng quc ny nhm tm hiu nhng tc ng ca s pht trin hi thng khu vc i vi nhng din bin ca lch s mandala Champa trong thi k ny. Mandala Champa trong k nguyn thng mi sm S cnh tranh gia cc tiu quc (nagara) trong mandala Champa Cng trnh nghin cu Le royaume de Champa ca G.Maspero c gii nghin cu Champa trn khp th gii coi nh mt trong nhng cng trnh tin phong v kinh in trong nghin cu lch s ca vng quc Champa t khi ngun cho n nm 1471. 22 Theo quan im ca G.Maspero th tc ngi Chm l tc ngi thng tr trong vng quc Champa v cc tc ngi khc c coi l nhng ngi mi (savage) nhng vng rng ni.23 Champa t khi ngun ca mnh l mt vng triu n Gio (Hinduized dynasty), chu nh hng mnh m ca nn vn minh n trong bi cnh chung ca th20

Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in global context, c.800-1830. Volume 1: Integration on the mainland, Cambridge University Press, 2003, tr.230. Trong mt bi vit khc phn hi nhng kin ca G.Wade, V.Lieberman vn bo lu quan im ca mnh v mt vai tr hn ch ca thng mi bin i vi lch s ng Nam trc nm 1350. Theo ng th hi thng trn thc t c th gii thch cho sc sng v mt kinh t v ko theo l chnh tr trong khong thi gian 900 n 1300 Champa, vng bn o [Malay] v phn ln vng qun o; tuy nhin trng hp ca Trung v ng Java, Thng Min, Angkor v i Vit cc khu vc c ng dn s ni m nn kinh t chnh tr tp trung mt cch cn bn hn v cc ngun li nng nghip v nhn lc, ni m dn s pht trin v s thng nht v mt chnh tr t nm 900 n 1300 chu nh hng su m ca cc nhn t ni sinh, tham kho: Lieberman, Maritime influences in Southeast Asia, c.900-1300: some further thoughts, in trong Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 41(3), 2010, tr.529-539.21 22

Geoff Wade, An early age of Commerce, tld, tr..263. Maspero, Georges. Le royaume de Champa, rev.ed. Paris and Brussels: Van Oest, 1928. Trong bi vit ny ti s dng bn dch ting Anh ca cng trnh ny: The Champa kingdom The history of an extinct Vietnamese culture, c chuyn ng bi Walter E.J. Tips. Bangkok: White Lotus Press, 2002 23 Maspero, The Champa kingdom, sd, tr.2.

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gii n ha vng ng Nam .24 Cng theo G.Maspero th vng quc Champa t khi lp quc di triu i Sri Mara t th k th 2 cho n s kin nm 1471 l mt vng quc thng nht (single/unity kingdom). S kin 1471 c coi nh l s kt thc ca mt nh nc n gio min Trung Vit Nam, v ngi Chm bin mt khi tr nh ca nhn loi.25 Tuy nhin, quan im ca G.Maspero nh vy c nhn nhn v nh gi li bi mt nhm cc hc gi trng phi revisionist26 Php t nhng nm 1970. Cc hc gi ny kho st cc vn bn Chm c min Nam Vit Nam, nhng ti liu m cha c quan tm v s dng/khai thc bi cc hc gi thc dn th h trc, phc dng li mt lch s mi ca vng quc Champa. Po Dharma cng vi cc cng s ca mnh coi Champa nh l mt lin bang (confederation), v phn chia Champa thnh 5 khu vc c lp (autonomous regions).27 Nhn thc coi vng quc Champa trong sut triu di lch s ca mnh nh mt quc gia thng nht/duy nht (unique/unity kingdom) cho n nay khng cn c s dng rng ri trong gii nghin cu. Thay vo , cc nh nghin cu gi y nhn lch s Champa nh mt lin bang (federation) cc tiu quc nh ven sng phn b ri rc dc b bin min Trung Vit Nam ngy nay,28 hay, theo mt cch hiu khc trong bi cnh rng ln hn ca lch s ng Nam c xa, Champa l mt mandala in hnh ca khu vc.2924 25

Maspero, The Champa kingdom, sd, tr.3. Maspero, The Champa kingdom, sd, tr.118. Quan im ny cng c mt s cc hc gi khc ng h, chng hn nh Majumdar trong: Champa History and culture of an Indian colonial kingdom in the Far East, tr.148-149. 26 Thut ng s dng bi Bruce M.Lockhart trong Colonial and post-colonial constructions of Champa, in trong The Cham of Vietnam History, Society and Art. NUS Press, Singapore, 2001, tr.1-53. 27 Po Dharma, Le Panduranga 1822-1835. Ses rapports avec le Vietnam, Public. cole Franais d'Extrme-Orient CXLIX, Paris, 1987. Mt ti liu khc c th tham kho: Tm Quch-Langlet, The Geographical setting of Ancient Champa, in trong: Lafont P.B. (ed.), Proceedings of the seminar on Champa. University of Copenhagen, 1987, tr.21-42. 28 Trn Quc Vng, Min trung Vit Nam v vn ha Champa, Tp ch Nghin Cu ng Nam , s 4 (21), H Ni, 1995. Keith Taylor cng gi rng khi nim Champa nn c nh danh li v nn hiu Champa nh mt khng gian vn ha chnh tr vng qun o v nm khu vc ca Champa c th c xem nh cc nhm o, tham kho: Keith W.Taylor,The early kingdoms, in trong: Nicholas Tarling, The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia, Vol.1, From early times to c.1800, Cambridge University Press, 1992, tr.153-154.29

