challenges to better environment by effective use of water ......challenges to better environment by...

Challenges to Better Environment by Effective

Use of Water and Solid Waste

Shunji Oya

Research and Development Division, Swing Corporation

11-1 Haneda Asahi-Cho, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 144-8610, Japan

Abstract

This paper discusses integrated management of water and solid waste in which

wastewater reclamation and reuse and solid waste recycling are conducted in a

concerted manner. This management approach is considered to be a challenging

means to cope with the scarcity of freshwater resources and to protect the land

environment from solid waste disposal in the GCC region. The practical applications of

some treatment technologies performed by Swing Corporation show that separation of

wastewater streams and selection of optimal treatment methods subject to the required

specifications lead to cost-effective solutions for water management. Membrane

filtration is shown to be a prospective process for wastewater reclamation when the

required water quality is high. Organic solid waste is transformed to valuable safe

compost by appropriate operation of fermentation processes. Thermophilic

fermentation at early operation is a key process for deactivating pathogens and foreign

organisms. Stringent upstream source management by regulatory discharge control

and monitoring is also important for preventing compost from being contaminated by

toxic substances. The ideal goal of this integrated management is a zero discharge

operation, in which neither wastewater nor sludge is disposed of from wastewater

treatment.

Keywords: integrated water management, wastewater, reclamation, recycling,

compost, membrane filtration

All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation

Swing Corporation

Challenges to Better Environment byEffective Use of Water and Solid Waste

Shunji OyaResearch and Development Division

The 20th Joint GCC-Japan Environment SymposiumAbu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesNovember 22-24, 2011


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Outline

IntroductionAbout Swing CorporationBackground of Water Resources and Solid Waste in GCC

Concept of Integrated Management

Practical ExamplesWater Management / Reclamation and Reuse of Wastewater

Plant Sewage: Sequential MBR-RO Industrial Wastewater: Stream Separation and Nanofiltration

Solid Waste Management / Recycling of Organic Waste Municipal Sewage Sludge: Composting

Perspectives to Oil and Gas Industry

Conclusive Remarks


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+ +

Introduction: About SWING Corporation

Swing Corporation is an engineering company which:originates from Ebara Corporation,has 80 years of experience in water / solid waste treatment,holds a leading share in municipal EPC and OM market in Japan,collaborates with its shareholders,

Water EngineeringBusiness

Water EngineeringBusiness

Landfill leachatetreatment

Landfill leachatetreatment

SewagetreatmentSewage

treatmentDrinking water

treatmentDrinking water

treatment

Industrialwater and wastewatertreatment and reuse

Industrialwater and wastewatertreatment and reuse

Excretatreatment

Excretatreatment

Our corporate name implies Sustainable Water + ing, in which “ing” intends continuing action for

further improvement of the water environment.

Solid wastetreatment and reuse

Solid wastetreatment and reuse


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Introduction: Swing’s Global Experience

Water treatment experience outside of Japan


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Background: Resources of water supply

Annual water supply from resources in the GCC countries

Treated wastewater accounts for 2 % of water resources.

Source: FAO, 2008 (data for 2002 - 2006)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

Annual

withdraw

alvo

lume

(millionm3)

Surface water 0 0 0 0 1,100 0 1,100

Groundwater 239 415 1,175 221 21,367 2,800 26,217

Desalination 102 420 109 180 1,033 950 2,794

Reclaimed wastewater 16 78 37 43 166 248 588

Bahrain Kuwait Oman QatarSaudiArabia

UAE Total

3.6%

85.4%

9.1%

1.9%

conventional

non-conventional


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0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000Annualwateruse

(millionm3)

Industrial 258 676 2,229

Municipal 2,553 3,833 9,679

Agricultural 17,009 18,089 20,466

Year 1995 Year 2000 Year 2025

Background: Water demand

More industrial and municipal wastewater can be reused.

Annual water demand by sectors in the GCC countriesSource: Raouf, 2009

×3.3

×2.5

×1.1


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Background: Municipal solid waste (MSW)

MSW is a source of valuable materials or pollutants?

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar KSA UAE

MSW

(kg/

capita/

d)

Other

Textile

Glass

Mineral

Plastic

Wood

Paper

Organic

Source: 2008 AFED (MSW data of 2004 or 2007)Ref.: MSW Average in Arab World = 0.7 kg/capita/d

MSW generated in GCC

Biodegradable portion > 50%

Municipal sewage sludge

Disposal to open pit


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Concept of integrated management

Municipalwater use

Agriculturalwater use

LandscapingSanitary wash

Crop/Pastureuptake

Livestockbreeding

Wastewatertreatment

SewersWater resources

Groundwater

River/Lake water

Seawater

Sewagetreatment

Watertreatment

Foodconsumption

Industrialwater use

Foodprocessing

Composting

Sludge

Discharge

Organicsludge

Industrial food waste

Residue

Manure

Reuse

Recycling

Water

Organic solid waste

Others (Food, etc.)

