challenges in the oil & gas industry

7/31/2019 Challenges in the Oil & Gas Industry

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Mrznebzz ]b|f}s

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7 Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~ ne Necng

Xnsa g HC\ fd RZ#7%2: s}noonfe/ Necng nz jr}}beso~ sab xf}ocz dfr}sa-og}hbzs bjfef`~% Sab jfres}~z

fno gec hgz zbjsf} agz jfes}nmrsbc znhendnjgeso~ sf sab HC\/ gec sab zbjsf} nz bq|bjsbc sf mbjf`b

nej}bgzneho~ j}nsnjgo df} Necngz bjfef`nj cbtbof|`bes/ znejb ns drboz sab h}fxsa fd fsab} zbjsf}z%

Necng nz go}bgc~ sab dndsa-og}hbzs beb}h~ jfezr`b} ne sab xf}oc/ xnsa fno gec hgz gjjfresneh df} 32"

fd sab jfres}~z beb}h~ ebbcz% Afxbtb}/ sab |}f|f}snfe fd egsr}go hgz jfezr`|snfe ne Necng sf sfsgo

beb}h~ jfezr`|snfe ne sab jfres}~ !g}frec >". nz feb san}c jf`|g}bc xnsa sab |}f|f}snfe fd

egsr}go hgz ne sab xf}ocz |}n`g}~ beb}h~ jfezr`|snfe% Xnsa g 2:" zag}b ne sab |}n`g}~ beb}h~

zbjsf}/ jfgo }b`gnez sab cf`neges drbo/ mrs nsz zag}b nz |}fibjsbc sf cbj}bgzb xnsa sab sa}rzs fe hgz

gec fsab} }bebxgmob zfr}jbz nej}bgzneh% Xnsa Necngz h}fxneh |f|rogsnfe gec }nzneh ontneh

zsgecg}cz/ sab cb`gec df} beb}h~ nz bq|bjsbc sf nej}bgzb ne drsr}b% Necngz drbo ebbcz g}b onkbo~ sf

h}fx gs g znhendnjges }gsb/ jfezncb}neh sab h}fxsa |gssb}e fd sab jfres}~z HC\ ne sab |gzs dbx

~bg}z% Jr}}beso~/ Necngz |b} jg|nsg jfezr`|snfe fd beb}h~ nz xboo mbofx sags fd sab xf}oc gtb}ghb

!g}frec feb dfr}sa.%

Sf kbb| r| sf sab }nzneh cb`gec sab Hftb}e`bes fd Necng agz nensngsbc |fonjnbz sags agtb abo|bc

netbzsf}z ne sab zbjsf} gec gozf dgjnonsgsbc bq|of}gsnfe gec |}fcrjsnfe fd fno gec hgz ne sab jfres}~%

Gec btbe safrha sab @r`mgn fno dnbocz g}b zsnoo efs bqagrzsbc/ sab Hftb}e`bes }bgonzbc sab ebbc

sf bq|of}b `f}b g}bgz gec nes}fcrjbc Ebx Bq|of}gsnfe Onjbezneh \fonj~ !EBO\. sf bejfr}ghb sab

|}ntgsb zbjsf} sf netbzs ne bq|of}gsnfe fd fno% EBO\ xgz nes}fcrjbc ne @g}ja 7>>8% Jr}}beso~/ gmfrs

21 |b} jbes fd sab |}fz|bjsntb Necnge zbcn`besg}~ mgznez agtb mbbe bq|of}bc gec snoo sab enesa

}frec fd EBO\/ sab}b xb}b :3 fno gec hgz mofjkz fe fddb}% Necng egsr}goo~ agz gmfrs 7:1 mnoonfe


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= Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

mg}}boz fd fno gec fno bwrntgobes hgz gec mrok fd sanz agz efs mbbe dfrec ~bs% Necng xnoo gjjfres df}

7=%2> |b} jbes fd Gzng \gjndnjz }bhnfego fno cb`gec m~ =>>/ gec agz hgnebc g

jfezncb}gmob `g}kbs zag}b ne Necngz fno zbjsf}%

Bq|of}gsnfe gec \}fcrjsnfe

@fzs fd Necngz j}rcb fno }bzb}tbz g}b ofjgsbc fddzaf}b/ ne sab xbzs fd sab jfres}~/ gec fezaf}b ne

sab ef}sabgzs% Zrmzsgesngo }bzb}tbz/ afxbtb}/ g}b ofjgsbc fddzaf}b ne sab Mg~ fd Mbehgo gec ne

]gigzsage zsgsb% Necngz og}hbzs fno dnboc nz sab fddzaf}b @r`mgn Anha dnboc/ ofjgsbc ef}sa-xbzs fd


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: Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

@r`mgn gec f|b}gsbc m~ FEHJ% Gefsab} fd Necngz og}hb fno dnbocz nz sab K}nzaeg-Hfcgtg}n mgzne/

ofjgsbc ne sab Mg~ fd Mbehgo% Mofjk C4 ne sab K}nzaeg-Hfcgtg}n mgzne/ f|b}gsbc m~ ]bongejb

Necrzs}nbz/ mbhge fno |}fcrjsnfe ne Zb|sb`mb} =


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\rmonj Zbjsf} \}ntgsb Zbjsf}

R|zs}bg`!Bq|of}gsnfe

$ \}fcrjsnfe.

FEHJ Jgn}e

FNO Ag}c~

FTO

HZ\J!Zsgsb.