Gio s O.W. Wolters l ngi u tin gii thch mandala nh l mt thut ng din t mt h thng chnh tr kinh t c pht hin ti hu ht cc quc gia c ng Nam . Thut ng mandala cng c s dng miu t mt trng thi chnh tr ring bit v thng l khng n nh trong mt khu vc a l c xc nh m h v khng c nhng ng ranh gii c nh, ti nhng trung tm nh hn v l do an ninh nn c xu hng vn ra mi pha. Cc mandala s m rng hay thu hp li theo cch thc ny. Theo O.W. Wolters th mi mandala bao gm mt s chnh quyn ch hu (tributary rulers), nhng mi ch hu nh vy c th t b a v ch hu ca h khi c c hi v n lc xy dng mt mng li ch hu ca ring h, theo: O.W.Wolters, History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1982. C th tham kho thm:

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T th k th VII n th k th X Champa tri qua mt thi k pht trin quan trng, trong cc cng bin ca Champa dn tr nn quen thuc i vi cc on thng thuyn trn tuyn hi thng khu vc, nh l Ca i Chim (Port of Great Champa)30, C Lao Chm31, Kauthara and Panduranga.32 T th k th X, thng cng C Lao Chm ca vng Amaravati nh mt v th l thng cng s mt ca Champa, v Thi Ni (hay Sri Boney) ni ln nh mt trong nhng thng cng chnh trn b bin Champa. S thay i v tr ca cc tiu quc thng tr t min bc vo min Nam cng c cho l, mt mt bi nhng p lc chnh tr ngy cng tng t pha bc ca vng quc lng ging i Vit, mt khc cho thy s thay i ca tuyn hi thng gia th trng Trung Hoa v cc trung tm thng mi khc Nam v Ty . Cc ti liu c s ca Trung Hoa vit v Champa trong giai on ny thng nhc ti Champa nh mt nh nc thng nht vng Nam Dng. Tuy th, cc ti liu ny cng cung cp cho chng ta nhng thng tin v mt s kha cnh khc lin quan ti lch s ca vng quc ny. Chng hn nh, phn vit v Chim Thnh (Zhancheng) trong Tng S (Song-shi) cho bit rng pha nam ca vng quc ny l Thi B chu, pha ty l Thng Nguyn chu, v pha bc l L chu. 33 Mt ti liu quan trng khc cng c vit di thi Tng l Ch Phin Ch (Zhufanzhi) cng ni rng kinh ca Chim Thnh vo thi im l Tn Chu (Xinzhou), v c t nht 10 tiu quc ch hu (shuguo) diTrng Giang, Mandala trong nhn thc v cch nhn ca cc hc gi quc t, tp ch Nghin cu ng Nam , s 2, 2009. 30 Tran Ky Phuong, Vu Huu Minh, Port of Great Champa in the 4th15th Centuries, in trong Ancient Town of Hoi An, Nxb Th Gii, H Ni, 1991. 31 Hong Anh Tun, C Lao Chm v hot ng thng mi bin ng thi vng quc Champa, in trong Khoa Lch s - mt chng ng nghin cu Lch s (1995-2000), Nxb Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni, 2000. Tuy nhin, trong mt chuyn lun ca mnh, chuyn gia kho c hc min Trung Lm M Dung nu ln mt quan im khc cho rng khc vi kt lun trc y, chng ti cho rng bn thn C Lao Chm khng phi l cng, m i Chim hi khu mi l cng. C Lao Chm trc ht l bn u dng ngh ca cc thuyn v c nhiu kh nng C Lao Chm l ni trung chuyn hng ha xut v nhp, tham kho: Lm M Dung, V th ca C Lao Chm trong lch s thng mi Vit Nam, in trong Vit Nam trong h thng thng mi chu th k XVI-XVII, Nxb Th gii, 2007, tr.101. 32 Nhng ghi chp c th v tuyn ng bin t Qung Chu ca Trung Hoa n cc a im ca Champa c th thy trong Tn ng Th. Ti liu ny cho bit i ng nm Trinh Nguyn, Gi am chp rng: ng Qung Chu vo bin, i v pha ng nam 200 dm n ni n Mn, i v pha Ty 2 ngy n ni Cu Chu Thch. Li i v pha nam 2 ngy n Tng Thch. Li i v pha ty nm 3 ngy n ni Chim Bt Lao. pha ng nc Hon Vng 200 dm l trong bin. Li i v pha nam 2 ngy n ni Lng Sn. Li i 1 ngy n nc Mn c, i mt ngy na n nc C t, i na ngy na n chu Bn Lng. Dn theo: Nguyn Vn Siu, i Vit a d ton bin. Vin S hc v Nh Xut bn Vn ha, 1997, tr.220-221. 33 Momoki Shiro, Mandala Champa seen from Chinese Sources, in trong The Cham of Vietnam, sd, tr.128.

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quyn ca Chim Thnh, bao gm Jiuzhou, Wuli, Rii, Yue Li, Weirui, Bintonglong, Wumaba (?), Longrong or Nonglong (?), Puluoganwuliang (?) and Baopiqi.34 Tng hi yu Chi co (Song Huiyao Jigao) lu rng khu vc pha nam Bin-tuo-luo (Panduranga) l mt tiu quc ring bit, nhng l thuc vo vng quc Champa.35 n thi nh Minh, t liu ghi chp trong cc chuyn hi trnh ca Trnh Ha cng phn bit r gia Chan-cheng kuo (Chim Thnh/Champa) vi t nht l ba chnh th khc bit l Pin-tung-lung kuo (Panduranga), Ling-shan (Cape Varella) v Kun-lun-shan (Pulau Condore).36 Nh th, d lun nhn nhn Champa nh mt chnh th thng nht vng Nam Dng, cc ghi chp ca ngi Trung Hoa cng cho chng ta nhng nhn thc quan trng v s phn tch ca cc tiu quc trn b bin min Trung Vit Nam ngy nay.37 C th hiu l, Chim Thnh/Champa l mt vng quc ln nht trn b bin y v c nhng mi lin h trc tip, chnh thc vi cc vng triu Trung Hoa; trong khi cc tiu quc khc c xem nh l nhng thuc quc nm di nh hng ca vng quc Champa.38 S chia tch cng nh s cnh tranh gia cc tiu quc trong mandala Champa trong sut thi k ny cng c b xung bi cc thng tin trong cc bia k c ca Champa. 39 Xt cc thng tin t trong bia k c, t th k th X, tiu quc Vijaya (nagara Vijaya) lun lun c nhc n nh l mt tiu quc (nagara) y sc mnh, thnh vng v chin thng v l ni c tr v bi vua v triu nh hong gia Champa. Dng sng Cn l dng sng di nht ca vng Vijaya, v hu ht cc trung tm kinh t, chnh34