Conceptual flow diagram of integrated water and solid waste management


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Plant sewage: Experimental setup

Sequential MBR-RO: Addition of RO to existing MBR

MBRFeed water

B

P

P

MBR(existing)

P

RO systemfeed tank

pH adjustmenttank

P Permeate

ConcentrateRecirculated

Biocide

P

RO membrane

P Permeate

ConcentrateRecirculated

High-pressurepump

Line-1: Experimental flow path with biocide amendment

Line-2: Experimental flow path without biocide amendment

Cartridgefilter

Sludge

pH adjustmenttank

RO membraneHigh-pressurepump

Cartridgefilter

MBR feed water:Kitchen effluentHuman excretaBoiler blowdown

Practical example


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Plant sewage: Permeate flux

Permeate flux normalized by pressure and temperature

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 20 40 60 80Elapsed time, d

Nor

ma

lized

flu

x(@

1MP

a,2

5℃),

m3/m

2/d

with Biocide

no Biocide

Permeate flux normalized by pressure and temperature

RO washing (no biocide)

RO washing (w/ biocide)

Practical example


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Plant sewage: Permeate quality

Water quality compared with cooling water criteria

Analytical data compared with cooling water quality criteria

Practical example

RO permeate Cooling water quality criteria

Data items Unit Recirculation type

Recirculated Makeup

Turbidity ※1） Jpn. unit N/A <0.05 <0.05 < 0.05

Color ※1） Jpn. unit N/A 30 <1 <1

pH -- 7.3 6.9 5.8 5.7 6.5-8.2 6.0-8.0 6.8-8.0

Electrical Conduct. @25℃ mS/m N/A 70 3 3 ≦80 ≦30 ≦40

NH4-N ※2） mg/L 50 5 0.1 0.6 ≦1 ≦0.1 ≦1

PO4-P as PO4 mg/L 3 1 <0.1 <0.1

Chloride mg/L N/A 90 2 2 ≦200 ≦50 ≦50

Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/L N/A 110 0.2 0.2 ≦200 ≦70 ≦70

Total Fe mg/L N/A <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ≦1 ≦0.3 ≦1

Na mg/L N/A 60 4 5

N/A = Data not available※1）

Analytical methods for turbidity and color are specified in Japanese standard method, JIS.※2）

NH4-N is a reference criterion for cooling water.

Line-2(no biocide)

One-passtype

Rawsewage

MBRpermeate Line-1

(w/ biocide)


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Industrial wastewater: Before modification

Wastewater from beverage production plantWater balance before modification: water recovery = 13.1 %

Retort

900

600

750

200

900

950

700

Clean water

3600

Clean water supply4300

Machinery cooling(compressors, etc.)

Rinser

Beverage product

Wastewatertreatmentfacility

Floor washing andmiscellaneous use

Pasteurizer(cans and bottles) 950

750

33501200

450

650

300

350

Sand filtration

Municipal water

Groundwater

Recycled waterWastewaterRecycling process

Total supply= 4950 m3/d

Total recovery= 650 m3/d

Final disposal= 3350 m3/d

Practical example


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Industrial wastewater: Solution approach

Separation of wastewater streamsSeparate rinser stream and treat it with media filtration.Separate and reuse less contaminated retort stream.Separate cans pasteurization stream and treat it with Nanofiltration.

Choice of Nanofiltration (NF) systemMore efficient removal of organic compounds than activated carbonHigher water recovery than ROLess energy-intensive than RO

Cartridgefilter

NF moduleRecoveryrate: 85%

Permeate

Concentrate

PP

Feed tank

Coagulant

Floating mediafilter

Sand filter

FromPasteurizer

NaHSO3

NF modulefeed tank

MP

Practical example


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Industrial wastewater: After modification

Modification with stream-wise treatmentWater balance after modification: water recovery = 51.0 %

Retort750

350

700

250

900

950

700

Clean water supply

1650

Clean watersupply: 2350

Machinery cooling(compressors, etc.)