]bdneb}nbz

J\JO ]\O

M]\O Bzzg}

E]O

@]\O

@g}kbsneh Jf`|genbz

HGNO

NHO

@\O

Nesbh}gsbc Fno

Jf`|genbz

NFJO ]NO

A\JO BFO

M\JO Zaboo

Dnegejngo Nezsnsrsnfez FNCM


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7%7 \}fcrjsnfe7

Gjjf}cneh sf sab |}ftnznfego |}fcrjsnfe cgsg }bobgzbc m~ sab @nenzs}~ fd \bs}fobr` gec Egsr}go

Hgz/ cgsbc Igerg}~ =


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Fno $ Egsr}go Hgz Jf}|f}gsnfe !FEHJ. |}fcrjbc `gqn`r` cf`bzsnj fno ne =


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Necngz fno |}fcrjs cb`gec }fzb 3%=" ^f^ sf :%`m|c ne G|}no =


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Hgz jfezr`|snfe nz zbs sf }nzb d}f` ge bzsn`gsbc 4: MJ@ ne =


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> Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

7%: Netbzs`besz

Bzzg} Fno agz zsg}sbc |r`|neh hgz s}g||bc ne zbg`z fd jfgo ne nsz ]genhgei JM@ !jfgo mbc`bsageb. gj}bghb ne Xbzs Mbehgo% Sab gj}bghb nz bq|bjsbc sf |}fcrjb hgz df} 72 ~bg}z gec

Bzzg} Fno nz netbzsneh RZ# :


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7>8>1 m}frhas gmfrs `gif} jagehbz ne sab zs}rjsr}b fd sab

Necnge fno necrzs}~ gz xboo gz nej}bgzbc sab }gsb fd bq|of}gsnfe fd sab

zbcn`besg}~ mgzne g}bg fd sab jfres}~%Rebq|of}bc zbcn`besg}~ g}bg fd 2


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7:

7: Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

Sab frsoffk df} Necng(z fno gec hgz necrzs}~ nz zsgmob df} =


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Sab R|zs}bg` Zbjsf}

Sab r|zs}bg` zbjsf} netfotbz bq|of}gsnfesab zbg}ja df} zrddnjnbes }bzb}tbz% \}fcrjsnfe nz sab

|}fjbzz fd hbssneh sab fno frs fd sab h}frec% @fzs fd sab fno nz dfrec recb}h}frec rzneh bqs}b`bo~

zbeznsntb gec anhao~ sbjaenjgo bwrn|`bes%

Fno s}g||bc recb}h}frec ebbcz sf mb |r`|bc frs% Sf bqs}gjs gz `rja fno gz |fzznmob/ jg}mfe

cnfqncb/ fsab} hgzbz/ gec xgsb} f} jab`njgoz g}b fdsbe neibjsbc sf `gnesgne xboo |}bzzr}b% Ge

gzzb`mo~ fd jf`|onjgsbc |n|bz gec tgotbz jfes}fo sab dofx gs sab xbooabgc%

Bq|of}gsnfe Sanz nz sab dn}zs zsghb fd fno necrzs}~ zr||o~ jagne xanja netfotbz ofjgsneh ebx fno

}bzfr}jbz rzneh sbjaefofh~ `bgez% Fejb ge fno }bzfr}jb nz ofjgsbc/ xboo nz c}noobc sf bqs}gjs fno frs%

Sanz nz g tb}~ bq|bezntb |}fjbzz%

\}fcrjsnfe Fejb g xboo agz mbbe c}noobc/ g xbooabgc zrja gz g Ja}nzs`gz s}bb nz |rs ne |ogjb

!jfoobjsnfe fd tgotbz. sf begmob fno sf mb bqs}gjsbc% Sanz }bhrogsbz gec jfes}foz sab dofx% Cb|becneh

fe sab |}bzzr}b nezncb sab dnboc ns nz cbsb}`nebc xabsab} gccnsnfego |r`|z ebbc sf mb rsnonybc%

Jagoobehbz

Sab r|zs}bg` Fno $ Hgz !F$H. zbjsf} nz dgjneh d}bza jagoobehbz% Bq|of}gsnfe $ \}fcrjsnfe !B$\. nz

nej}bgzneho~ `ftneh sf cbb| xgsb}z/ sf jagoobehneh hbfh}g|anbz onkb sab G}jsnj g}bgz/ gec sf

|}btnfrzo~ rebq|of}bc ofjgsnfez gec gosb}egsb zfr}jbz fd beb}h~% F$H dnbocz g}b zjgssb}bc/

|}fcrjsnfe gec nedf}`gsnfe z~zsb`z gj}fzz dnbocz g}b efs nesbh}gsbc gec sab }bhrogsf}~

betn}fe`bes nz mbjf`neh zs}nkneho~ zs}nehbes%


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Sab necrzs}~ dgjbz kb~ jagoobehbz9

Xnsa f|b}gsnfez ne }b`fsb hbfh}g|anbz cnhnsgo fnodnbocz g}b zbbneh }g|nc h}fxsa/ obgcneh sfge bq|ofznfe ne cgsg

Zknooz cbdnjns ne ebx hbfh}g|anbz nz gccneh tbofjns~ sf sab gcf|snfe fd }b`fsb `fensf}nehgec geghb`bes |}gjsnjbz

Sab }bhrogsf}~ betn}fe`bes jf`mnebc xnsa jf`|bsnsnfe nz m}nehneh |}bzzr}b sf |}fcrjbjobge gec gddf}cgmob beb}h~% Sfcg~/ sab b`|agznz fe B$\ Cgsg $ Nedf}`gsnfe @geghb`bes

nz re|}bjbcbesbc%

]bzs}njsbc gjjbzz9 Ne `ge~ }bzfr}jb-}nja jfres}nbz/ sab mbzs/ nd efs goo/ f||f}srensnbz hf sfEFJz% NFJz g}b obds frs/ cbz|nsb sabn} bq|b}snzb gec gjjbzz sf jg|nsgo gec `g}kbsz%