Momoki Shiro, Mandala Champa, tld, tr.128. Da trn cc thng tin ny, gio s Momoki Shiro cho rng mt hnh nh vn c tha nhn lu nay rng Champa l tp hp ca bn hay nm khu vc/tiu quc ln l Indrapura, Amaravati, Vijaya, Kauthara v Panduranga cn phi c t b, tham kho: Momoki Shiro, Mandala Champa, tld, tr.131. 35 Geoff Wade, The Account of Champa in the Song Huiyao Jigao, in trong The Cham of Vietnam, sd, tr.141. 36 Hsing-cha Sheng-lan The overall Survey of the Star Raft by Fei Hsin, chuyn ng sang ting Anh bi J.V.G.Mills, Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden, 1996. Phn vit v Chim Thnh t trang 33 n trang 39. 37 V tiu quc Panduranga c th tham kho cng trnh nghin cu ca Po Dharma, Le Panduranga 1822-1835, tld; bn cnh c th tham kho chuyn kho v Panduranga trong lch s Champa ca Finot L. V. Pnduranga in trong Bulletin de l'Ecole franaise d'Extrme-Orient. Tome 3, 1903, tr. 630-648. 38 Chng ta cng c th lu ti mt nhn xt ca tc gi Bn Thnh K v s i di kinh trong lch s vng quc Champa: i! Mt quc gia tri hn ngn nm, t ai rng ri nh th, vic cai tr phc tp nh th, m kinh lun lun thay i, khng k xit c, m xt trong s sch ghi li ch cn 14 ch l Chu Ng, Bc Cnh, L Dung, Ty Quyn, xem: Bn Thnh K in trong Tp San S a, s 19-20, Si Gn, 1970, tr.237. 39 Tt c cc bia k c Champa c s dng trong bi vit ny c trch dn t cng trnh ca Majumdar, xem: R.C.Majumdar, Champa History and culture of an Indian colonial kingdom in the Far East, 2 nd-16th century A.D. Book III. The Inscriptions of Champa, P. Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1927.

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tr, tn gio v qun s phn b dc theo dng sng ny. Dng sng Cn c th c xem nh l mt trc chnh ca mt mng li trao i ven sng (riverine exchange network) ca nagara Vijaya. Thng cng Thi Ni nm h lu sng Cng, ni tip gip vi bin ng c xem nh mt trung tm kinh t ln ca tiu quc Vijaya cng nh ca ton th mandala Champa.40 Cng Thi Ni l ca ng tin ra bin ca ton b vng cao nguyn tr ph pha Ty. Trong ngha , thng cng Thi Ni c th c xem nh l mt im kt ni gia bin v lc a, mt entrepot ln trn b bin ca Champa. Thi Ni c th tn ti nh mt thng cng chnh ca mandala, nhng ngi ng u nagara Vijaya c nhng c gng ln trong vic thit lp mt mng li cc cng bin ph tr ng vai tr nh nhng im thu gom hng ha t cc vng/tiu quc khc v sau c chuyn v thng cng Thi Ni, t y hng ha c trao i, bun bn cho cc thng nhn ngoi quc. Cc v vua ca nagara Vijaya nhn thc r v tm quan trng ca vic chim c cc thng cng khc pha bc cng nh pha nam, t nht l khng nh v th ca mnh nhm chng li s e da v th ca cng Thi Ni t cc thng cng ven b khc. Mt v d in hnh l s kin c ghi r trong bia k Champa nm 1050, Jaya Paramesvaravarman cho mt on qun ln chim ng vng Panduranga pha Nam ca Vijaya.41 Cc s kin nh th c th c din gii nh l nhng hnh ng vi mc ch chim ng v lm gin on cc hot ng ca cng th vng Panduranga (Phanrang), mt i th ln v thng xuyn i vi s thnh vng ca tiu quc Vijaya. Vng t v con ngi vng Panran (hay Panduranga) pha Nam thng c nhc n trong bia k nh l nhng ngi lun lun ni dy chng li nhng ngi cai tr ca vng quc Champa [ Vijaya], h lun li dng tnh hnh tuyn b mt ngi bn a tr thnh vua ca h.42 Bia Batau Tablah ca Jaya Harivarman I, c nin i 1082 S cung cp cho chng ta thng tin v mt cuc tn cng ca cc i qun n t Vijaya ti40

Do Truong Giang, Port of Thi Nai (Champa) in East Asia Maritime trade network (10th-15th Centuries), Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences. English version of 2009. 41 Bia k Po Klaun Garay ca Jaya Paramesvaravarman I c nin i nm 972 saka (1050 A.D.), xem: R.C. Majumdar, The Inscriptions of Champa, sd, tr.150-151. 42 Bia k Po Klaun Garai ca Paramesvaravarman I, xem: R.C. Majumdar, The Inscriptions of Champa, sd, tr.149.