Rinser

Beverage product

Wastewatertreatmentfacility

Floor washing andother cleaning use

Pasteurizer (cans)

350

400

1400

1000

50

850

400

100

Floating mediafiltration

Municipalwater

Groundwater

Recycled waterWastewaterRecycling treatment

Pasteurizer (bottles)

Miscellaneous use

Intermediatetank

Heatexchanger Chiller

Recoveredwater tank

*1

Nanofiltrationsystem

600

400

500

*2

*2

50

500

1200

*1

2050

Total supply= 4800 m3/d

Total recovery= 2450 m3/d

Final disposal= 1400 m3/d

Practical example


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Industrial wastewater: Effect of NF

Water quality analysis for the NF systemCODMn removal = 70 %, Reduction in evaporation residue = 38 %

Data items UnitNF

feed waterNF

permeateNF

concentrate

Turbidity ※1） Jpn. unit < 0.5 < 0.5 0.5

Color ※1） Jpn. unit 2 1 4

pH -- 7.0 6.9 7.5

Electrical Conductivity @25℃ mS/m 24.7 14.7 74.1

Total alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 26.6 15.0 92.0

Cl- mg/L 42.9 30.2 118

SO42- mg/L 16.4 3.7 88.9

Silica (SiO2) mg/L 13.0 10.9 26.3

Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/L 52.2 22.4 219

Na mg/L 22.0 16.5 54.0

Evaporation residue mg/L 141 87 529

CODMn※2） mg/L 3.3 < 1 16.9

※1） Analytical methods for turbidity and color are specified in Japanese standard method, JIS.※2） CODMn is measured with permanganate as an oxidant (JIS).

Practical example


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Sewage sludge: Overview of composting

Transform organic waste to a safe valuable product

OrganicSludge

Kitchengarbage

livestockmanure

Aerobic fermentation(Composting)

Paddle-type fermentation basin

Compost

Wasteinlet

Productoutlet

Overhead crane

Rotating paddle

Soilconditioning

Practical example


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Sewage sludge: Short-term composting

Short-term behavior of fermentation process

O2 consumption rate(L/min/kg-ds)

80

60

40

20

10

5

0

600

500

450

8

12

4

01 2 3 4 5 6

Elapsed time (d)

Median particle size(mm)

Height of waste pile(mm)

Temperature(℃)

Air temperature

Waste temperature

Mixing

Initial stage:

・Rapid appearance ofthermophilic activities

・Elimination ofpathogens and foreignorganisms by hightemperature

・Rapid changes inaesthetic nature andtexture of waste

Practical example


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Sewage sludge: Long-term composting

Long-term behavior of fermentation process

50

100

010 20

Elapsed time (d)

BOD5

(mg/kg-ds)

1

2

CO2 production rate(L/h/kg-ds)

0

40

60

20

0

Temperature(℃)

80Secondary stage:

・Slow decomposition ofrelatively recalcitrantorganics

・Gradual decreases intemperature andmicrobial activities

Practical example


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Sewage sludge: Compost quality

Comparison with Japanese & Canadian criteria

Maximum acceptable level

Japanese

regulations ※1）

Canadian guidelines

(Category A) ※2）

Moisture content % 45-50 -- --

pH -- 6.4 -- --

C %-dry weight 23.8 -- --

N %-dry weight 1.42 -- --

C/N -- 16.8 -- --

P2O5 %-dry weight 2.30 -- --

K2O %-dry weight 0.20 -- --

As mg/kg-dry weight 5.4 50 13

Cd mg/kg-dry weight 2.0 5 3

Pb mg/kg-dry weight 70 100 150

Hg mg/kg-dry weight 0.55 2 0.8

Zn mg/kg-dry weight 640 -- 700※1） Japanese regulations = Fertilizers Regulation Act

Data items Unit Results

※2）Category A of Canadian guidelines = Compost that can be used in any application, such as agricultural lands,residential gardens, horticultural operations, the nursery industry, and other businesses (CCME, 2005).

Practical example


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Perspectives to Oil and Gas Industry

Produced water treatment and reuseAvoid direct disposal of untreated water to land surface.Reuse as re-injection water.Apply advanced water treatment to prevent well clogging & corrosion.

Wastewater treatment and reuse in refineriesSeparate wastewater streams according to impurities.Select appropriate treatment method for each stream.Membrane process is capable of producing high-grade water.

Remediation of soil contaminated with petroleumhydrocarbonsBiofarming is an environmentally-sound remediation technology

which originates from composting.


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Conclusive remarks

Water managementMunicipal and industrial wastewater has high potential as non-

conventional water resources.Stream-wise wastewater reclamation leads to cost-effective

reductions of external water supply and wastewater disposal.Membrane process is useful for water recycling applications.

Solid waste managementEnhanced aerobic fermentation transforms organic solid waste

(biomass) to safe compost.Producing safe compost also relies on upstream quality control of

wastewater and solid waste.

Integrated water and soild waste managementWastewater and solid waste can be treated in a concerted manner to

minimize the final discharge to the environment.High water recovery and the soil conditioning effect by compost help

reduce water demand and thus mitigate water stress.


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Thank you for your attention.

Contribution to protecting the environment isthe eternal mission of Swing Corporation.

We will be glad to work with youfor challenges to create the sustainable environment.

challenges to better environment by effective use of water ......challenges to better environment by...

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