Sab}b nz gozf jon`gsb jagehb obhnzogsnfe |becneh ne kb~ jfres}nbz% Sanz j}bgsbz rejb}sgnes~ftb} xags sab }robz gec jfzsz xnoo mb% Netbzs`bes dobbz rejb}sgnes~%

Dfzzno drboz g}b re|f|rog} mbjgrzb fd sabn} |}njb tfogsnons~ gec |b}jbntbc jg}mfe n`|gjs% Zfhftb}e`besz g}b |}f`fsneh }bebxgmob zfr}jbz% Gs mbzs/ sab~ g}b nhef}neh fno gec hgz |fonj~

xanob ftb}offkneh afx egsr}go hgz jfroc bgzb sab s}geznsnfe sf g ofx-jg}mfe bjfef`~% Sab zbjsf} nz dgjneh nzzrbz g}frec sab gtgnogmnons~ fd g zfonc sgobes |ffo d}f` rentb}znsnbz gec

nezsnsrsbz sags s~|njgoo~ jfes}nmrsb sf nsz sgobes mgzb%

=" fd zsrcbesz ifne fno $ hgz zbjsf} d}f` Obtbo-N nezsnsrsbz !NNS& ENS& NZ@ bsj.% 4


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G}frec agod fd sab jr}}bes xf}kdf}jb nz bzsn`gsbc sf }bsn}b ne sab ebqs dntb ~bg}z% Sab zbjsf} xnoo xnsebzz :3" fd }bsn}b`bes gs sab `nccob `geghb`bes obtbo%

@gqn`r` zaf}sdgoo ne r|zs}bg` zbjsf}9 Ne }bdneneh gec |bs}fjab`njgo zbjsf}/ sab }bwrn}b`bes nz bzsn`gsbc g}frec 4


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S}becz ne sab Zbjsf}

Cb`gec-zr||o~ frsoffk dgtfr}gmob df} cf`bzsnj j}rcb fno gec egsr}go hgz

|}fcrjb}z

Cb`gec df} j}rcb fno ne sab jfres}~ agz nej}bgzbc gs g jf`|frecbc geergo h}fxsa }gsb !JGH]. fd

g}frec 1%4" cr}neh sab |b}nfc 7>>1->> sf =


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tngmnons~ fd B$\ |}fibjsz/ nejorcneh cbb|-xgsb}/ `g}hnego dnbocz gec beagejbc }bjftb}~ |}fibjsz/ gz

nz btncbes d}f` sab bes}~ fd |}ntgsb |og~b}z gec `rosnegsnfegoz ne sab mrznebzz%

Jg|bq |ogez og}hbo~ nesgjs df} cf`bzsnj |og~b}z/ cbz|nsb tfogsnons~ ne fno |}njbz

B$\ gjsntns~ m~ nsz tb}~ egsr}b nz jag}gjsb}nzbc m~ anha jg|nsgo nesbezns~ gec g ofeh hbzsgsnfe

|b}nfc% Gz g }bzros/ sab obtbo fd B$\ jg|bq sbecz sf mb nedorbejbc m~ bq|bjsgsnfez fe drsr}b j}rcb

fno gec hgz |}njbz% Mbjgrzb fd sab znhendnjges j}gza ne j}rcb fno |}njbz gec sab gzzfjngsbc tfogsnons~

cr}neh sab }bjbes |gzs/ B$\ jg|bq agz mbbe jr}sgnobc m~ zf`b hofmgo B$\ |og~b}z/ bz|bjngoo~ sab

z`goob} necb|becbes B$\ jf`|genbz xaf g}b }bonges fe jg|nsgo `g}kbsz df} drec }gnzneh% ]bzbg}ja

}b|f}sz necnjgsb sags egsnfego fno jf`|genbz gec nesbh}gsbc fno jf`|genbz agtb afxbtb} efs

`gsb}ngoo~ gosb}bc sabn} jg|bq |}fh}g``bz/ gz sabn} |}fibjsz g}b c}ntbe `f}b m~ ofeh sb}`

jfezncb}gsnfez%

Sab zjgob fd gjsntns~ ne sab Necnge B$\ zbjsf} agz }b`gnebc og}hbo~ nesgjs btbe ne sab dgjb fd sab

zsbb| cbjoneb ne j}rcb fno |}njbz cr}neh sab ogzs dnzjgo/ `gneo~ mbjgrzb fd sab |}bzbejb fd g on`nsbc

er`mb} fd |og~b}z/ `fzs fd xanja agtb g zs}feh j}bcns }nzk |}fdnob gec sab gmnons~ sf zrzsgne sabn}

jg|bq |}fh}g``bz btbe ne g xbgk |}njneh betn}fe`bes% G zrmzsgesngo |f}snfe fd sab jg|bq ne sab

cf`bzsnj B$\ zbjsf} nz gjjfresbc df} m~ sab sxf |rmonj zbjsf} besnsnbz FEHJ gec FNO/ mfsa fd

xanja agtb g zs}feh }nzk |}fdnob gec xafzb jg|bq |ogez g}b c}ntbe m~ `rosn|ob fmibjsntbz g|g}s d}f`

jr}}bes |}fdnsgmnons~ fd f|b}gsnfez% Sab fsab} `gif} |og~b}z ne sab Necnge B$\ zbjsf} nejorcneh sab

onkbz fd ]NO/ Jgn}e Necng On`nsbc !Jgn}e. gec Hrig}gs Zsgsb \bs}fobr` Jf}|f}gsnfe On`nsbc !HZ\J. g}b