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Chaklyan (Lng Chakleng Phan Rang) trong nm 1069 saka; mt cuc tn cng khc din ra vo nm 1070 Saka v 1071 saka ng bng Virapura, cnh ng Kayev v ng bng Mahi. 43 Bia k M Sn nin i 1125 saka (nm 1203 A.D.) l mt bng c quan trng hiu v s cnh tranh gia cc tiu quc Champa thi gian ny. Theo bia k ny th, c mt cuc chin tranh xy ra gia tiu quc Vijaya vi cc i qun ca ngi Khmer; cuc chin tranh gia nhng c dn ca tiu quc Panran vi vng quc Vijaya, v iu th v l mt lin minh gia cc c dn Panran v ngi Khmer chng li vng quc Vijaya. 44 Tiu quc Kauthara (c cho l v tr ca tnh Khnh Ha ngy nay, ni cn c s hin din ca qun th n Thp Po Nagar ni ting) tng c coi nh mt tiu quc ln v l i th chng li nagara Vijaya pha bc, cng nh nagara Panduranga pha nam. Bia k ca n Po Nagar di thi Jaya Harivarman I, nin i 1082 saka (1160 A.D) ghi ch rng ngi ng u ca nagara Kauthara chin thng trong cuc chin chng li tt c cc k th ca mnh, bao gm ngi Khmer, ngi Vit, cc c dn Vijaya v Amaravati pha Bc, Panduranga pha nam, cng nh l cc tc ngi thiu s pha ty. 45 Thng tin quan trng ny dn chng ta ti mt nhn thc rng, mi tiu quc trong mandala Champa thng tn dng nhng thi c thun li xy dng nhng mng li ring ca mnh v chin u t c s c lp c v mt chnh tr v kinh t. Nh th, c th xem Champa nh mt chnh th in hnh mang y cc c trng tiu biu ca mt mandala trong th gii ng Nam c xa.46 Mandala Champa l s to thnh ca nhiu tiu quc (nagara) v vai tr thng tr hay chi phi trong mandala lin tc thay i v chuyn vn t tiu quc ny sang tiu quc khc. Trong nhng nhn t nh hng ti v th ca cc nagara nh th, s thnh vng v kinh t v thng mi c xem nh mt trong nhng nhn t quan trng hng u. Vic chim lnh c nhng vng ng bng tr ph, nhng ngun hng lm sn thit yu, nhng thng cng phn vinh c xem nh nhng yu t thc y s cnh tranh gia cc nagara. Trong sut k43 44

R.C.Majumdar, The Inscriptions of Champa, sd, tr.193. R.C.Majumdar, The Inscriptions of Champa, sd, tr.202-205. 45 R.C.Majumdar, The Inscriptions of Champa, sd, tr.194. 46 Nguyn Vn Kim, Du n c s ca cc x hi ng Nam , tp ch Nghin cu Lch s, s 5 (385), 2008.

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nguyn thng mi sm, nagara Vijaya c th c xem nh tiu quc thng tr trong mandala Champa bi s tri vt v nhiu phng din, trong c bit l s vn hnh hiu qu v kt ni ca mt mng li giao thng ni a vi mng li hi thng khu vc, th hin qua s phn vinh ca thng cng Thi Ni. Cng chnh bi v tr quan trng ca mnh, m thng cng Thi Ni v vng Vijaya tr thnh mc tiu tn cng thng xuyn v lu di ca khng ch cc nagara lng ging, m cn bi cc nc lng ging khc trong khu vc l i Vit v Angkor. S cnh tranh trn b bin ng gia mandala Champa vi cc nc lng ging Da trn cc ngun t liu lch s, c th thy rng c mt cuc cnh tranh quyt lit trong k nguyn thng mi sm trn b bin ng gia ba chnh th ln l Champa, i Vit v Angkor. 47 Champa c ghi nhn nh mt trong nhng quc gia n ha in hnh ca ng Nam , v th k th X c xem l thi k pht trin mnh m ca vng quc Champa. Trong mt ci nhn ng i v rng ln hn, th k th X cng nh du nhng bc chuyn ln lao v m u mt k nguyn mi trong lch s Vit Nam v Campuchia.48 T th k th X tr v sau, c i Vit v Angkor u tr thnh nhng chnh th hng mnh trong khu vc v chuyn mnh tm kim cc c hi m rng nhng vng lnh th truyn thng ca mnh, cng nh tm kim cc ngun thu nhp mi thng qua vic d nhp vo mng li hi thng ca khu vc. Nu nh mandala Champa c tha nhn mt cch rng ri nh mt th ch bin in hnh ca khu vc ng Nam cng vi mandala Srivijaya vng Eo, th i Vit, Angkor cng vi Java chiu ngc li, c xem nh nhng i din tiu biu ca cc chnh th trng nng (agriculture-based polities). S hnh thnh v pht trin ca cc chnh th ny trn cc ng bng chu th sng rng ln v tr ph cung cp cho h mt47

Kenneth R.Hall. Competition on the East Coast of the Mainland: Early Champa and Vietnam Political Economies, in trong A history of Early Southeast Asia Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, INC. United States of America, 2011, tr.67-102. Tuy nhin trong cng trnh nghin cu ny, K.Hall khng cp ti vai tr ca Chn Lp (Angkor) trong s cnh tranh vi i Vit v Champa b bin ng. 48 Nguyn Vn Kim, Vit Nam trong bi cnh lch s ng th k X, K yu Hi tho khoa hc, i hc Quc gia H Ni, thng 5, 2005

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ngun thu n nh v bn vng. S pht trin ca mt nn kinh t nng nghip da trn cc chu th sng ln dn ti s hnh thnh ca cc cng ng c dn nng nghip ln, s gia tng dn s nhanh chng, v h qu l dn ti nhng nhu cu i vi vic m rng lnh th v tm kim cc vng t thun li cho vic pht trin nng nghip, m rng canh tc. T th k th X, trn c s ca mt nn kinh t nng nghip n nh, c i Vit v Angkor dng nh nhn thc c tm quan trng ca vic m rng cc mi quan h quc t v hi nhp vo cc mng li trao i bun bn khu vc. S m rng cc mi lin h quc t v thng mi mt mt khng nh v th ca cc chnh th ny, mt khc mang li nhng ngun thu ng k cho cc triu nh trung ng. pha bc ca Champa, i Vit chnh thc m thng cng Vn n vo nm 1149 vng bin ng Bc. Ton th vit: Ma Xun thng 2, thuyn bun ba nc Tro Oa, L Lc, Xim La vo Hi ng, xin c tr bun bn, bn cho lp trang ni hi o gi l Vn n, mua bn hng ho qu, dng tin sn vt a phng.35 S kin y l minh chng cho mong mun cng nh cho thy s ch ng ca i Vit i vi vic d nhp vo h thng thng mi bin khu vc.49 T thi im ny, chnh s thng xuyn ghi chp v s hin din ca cc on thng gia v ngoi giao Java, Siam, Angkor v Champa kinh thnh Thng Long cng nh vng bin Vn n. Thng cng Vn n v vng bin pha ng Bc c coi nh l ca ng kt ni i Vit vi th gii bin, vi mng li giao thng trn bin (bao gm c th gii ng Bc v ng Nam ).50 Tham vng d nhp ca i Vit cn c th hin qua tm quan trng ngy cng tng ca h thng cng bin v vng bin pha Nam thuc vng Ngh Tnh. 51 Khu vc ny35

i Vit s k ton th, tp II, Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H Ni, 1993, tr. 317. Mt thi gian sau, chnh s li cho bit [nm 1184]thng nhn cc nc Xim La v Tam Pht T vo trn Vn n, dng bu vt, xin bun bn, i Vit S K Ton Th, sd. 49 Nguyn Vn Kim, H thng thng cng Vn n qua t liu lch s, in d v kho c hc , tp ch Kho c hc, s 4, 2006, tr.46-65; Mt ti liu khc v thng cng Vn n : Vn Ninh, Thng cng Vn n, Nxb Thanh Nin, H Ni, 2004. 50 Thng tin v cc tuyn thng mi gia i Vit v cc khu vc nam Trung Hoa trong giai on ny c th tham kho: Dng Vn Huy, Quan h giao thng gia vng ng Bc Vit Nam vi cc cng min nam Trung Hoa th k X-XIV, bo co ti Hi tho v Thng cng quc t Vn n, Qung Ninh, 2008. 51 Chnh s chp: [nm 1171] vua i tun cc o ngoi bin, xem hnh th ni sng mun bit c s au kh ca nhn dn v ng i cc ni xa gn, lin trong nm sau [nm 1172] vua li i tun ra cc o ngoi bin, v bn a gii cc phin bang nam bc, ghi chp phong cnh sn vt ri v, xem: i Vit s k tin bin, NXB Khoa hc X hi, H Ni, 1997, tr.292

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dn tr thnh mt trung tm giao thng ln mnh vi s hin din thng xuyn ca cc thng nhn Vit, Chm, Khmer v Trung Quc. Trong h thng cng bin ny, cng Hi Thng c xem nh l ca ng kt ni i Vit vi cc lng ging phng nam, c bit l cc lng ging vng ng Nam lc a (thuc chu th sng M Kng nh Lo, Chn Lp v xa hn na v pha Ty).52 Hn th, cc cng bin vng Ngh Tnh cn c v nh tin n ca i Vit trong chin lc m rng lnh th v phng Nam, v mt gc khc, cc cng bin ny l i th cnh tranh vi cc thng cng ven bin ca Champa pha Nam. Cng trong thi k ny, pha nam ca mandala Champa, mandala Angkor cng cho thy nhng n lc ca mnh kt ni vi mng li giao thng bin khu vc. Tham vng ca chnh th Angkor c th hin r rng nht di thi gian tr v ca vua Suryavarman II. Di thi gian tr v ca ng vua ny, ngi Khmer m rng cc mi lin h quc t v khu vc, c bit l mi lin h mt thit vi cc vng triu Chola lc a n 53 v Trung Hoa pha Bc. Tham vng ca Angkor c th hin mnh m nht thng qua s cnh tranh v tranh chp vi cc lng ging b bin ng l Champa v i Vit, vi mc tiu chnh l chim c c cc tuyn hi thng ca khu vc chuyn vn trn bin ng. Nm 1128, ngi Khmer hai ln tn cng vng bin Ngh Tnh pha nam ca i Vit. Nm 1131, Khmer thm ch p buc Champa tn cng vng Ngh Tnh.54 Nguyn nhn chnh c cho l tham vng ca ngi Khmer trong vic chim c cc thng cng ven bin ca Champa, qua d nhp vo mng li thng mi quc t, cng nh m ra cc mi lin h trc tip vi th trng Trung Hoa pha Bc.52

Nguyn Th Phng Chi, Nguyn Tin Dng, V cc mi giao thng ca quc gia i Vit thi L, Trn (th k XI-XIV), tp ch Nghin cu Lch s , s 7/2007, tr. 23-37; H Trung Dng, V tr ca Ngh Tnh trong h thng thng mi khu vc thi L Trn, Lun vn tt nghip c nhn, Khoa Lch s, trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn H Ni, 2008. 53 Trong sut th k XI, vua Suryavarman I ca Angkor gi nhng mn qu ti vng quc Chola hng nm. Theo Hermann Kulke th nhng hnh ng chnh l mt biu hin cho thy tham vng ca vua Angkor trong vic tham d vo ngoi giao nghi l (ritual diplomacy) vi vng quc bin Cholas, xem: Hermann Kulke, The naval expeditions of the Cholas, tld, tr.7. 54 Bn v s kin ny, s gia Ng Th S cho bit nc Chim Thnh tuy khi thng c s sang cng, nhng thc vn mang hai lng, cn thng vi CHn Lp, thng c ngi phc ni him yu, bt ngi chu Ngh An, mang n bn cho Chn Lp. Nm th 5, thng 8, Lnh th gia l Trn Lu Mu chu Ngh An phc kch bt c 3 ngi em dng), i Vit s k tin bin, NXB Khoa hc X hi, H Ni, 1997, tr.270.