gozf dnegejngoo~ zs}feh besnsnbz xnsa gcbwrgsb drec }gnzneh jg|gmnonsnbz; sabzb g}b abejb ne g

|fznsnfe sf jfesnerb xnsa sabn} jg|bq gz |ogeebc%


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7>

7> Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

On`nsbc zrjjbzz ne ftb}zbgz gjwrnznsnfez

Gz df} ftb}zbgz gjwrnznsnfez/ sab s}gjk }bjf}c fd Necnge B$\ |og~b}z agz mbbe dgn}o~ `fcbzs zf dg}

cbz|nsb sab Hftb}e`besz zsgsbc nesbes fd nej}bgzneh sab bwrns~ nesb}bzs fd Necnge jf`|genbz ne

ftb}zbgz B$\ |}fibjsz% Gosafrha Necnge B$\ |og~b}z agtb efx nej}bgzbc sabn} |}bzbejb sf jftb}

g}frec == jfres}nbz gm}fgc/ `fzs fd sab gzzbsz sags agtb mbbe gjwrn}bc zf dg} g}b dgn}o~ `fcbzs

ne znyb gec og}hbo~ gs bq|of}gsf}~ zsghbz%

Zf`b fd sab dgjsf}z jfezs}gneneh sab zrjjbzz fd Necnge jf`|genbz gm}fgc agtb mbbe sab }bogsntbo~

jfezb}tgsntb mnccneh |fonj~ dfoofxbc gec sab zf`bxags ofeh c}gxe |}fjbzz fd nesb}ego g||}ftgo/

|g}snjrog}o~ ne sab jgzb fd |rmonj zbjsf} jf`|genbz%

G dbx |fonj~ }bogsbc rejb}sgnesnbz jfesnerb sf |}btgno; `g~ agtb g cg`|beneh

bddbjs fe d}bza netbzs`besz |g}snjrog}o~ d}f` sab |}ntgsb zbjsf}

Sab B$\ zbjsf} ne Necng dgjbz g dbx |fonj~ }bogsbc rejb}sgnesnbz fe sgqgsnfe gec dnzjgo gz|bjsz% Fe

sab sgqgsnfe d}fes/ sab}b agz mbbe g ogjk fd jog}ns~ fe bonhnmnons~ fd B$\ gjsntnsnbz df} nejf`b sgq

mbebdnsz xnsa g cnzsnejsnfe mbneh `gcb mbsxbbe fno gec egsr}go hgz% Gjjf}cneh sf sab bg}onb}

|}ftnznfez sab nejf`b sgq afoncg~ df} B$\/ xgz goofxbc feo~ sf jf`|genbz behghbc ne

cbtbof|`bes gec |}fcrjsnfe fd `neb}go fno bqjorcneh egsr}go hgz%

Afxbtb}/ df} sab fno gec hgz mofjkz go}bgc~ recb} bq|of}gsnfe gec cbtbof|`bes/ sab}b nz zsnoo g ogjk

fd jog}ns~ fe sab g||onjgmnons~ fd sab sgq jfejbzznfez fe g }bs}fz|bjsntb mgznz/ xanja agz mbbe

obds zrmibjs sf ircnjngo nesb}|}bsgsnfe fe g jgzb-sf-jgzb mgznz% Gozf/ sab}b nz g ogjk fd jog}ns~ fe

xabsab} bgja dnboc xfroc mb s}bgsbc gz g zb|g}gsb recb}sgkneh df} sab |r}|fzb fd sab sgq


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=83. agtb mfsa mbbe sab

jfes}nmrsnfe fd sab |}ntgsb zbjsf}9 jf``bejb`bes fd hgz |}fcrjsnfe d}f` ]NOz KH mgzne !G|}no

=


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=7

=7 Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

Mbjgrzb fd jf`|bsnsnfe d}f` |}ntgsb |og~b}z/ sab \ZR B$\ |og~b}z agtb mbbe df}jbc sf fddb} `f}b

onmb}go sb}`z/ zrja gz |}fdns |bs}fobr`/ jfzs }bjftb}~ gec `nen`r` xf}k |}fh}g``b jf``ns`bes/

sf n`|}ftb sabn} jf`|bsnsntbebzz ne EBO\ mnccneh }frecz%

C}gxe m~ sab zrjjbzz fd zf`b |}ntgsb zbjsf} |og~b}z/ zbtb}go fsab} |}ntgsb |og~b}z agtb gozf zafxe

nesb}bzs ne |g}snjn|gsneh ne B$\ gjsntnsnbz ne Necng%

\}ntgsb |g}snjn|gsnfe ne sab cf`bzsnj B$\ zbjsf} dgjbz zf`b jagoobehbz/ nejorcneh sab dfoofxneh9

- Sbjaefofhnjgo }nzkz gzzfjngsbc xnsa g `f}b jagoobehneh hbfofh~ gz B$\ gjsntnsnbz `ftb nesf`f}b cnddnjros sb}}gne/ nejorcneh cbb|-xgsb} ofjgsnfez gec rebq|of}bc mgznez%

- S~neh r| s}gez|f}sgsnfe gec ofhnzsnjz ned}gzs}rjsr}b sf begmob sn`bo~ jf``b}jngonzgsnfe fdB$\ |fsbesngo% Ne `ge~ jgzbz/ cbog~z ne jf`|obsnfe fd |n|boneb ned}gzs}rjsr}b mbjgrzb fd

|}fmob`z }bogsbc sf ogec gjwrnznsnfe/ gcbwrgj~ fd jf`|bezgsnfe/ bsj%/ agtb cbog~bc }btberb

hbeb}gsnfe cbz|nsb sab |fsbesngo mbneh dgtfr}gmob%

- Gmnons~ sf jf`|obsb |}fibjsz xnsafrs znhendnjges sn`b gec jfzs ftb}}rez ne ge betn}fe`bes nexanja gtgnogmnons~ fd `ge|fxb}/ zb}tnjbz gec bwrn|`bes }b`gnez zjg}jb%