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Th k XII v th k XIII chng kin nhng cuc xung t ngy cng gia tng gia hai mandala lng ging l Angkor v Champa.55 Hn th na, mandala Angkor di triu i ca vua Suryavarman cng thng xuyn din ra cc xung t vng b bin pha Nam ca i Vit vng Ngh Tnh. M.Vickery gii thch cho s xung t ny nh l mt n lc ca ngi Khmer nhm chim c cc tuyn giao thng b bin ng bc, v cho thy s quan tm ca chnh quyn Angkor i vi vic d nhp vo nn hi thng ang pht trin ca khu vc.56 Geoff Wade cng a ra nhn xt v mi lin h nhng cuc xung t gia Angkor v cc nc lng ging i vi s d nhp ca cc chnh quyn Khmer vo mng li hi thng khu vc.57 Bn cnh s cnh tranh quyt lit v thng xuyn din ra, chng ta cng cn lu rng, cc ngun s liu ghi chp li nhng mi quan h thng mi quan trng gia Champa, i Vit v Angkor trong sut k nguyn thng mi sm. Trong mi quan h vi lng ging pha bc, Champa thng xuyn gi cc phi on triu cng ti Thng Long. Theo i Vit s k Ton th v Vit s lc, trong sut thi Tin L (9801009) v thi L (1009-1225), trong s cc nc gi cc phi on triu cng ti i Vit, Champa c ghi nhn nh l nc gi ti nhiu nht vi 55 ln, Angkor v tr th hai vi 19 ln.58 Cc phi on triu cng ti i Vit, trc ht vi mc tiu thit lp v duy tr cc mi lin h ngoi giao truyn thng. Bn cnh , cng ging nh cc phi on triu cng ti Trung Hoa, cc s b ny ng vai tr quan trng i vi vic duy tr v vn hnh mng cc mng li giao thng khu vc. Trong cc mi quan h song phng ny, Champa v i Vit trao i cc loi hng ha c gi tr. Chng hn, cc thng nhn i Vit nhp khu g l hi t Champa v mang chng ti th trng Trung Hoa. Cc thng nhn ny cng nhp khu nga t vng Vn Nam v Qung Ty ri mang chng ti Champa.59 Tm bia Phum Mien ca Khmer (nin i 987) cho bit55

Lng Ninh, Lch s vng quc Champa,Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2004, tr.76-104. Michael Vickery, Cambodia and Its Neighbors in the 15th Century, Working Paper Series, No. 27. Singapore: Asia Research Institute, 2004, tr.5. (Link: http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps04_027.pdf) 57 Geoff Wade, An early age of commerce, tld, tr.245. 58 K.Hall cho rng, d c mi quan h cng thng v th ch gia Champa v i Vit vo th k X v XI, tuy nhin nhng s th ch ny khng ch c gng m rng v chnh tr m cn c nhng ngha v mt thng mi, Kenneth R.Hall, Eleventh-Century Commercial development in Angkor and Champa, tr.429. 59 Li Tana, A View from the Sea tld, tr. 83-10256

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v s hin din ca thng nhn t Champa (Vap Champa) v thng nhn t i Vit (Yvan Kamvan Tadin) Angkor. K.Hall gi rng cc thng nhn ny ti t vng Ngh Tnh pha nam ca i Vit v i vo lnh th Angkor qua tuyn ng dc theo sng M Kong.60 thng nhn Trung Quc (Vap China) cng c ghi li trong bia Tuol Pei (nin i 992), v h c cho l trao i n l, vng, bc v cc loi hng ha khc Angkor.61 Nh th, c th thy rng, b bin ng dng nh tr thnh mt trong nhng mc tiu quan trng cn phi chim ot c i vi c ba chnh th ln l Champa, i Vit v Angkor. i vi Champa, vn bo v cc vng lnh th, cc hi cng v cc ngun hng quan trng chnh l l do dn n vic xung t vi hai quc gia lng ging. i vi i Vit, l nhng hnh ng th hin v th ca mt quc gia ang ln, l nhu cu tm kim cc vng lnh th mi, cc vng t canh tc mi trc p lc dn s ca vng ng bng chu th sng Hng, nhng ng thi cng th hin tham vng d nhp vo mng li hi thng khu vc thng qua vic chim lnh v bo tr cc tuyn thng mi vng, cc ngun hng v c bit l cc thng cng ven bin. i vi Angkor, l tham vng chim lnh cc tuyn giao thng c trn b v trn bin nhm m ra con ng ni kt trc tip vi th trng nam Trung Hoa v cc tuyn hi thng chuyn vn trn bin ng. Dng nh, chia s nhiu nhn t nh hng cng nh biu hin chung ca mt k nguyn thng mi sm ng Nam (900-1300), hi thng ngy cng tr nn quan trng hn i vi cc chnh th nm trn b bin ng, cho d l chnh th trng thng (trade-oriented polity) nh l Champa, hay chnh th trng nng (agriculture-based polity) nh i Vit v Angkor. Cc vng bin, cc hi cng, cc ngun hng v cc tuyn hi thng ngy cng tr thnh mi quan tm ln ca cc chnh th ny, v cng chnh nhng nhn t ny tc ng khng nh n i sng chnh tr-kinh t ca cc nh nc ny. Trong ngha ny th quan im ca gio s V.Lieberman v mt vai tr hn ch ca hi thng i vi khu vc trc nm 1350 cn phi c nhn nhn li.60

Kenneth Hall, Khmer commercial development and foreign contacts under Suryavarman I, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.18, No.3, 1975, tr.325. 61 Kenneth Hall, Khmer commercial development, tld, tr.321.