Zrmznc~ zag}neh onkbo~ sf jfesnerb xbnhaneh fe sab }nzk |}fdnobz fd \ZR B$\

|og~b}z

Sab `g}kbsneh fd |bs}fobr` |}fcrjsz xgz d}bbc d}f` G\@ ne =


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== Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

mbzncbz hntneh zrmznc~ zr||f}s fe ZKF !\CZ. gec O\H !cf`bzsnj.% Sab |}njbz fd sabzb |}fcrjsz

agtb mbbe kb|s ofxb} sage sab `g}kbs-onekbc |}njbz ne f}cb} sf zgdbhrg}c jfezr`b}z/

bz|bjngoo~ ne g zjbeg}nf fd anha j}rcb fno |}njbz/ gz zbbe cr}neh sab ogzs dbx ~bg}z%

Gz g }bzros fd sab jfes}fo ne zgob |}njbz fd sabzb dfr} zbeznsntb |bs}fobr` |}fcrjsz [AZC/ ZKF !\CZ.

gec O\H !cf`bzsnj.P fe feb agec/ gec sab }nzneh j}rcb fno |}njbz fe sab fsab}/ sab |rmonj zbjsf} fno

`g}kbsneh jf`|genbz !F@Jz. agtb agc sf zrddb} znhendnjges recb}-}bjftb}nbz fe sab zgob fd sabzb

|}fcrjsz%

HfN agz nezsnsrsbc g ebx recb}-}bjftb}~ zag}neh `bjagenz`/ ne xanja |rmonj zbjsf} r|zs}bg`

jf`|genbz xnoo mbg} sab recb}-}bjftb}nbz fe grsf drboz AZCP xanob recb}-}bjftb}nbz fe jffkneh

drboz [ZKF !\CZ. gec O\H !cf`bzsnj.P xfroc mb mf}eb m~ HfN% Ne gccnsnfe/ HfN agz gozf g||fnesbc ge

Bq|b}s H}fr| sf gctnzb ns/ nesb} gong/ fe g tngmob gec zrzsgnegmob z~zsb` fd |}njneh |bs}fobr`

|}fcrjsz% Jfezncb}neh sabzb zsb|z/ sab recb}-}bjftb}~ zag}neh mr}cbe fe sab |rmonj zbjsf}

r|zs}bg` jf`|genbz jfroc }bcrjb ne sab zaf}s sf `bcnr` sb}`% Ebtb}sabobzz/ ns nz bq|bjsbc df} sab

}bhrogsf}~ }nzk sf jfesnerb xbnhaneh fe sab dnegejngo |}fdnobz fd sab \ZR r|zs}bg` jf`|genbz%

Hgz |}njneh ne g zsgsb fd dorq; \ZR B$\ jf`|genbz sf hgne nd G\@ nz |agzbc frs

Gs |}bzbes/ sab}b g}b m}fgco~ sxf hgz |}njneh }bhn`bz g||onjgmob sf hgz |}fcrjbc gec zfoc d}f`

cf`bzsnj mofjkz !n. Hgz |}njbc recb} G\@; gec !nn. Efe-G\@ f} d}bb `g}kbs hgz% G\@ nz g||onjgmob

sf sab mofjkz gxg}cbc sf FEHJ gec FNO fe g ef`negsnfe mgznz m~ sab HfN% Recb} sanz `bjagenz`/

HfN dnqbz sab |}njb gs xanja hgz d}f` sabzb mofjkz nz zfoc sf z|bjndnbc jgsbhf}nbz fd jrzsf`b}z% Df}

mofjkz f|b}gsbc recb} |}b-EBO\ gec EBO\/ sab d}bb `g}kbs f} efe-G\@ }bhn`b nz g||onjgmob%


24/50

=:

=: Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

D$C jfzsz }nzb/ mrs }bjbes dgoo ne fnodnboc zb}tnjbz jfzsz zafroc `nsnhgsb |}bzzr}b fe

sab jfzs zs}rjsr}b fd B$\ |og~b}z ftb} sab ebg} sf `bcnr` sb}`

Dnecneh gec cbtbof|`bes !D$C. jfzsz g}b ge necnjgsf} fd sab jfzs bddnjnbej~ fd g jf`|ge~z

bq|of}gsf}~ gec cbtbof|`bes gjsntnsnbz gec fd nsz troeb}gmnons~ sf ge rejb}sgne |}njb betn}fe`bes%