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Champa trong th gii hi o ng Nam Trong sut k nguyn thng mi sm, Champa thit lp v duy tr cc mi lin h c bit mt thit v hu ngh vi cc mandala khc ca vng ng Nam hi o (bao gm vng qun o Philipinnes pha Ty, th gii Malayu pha Nam v c o Hi Nam pha Bc). Da trn nhng mi lin h tc ngi, ngn ng v vn ha, Champa sm c mi quan h vi Java v Srivijaya pha Nam. Cc hot ng ca thng nhn Champa o Java c ghi chp trong cc bia k Java.62 Bia Nhan Biu ca Champa (nin i 908-911) cng cho chng ta bit c thng tin v hai phi on ngoi giao ca Champa c gi ti Java (di tn gi Yavadvipa) di thi vua Jaya Simhavarman. Cc ti liu Trung Hoa cng cho chng ta bit v mi quan h mt thit gia Champa v Sanfoqi (Srivijaya) vng Nam Dng. Trong cc mi quan h ny, nhn t thng mi dng nh l nhn t quyt nh v quan trng nht i vi mandala Champa. Khng ging nh s cng thng v xung t thng xuyn vi cc nc lng ging l i Vit v Chn Lp, Champa c gng gi mt mi quan h thn thit v bn vng vi cc quc gia vng hi o. Cc chnh th vng hi o ny trn thc t l nhng th trng ln cung cp cc loi hng ha quan trng cho mandala Champa, nh l nga, h tiu v c bit l vng. Mt cu hi c th c t ra t mi lin h gia Champa v th gii hi o, s khc bit i vi cc mi quan h khng bn vng v thng xuyn cng thng vi cc quc gia lng ging trn b ca Champa. C th ni rng, i mt vi nhng p lc v s cnh tranh quyt lit ca ngi Vit pha bc v ngi Khmer pha Nam, cc c dn Champa phi hng ti cc quc gia khc trong khu vc, tm kim cc lin minh chnh tr chng li p lc t i Vit v Angkor. Cc ngun s liu cho chng ta bit v mi lin h cht ch gia Champa v cc chnh th bin ny. Chnh s Vit Nam cng chp v62

Bia k Kaladi c nin i 909 cp ti s hin din ca cc cng ng ngoi quc Chn Lp bao gm cc thng nhn n t Kalingga (Kalinga), Singhalese, Dravidians, Campa (ngi Chm), Kmir (ngi Khmer) v Rman (ngi Mn), xem: M. Barrett Jones, Early tenth century Java from the inscriptions. Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1984, tr. 25; bn cnh , bia k Cane c nin i 1021 cng cho bit v hot ng ca cc thng nhn n t Kling, Aryya, Singhala, Pandikira, Drawida, Campa, Remen v Kmir, dn theo: Geoff Wade, An early age of commerce, tld, tr.251.

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mi lin h ny, chng hn s kin nm 1326, trc s tn cng ca i Vit, Ch Nng chy sang nc Tro Oa xin cu vin.63 Nhng mi quan h v mt hn nhn cng c thit lp gia Champa vi Java trong thi k ny.64 Cng cn lu rng, trong nhng th k tip sau, Champa c xem nh l mt trung tm truyn b hi gio ti Java v vng Nam Dng. Bn cnh , sau s kin 1471, Java v th gii Malayu tr thnh im dng chn ca nhng di dn Champa. Cng vi vic m rng cc mi quan h vi cc quc gia vng Nam Dng, Champa cng c mi lin h mt thit vi cc chnh th bin ca vng qun o Philippinese. Mi lin h gia Champa v Butuan vo th k th XI thc s l mt mi quan h c bit c chp trong Tng s.65 Butuan c xem nh th trng cung cp vng cho Champa, v c bit l nm di s kim sot ca Champa trong vic quan h vi th trng Trung Hoa. S hin din ca cc l gm c G Snh vng Bnh nh, cng nh l s phn b dy c ca cc hin vt gm G Snh trong cc a im kho c hc ca Philippines gi rng nagara Vijaya tng nm gi vai tr chi phi trong mi lin h gia mandala Champa vi cc o ca Philippines.66 T gc ngn ng, Geoff Wade cng tng ch ra mi lin h gia ngn ng ca vng qun o Philippines vi ngn ng Chm, c bit ng a ra gi thuyt v kh nng cc ngn ng c ngun gc t ngn ng Cham.67 o Hi Nam cng l mt khu vc m Champa c nhng mi lin h mt thit trong mt thi gian di. Trong cc cuc chin gia Champa vi ngi Khmer, Hi Nam tr thnh mt ng minh v cung cp nhng s tr gip cho Champa. Cc t liu lch s cng cung cp thng tin v vic mt s ngi t nn ca Champa i thuyn ti

63 64

i Vit s k tin bin, sd, tr.426. Lng Ninh, Lch s vng quc Champa,sd, tr.102. 65 Peter Burns, Roxanna M.Brown: Quan h ngoi giao Chm-Philippinese th k XI, in trong: th c Hi An, Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H Ni, 1991, tr.101-106. 66 Allison I. Diem, The significance of ceramic evidence for assessing contacts between Vijaya and other Southeast Asian Polities in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth centuries CE, in trong: The Cham of Vietnam, sd, tr.204-237. 67 Geoff Wade, On the Possible Cham Origin of Philippin Scripts, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol.24, 1993, tr.44-87.