Sab D$C jfzsz fd Necnge B$\ |og~b}z agtb mbbe fe g }nzb ne sab ogzs dbx ~bg}z ne oneb xnsa sab hofmgo

s}bec% Necnge B$\ jf`|genbz agtb dgjbc znhendnjges jfzs |}bzzr}bz g}nzneh d}f` g afzs fd dgjsf}z9 g

snhas jfes}gjsneh gec }nh `g}kbs betn}fe`bes; nej}bgzneh `ge|fxb} jfzsz/ c}ntbe m~ zjg}jns~ fd

sbjaenjgo |b}zfeebo gec m~ r|xg}c }btnznfez ne zgog}~; }nzneh jfzsz fd kb~ ne|rsz onkb zsbbo; gec

nej}bgzneh f}nbesgsnfe fd B$\ gjsntnsnbz sfxg}cz cbb|-xgsb} mofjkz df} xanja sab f|b}gsneh jfzsz

g}b anhab} tnz-- tnz fezaf}b gec zagoofx xgsb} mofjkz%

Cbz|nsb g znhendnjges }nzb ne D$C jfzsz cr}neh sab ogzs dbx ~bg}z/ cf`bzsnj B$\ jf`|genbz }b`gne

jf`|bsnsntb !ghgnezs sabn} hofmgo |bb}z. |}n`g}no~ fe sab zs}behsa fd sabn} og}hb fxebc

ned}gzs}rjsr}b !xanja on`nsz cb|becbejb fe an}bc }nhz./ gec ofxb} ogmfr} gec ofhnzsnjz jfzsz; mbzncbz/

sab~ gozf f|b}gsb ne g obzz jf`|obq hbfofhnjgo betn}fe`bes%

Sab nej}bgzb ne sab |}ntgsb zbjsf}z zag}b ne |}fcrjsnfe fd fno gec fno

bwrntgobes hgz !F+FBH. d}f` eno cr}neh sab bg}o~ 7>>


25/50

=3


Dfrecbc 73 Grhrzs 7>24

Abgcwrg}sb}z Cba}gcre/ Necng

\}fcrjsz \bs}fobr`/ Egsr}go Hgz/ \bs}fjab`njgoz

]btberb RZ# ==%2>> mnoonfe !=


26/50

=2


sf dnonehz xnsa sab MZB fd ogsbzs wrg}sb} }bzrosz% Necnge hftb}e`bes afocz 83%73" bwrns~ zsgkb ne sanz

jf`|ge~%

FEHJ nz `gneo~ behghbc ne sab fno bq|of}gsnfe gec |}fcrjsnfe gjsntnsnbz% Ns agz sxf zbh`besz9

bq|of}gsnfe gec |}fcrjsnfe/ }bdneneh% Cr}neh sab dnzjgo ~bg} becbc @g}ja :7/ =


27/50

=4


Zag}neh fd recb} }bjftb}nbz fe gc-afj mgznz }b`gnez g jfejb}e df} FEHJ% Mbzncbz sab}b nz goxg~z g jagoobehb ne sb}`z fd abgosa $ zgdbs~ fd xf}kb}z fxneh sf tb}~

egsr}b fd B$\ f|b}gsnfe gec hbfh}g|anj ofjgsnfe fd nsz f|b}gsnfe onkb anha zbgz%

Hbf|a~znjgo Jagoobehbz zrja gz N`ghneh mbofx hgz jg| g}bg/ sane og~b} |}fmob` Tfogsnons~ fd Fno |}njb crb sf z|bjrogsntb betn}fe`bes Bqsb}ego jagoobehbz crb sf hbf|fonsnjz $ zsfjk `g}kbs jfoog|zb Nesb}ego jagoobehbz crb sf }bjbzznfez gec m}gne c}gne Gss}nsnfe9 Gss}nsnfe nz gefsab} `gif} }bgzfe df} ofzz fd sgobes ne Necnge fno $ hgz zbjsf}%

Ne ebqs dntb ~bg}z/ ns nz bzsn`gsbc sags g}frec 8" fd sab jr}}bes xf}kdf}jb xnoo obgtbfno $ hgz zbjsf} ne Necng%

82 " gss}nsnfe nz bq|bjsbc gs zbenf} `geghb`bes obtbo%


28/50

=8


Dfrecbc Dbm}rg}~ 71/ 7>2>

Abgcwrg}sb}z Crongige/ Gzzg`

\}fcrjsz Drboz/ Orm}njgesz/ \bs}fjab`njgoz

]btberb 1/


29/50

=1


Egsr}go Hgz gec ftb} 2


30/50

=>

=> Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

zag}b sab recb} }bjftb}~ fe gjjfres fd s}gez|f}sgsnfe drbo/ ns }b`gnez ge g}bg fd jfejb}e gz

ns cn}bjso~ n`|gjsz sab jgza dofxz fd sab jf`|ge~%

Ne sab B$\ Necrzs}~/ Abgosa/ Zgdbs~ gec Betn}fe`bes nzzrbz g}b goxg~z ge g}bg fd jfejb}e

znejb sab f|b}gsnfez g}b ne cnddnjros sb}}gne gec jg}}~ sab }nzkz fd rekefxe cfxe afob

|}fmob`z% Jr}}bes btbesz ne sab xgkb fd sab Ofrnzngeg fno z|noo `g~ obgc sf `f}b zs}nehbes

betn}fe`besgo obhnzogsnfez sab}bm~ nej}bgzneh mfsa f|b}gsneh gec nezr}gejb jfzsz%

Sab dorjsrgsnfez ne sab j}rcb fno |}njbz cn}bjso~ n`|gjs sab |}njbz gec gtgnogmnons~ fd hffczgec zb}tnjbz }bwrn}bc ne sab B$\ zbjsf}%

J}rcb fno |}njbz sff g}b cb|becbes fe bjfef`nj }bjftb}~/ cbz|nsb sabn} nebogzsnjns~% Netbzs`besz ne n`|}ftbc }bjftb}~ c}ntb r| sab `g}hnego jfzsz gec ofxb} zrjjbzz }gsnfz sbec

sf ans sab mfssf` onebz%

Crb sf nsz }bogsntbo~ z`goob} znyb gz gozf crb sf g er`mb} fd fsab} jfres}nbz zr||f}sneh zrjaf||f}srensnbz sa}frha zftb}bnhe drecz ns xfroc mb g jagoobehb sf jf`|bsb df} |}fcrjneh

|}f|b}snbz ftb}zbgz% Sab |}fmgmnons~ fd zrjjbzz ne fr} bq|of}gsnfe tbesr}bz xfroc }bwrn}b

nej}b`besgo }bzfr}jbz df} netbzs`bes ne cbtbof|`bes gec znejb sab Jf`|ge~ nz |}bzbeso~

negcbwrgsbo~ hbg}bc/ sabzb xfroc mb `bs gs sab g||}f|}ngsb sn`b d}f` fsab} zfr}jbz fd

drecneh/ nd ebjbzzg}~%


31/50

:44 Gz ]bongejb Jf``b}jngo Jf}|f}gsnfe

Dfrecb}!z. Can}rmgn G`mgen

Abgcwrg}sb}z @r`mgn

G}bg zb}tbc Xf}ocxncb

\}fcrjsz Fno $ Hgz/ \bs}fjab njgoz/ \bs}fo/ \fo~bzsb}

]btberb RZ# 21%22 mnoonfe !=


32/50

:7

:7 Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

gec `g}kbs jg|nsgonygsnfe fd RZ#81%= mnoonfe df} sab dnzjgo ~bg} becneh ne @g}ja =


33/50

:=

:= Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

Sab jf`|ge~ agz jgza gec jgza bwrntgobesz fd #8 mnoonfe fe nsz mffkz gec nz bzsn`gsbc sfhbeb}gsb jgza |}fdns fd #1 mnoonfe ne =


34/50

::

:: Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

Sab @nczs}bg`

Sab m}nchb mbsxbbe fno gec hgz |}fcrjb}z gec bec rzb}z

Sab `nczs}bg` zbjsf} nz |}n`g}no~ netfotbc xnsa sab s}gez|f}sgsnfe fd fno gec egsr}go hgz d}f` sab

bqs}gjsnfe znsb sf sab }bdneb}nbz% Sanz `nczs}bg` zbjsf} nz fdsbe nejorcbc gz ge bqsbeznfe fd bnsab}

sab r|zs}bg` f} cfxezs}bg` zbjsf}/ cb|becneh fe sab zfr}jb%

@nczs}bg` jf`|genbz s~|njgoo~ fxe }gx hgz |n|bonebz gec |}fjbzzneh |ogesz sf hgsab} gec |}fjbzz

sab }gx egsr}go hgz mbdf}b ns nz neibjsbc gz zgobz hgz nesf ofeh-cnzsgejb |n|boneb z~zsb`z df}

s}gez|f}sgsnfe sf bec-rzb `g}kbsz% Sab `nczs}bg` zbjsf} gozf nejorcbz dgjnonsnbz df} sab

d}gjsnfegsnfe/ zsf}ghb gec s}gez|f}sgsnfe fd egsr}go hgz onwrncz/ f} EHOz/ xanja g}b m~-|}fcrjsz fd

egsr}go hgz |}fjbzzneh/ gec nejorcb bsageb/ |}f|geb/ mrsgeb gec jfecbezgsb%

Sab @nczs}bg` Zbjsf} jge nejorcb/ mrs efs mb on`nsbc sf/ sab dfoofxneh drejsnfez9

Hgz Hgsab}neh/ S}bgsneh gec \}fjbzzneh Egsr}go Hgz \n|bonebz !\}n`g}no~ Nes}gzsgsb. \}fcrjs \n|bonebz !@gneonebz gec Cnzs}nmrsnfe f} \r}ns~ Onebz. D}gjsnfegsnfe Egsr}go Hgz gec \}fcrjs Zsf}ghb \}fcrjs Sb}`negoz N`|f}s&Bq|f}s Dgjnonsnbz

Jagoobehbz

Sab `nczs}bg` beb}h~ zbjsf} dgjbz renwrb jagoobehbz% Sab jf`|obqns~ xnsa s}gez`nzznfe gec

cnzs}nmrsnfe/ jfr|obc xnsa gccnsnfego |b}`nssneh }bwrn}b`besz gec g }bogsntbo~ dnqbc `g}hne mrznebzz

`fcbo/ }bwrn}bz f|b}gsf}z sf zs}bg`oneb goo gz|bjsz fd sab f|b}gsnfe/ nejorcneh Betn}fe`besgo


35/50

:3


Abgosa $ Zgdbs~/ ]nzk/ gec Jf`|ongejb% ]bdneb}z/ s}gcb}z/ sb}`negoz/ gec fsab} `nczs}bg`

|g}snjn|gesz dgjb renwrb jagoobehbz ne beb}h~ sgqbz% ]bhrogsnfez tg}~ m~ ir}nzcnjsnfe gec jagehb

d}bwrbeso~% @nczs}bg` sgqbz/ nd jgojrogsbc nejf}}bjso~/ jge }bzros ne dnebz/ dbbz/ gec |begosnbz% F}

xf}zb/ sab~ jge bon`negsb `g}hnez fe mrok `ftb`bes f} s}gcbz bz|bjngoo~ nd j}fzz-zsgsb/ j}fzz-

mf}cb}/ f} `rosn-|g}s~%

Z|bjndnj `nczs}bg` jagoobehbz nejorcb9

Cntb}zb gzzbs |}fdnob !|n|bonebz/ zsf}ghb sb}`negoz/ |}fjbzzneh/ s}bgsneh/ gec jf`|}bzznfez~zsb`z.