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v nh c ti o Hi Nam vo cui th k th X.68 Da trn cc bng chng lch s v ngn ng hc, Benedict cng nhn mnh ti s hin din ca mt cng ng ngi Chm/c dn Champa vng o Hi Nam.69 Nh th, vi v tr chin lc ca mnh, mandala Champa hng ti cc th ch bin nhng vng bin ln cn thit lp cc mi quan h c bit, trc ht l d nhp su sc vo mng li thng mi bin ca khu vc, tip l kim tm cc ng minh chng li nhng p lc t i Vit pha bc v Angkor pha ty nam. Nhng mi lin h mt thit gia Champa vi cc chnh th cc vng bin ng Nam nh th, c th xem nh mt biu hin ca s gia tng cc mi lin h trn bin gia cc cng ng c dn trong k nguyn thng mi sm nh G.Wade cp ti. MT VI NHN XT K nguyn thng mi sm ng Nam vi cc nhn t ngoi sinh thc y s pht trin mang ti nhng ng lc ln lao cho ton khu vc. Champa l mt th ch bin in hnh ca khu vc ng Nam , nm trn tuyn hi thng chnh kt ni Trung Hoa vi Nam v Nam tn dng cc c hi pht trin, c bit l pht trin cc mi quan h ngoi thng. Cng ging nh hu ht cc chnh th ven bin trong khu vc, s thnh vng ca mandala Champa c mi lin h mt thit vi nhng s kin din ra ti cc th trng/trung tm kinh t ln, bao gm Trung Hoa, Nam v Ty . Mt khi cc trung tm kinh t ln ny pht trin v thnh vng vi nhu cu ln v hng ha v trao i, nn kinh t ca cc chnh th ven bin ng Nam c iu kin thun li pht trin v thnh vng, qua cng c v th chnh tr ca mnh; tuy nhin, khi mng li giao thng quc t kt ni cc trung tm kinh t ln i vo suy thoi hay cc tuyn hi thng b thay i, hu ht cc vng quc bin b suy yu v thm ch b suy tn bi nn kinh t ca cc chnh th ny l thuc su sc vo s pht trin ca nn ngoi thng. Chnh s bng n ca hi thng khu vc trong k nguyn thng mi sm l nguyn68

Geoff Wade, The account of Champa in the Song Huiyao Jigao, in trong: The Cham of Vietnam, sd, tr.143144. Mt nghin cu khc cp v vn ny: Li Tana, A View from the Sea, tld. 69 Paul K.Benedict, A Cham colony on the Island of Hainan, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol.6, No.2, 1941, tr.129-134.

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nhn trc tip dn ti hng lot cc s kin si ng trong lch s mandala Champa cng nh l lch s quan h xuyn bin gii gia cc mandala ca khu vc ng Nam trong thi k ny. Mandala Champa ch ng tn dng mi trng khu vc thun li pht trin thng qua vic d nhp v cc mng li thng mi khu vc. S cnh tranh cho v tr thng tr gia cc tiu quc Champa, c bit l s cnh tranh quyt lit gia hai nagara Vijaya v Panduranga. S thnh vng ca thng cng Thi Ni v nagara Vijaya trong mt thi gian di c cho l do c s cung cp mt cch n nh v di do cc sn phm t vng cao nguyn rng ln pha ty, cng nh l mt nn kinh t nng nghip n nh vng chu th sng Cn. Hn th na, thng cng Thi Ni c bit n nh l mt entrepot ln trong tuyn hi thng khu vc, v h qu l, nagara Vijaya d dng hn trong vic d nhp vo mng li ny. Bn cnh vai tr dn dt ca nagara Vijaya, cc tiu quc nh khc trong lnh th ca mandala Champa cng dy cng kin lp nhng mng li chnh tr v kinh t ca ring mnh. Nhng tiu quc ny s ni ln v cnh tranh vi cc tiu quc lng ging khi h c nhng c hi thun li, c bit l khi c s tr gip t bn ngoi (i Vit, Chn Lp hay Hi Nam), vi mc tiu l chim c cc ngun thng phm, cc cng th ven bin d nhp su rng vo cc tuyn thng mi bin khu vc. S pht trin ca thng mi bin khu vc khng ch tc ng n cc chnh th ven b v cc vng quc bin, m cn tc ng su sc ti cc chnh th trng nng ca ng Nam lc a. Cc chnh th trng nng in hnh ca khu vc, bao gm c i Vit, Angkor v Java nhn thc r tm quan trng ca vic d nhp vo cc mng li giao thng khu vc. Mt cuc cnh tranh din ra trn b bin ng gia ba i din chnh l Champa, i Vit v Angkor. Nhng p lc t vic m rng cc vng t c th canh tc v s pht trin dn s, cng vi l tham vng dn thn vo cc tuyn hi thng khu vc thc y c i Vit v Angkor xm chim cc vng lnh th v c bit l cc thng cng ven bin ca Champa. Phn ng trc nhng p lc t i Vit v Angkor, mandala Champa ch ng xy dng nhng mng li ring ca mnh, cng22

nh l m rng cc lin minh chnh tr v kinh t. Cc nc lng ging nhng vng bin ln cn tr thnh nhng th trng tim nng, cng nh nhng ng minh chnh ca Champa trong vic chng li nhng p lc ln t t lin. Mi lin h bn cht vi cc chnh th vng hi o cng l mt hng tch cc Champa c th d nhp su sc vo mng li hi thng khu vc, ni m cc thng nhn Arab ang nm gi vai tr chi phi.

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