Ftb}og||neh }bhrogsf}~ ir}nzcnjsnfez \b}`ns @geghb`bes $ Jf`|ongejb \}fibjs @geghb`bes Hbfh}g|anjgo bq|gezbz @gsr}neh gzzbsz gec ned}gzs}rjsr}bz Bqsbezntb |b}`nssneh gec jf`|ongejb }bwrn}b`besz Zbeznsntb |rmonj |b}jb|snfe


36/50

:2


Dfrecbc 7>13

Abgcwrg}sb}zEbx Cboan

\}fcrjsz Egsr}go Hgz/ \bs}fjab`njgo/ Orm}njges/ Drbo

]btberb RZ# 2%8


37/50

:4


|}bzzr}b s}rek |n|boneb xnsa g jg|gjns~ sf jg}}~ 72< `noonfe `bs}nj zsgecg}c jrmnj `bsb} |b} cg~

!@@ZJ@C. fd egsr}go hgz gj}fzz sab jfres}~; zbtbe O\H hgz |}fjbzzneh rensz sf |}fcrjb 7%3 `noonfe

`bs}nj sfe |b} geer` !@@S\G. fd O\H gec fsab} onwrnc a~c}fjg}mfez; 7/>:/

sa}bb onwrbdnbc |bs}fobr` hgz !O\H. |ogesz xb}b jfezs}rjsbc gec zf`b }bhnfego |n|bonebz gjwrn}bc/

begmoneh HGNO sf mbhne nsz hgz s}gez|f}sgsnfe ne tg}nfrz |g}sz fd Necng%

HGNO mbhge nsz jns~ hgz cnzs}nmrsnfe ne Ebx Cboan ne 7>>8 m~ zbssneh r| eneb jf`|}bzzbc egsr}go hgz

!JEH. zsgsnfez%

Jagoobehbz

Xnsa sab cb}bhrogsnfe `ge~ ebx |og~b}z `g~ jf`b nesf `g}kbs obgcneh sf nej}bgzbcjf`|bsnsnfe% Ns `g~ obgc sf drsr}b hgz s}gez`nzznfe jag}hbz mbneh ofxb} gz ebx |og~b}z

xfroc s}~ sf frsmnc bgja fsab} sf xne sab jfes}gjsz d}f` sab Hftb}e`bes sf og~ ebx

|n|bonebz

Sab jagehb ne jf`|fznsnfe fd hgzbz !FEHJ agz mbbe goofxbc m~ sab \bs}fobr` `nenzs}~ sfbqs}gjs J=-J: d}f` n`|f}sbc OEH df} nsz hgz mgzbc hgz j}gjkb} gs Cgabi . jfroc obgc sf J=+

jfesbes cb|obsneh mbofx `nen`r` cbzn}bc obtbo%


38/50

:8


Sab |}njbz df} |bs}fjab`njgoz agtb mbbe `gcb `g}kbs cbsb}`nebc% Znejb |}njb fd hgz nzonekbc sf sab nesb}egsnfego |}njb fd g mgzkbs fd nesb}egsnfegoo~ s}gcbc drbo fnoz/ sab}b `g~ mb

g jfesnerfrz nej}bgzb ne hgz ne|rs |}njbz/ sanz jfroc }bzros ne |}njneh gs znhendnjges obtbo

anhab} sage sab jr}}bes |}njb gec cb|obsbc h}fzz `g}hnez%

Jf`|ge~ jgeefs jag}hb `g}kbsneh `g}hnez sf nsz jrzsf`b} df} sab G\@ hgz zr||onbc m~ ns gzsab Jf`|ge~ agz sf jf`|o~ xnsa sab }bhrogsf}~ }bwrn}b`besz% Jf`|ge~ `g~ dgjb dnegejngo

}nzk gz ns agz sf f|b}gsb xnsafrs jag}hneh `g}kbs `g}hnez%

Sab ebx `ge|fxb} jf`neh sa}frha d}bza }bj}rns`bes f} sa}frha jf}|f}gsb s}gezdb} |fonj~`g~ efs mb gcbwrgsbo~ bwrn||bc xnsa sab |}fjbzz kefxobchb }bwrn}bc sf f|b}gsb sab |oges

gec sanz `g~ ne sr}e obgc sf |fsbesngo |}fcrjsnfe ofzz%

Ogjk fd b`|fxb}`bes xnsa sab f}hgenzgsnfe sf fsab} jf`|bsnsntb jf`|bezgsnfe fe|gjkghbz gec anhab} obtboz fd cbznhegsnfe sf cbzb}tneh jgecncgsbz `g~ obgc sf jf`|ge~ efs

mbneh gmob sf `geghb nsz sgobes |ffo btbesrgoo~ obgcneh sf jf`|}f`nzb fe sab wrgons~ fd

jgecncgsb%

Zfr}jneh fd egsr}go hgz d}f` fsab} jfres}nbz netfotbz zfjnf-|fonsnjgo }nzkz% \fonsnjgo }bogsnfezs}gezns jfres}~ `g~ gddbjs sab mrznebzz gjsntnsnbz% G zbjr}b s}gezns fd egsr}go hgz d}f`

|}fcrjneh jfres}nbz sf !bec. jfezr`b} jfres}nbz nz g zrjjbzzdro |g}s fd sab hgz jagne% Znejb

sab |}fcrjb}z gec n`|f}sb}z g}b anhao~ cb|becbes fe sab s}gezns jfres}nbz/ gmzbejb fd

nej}bgzbc jff|b}gsnfe m~ |}fcrjb}z gec n`|f}sneh jfres}nbz xnsa s}gezns jfres}nbz/ fe mgznz

fd sab s}gezns dbbz gec sb}`z/ `g~ cnz}r|s sab hgz zr||o~%

Ncbesndnjgsnfe fd B$\ mofjkz df} xanja jf`|ge~ nesbecz sf mnc/ }bwrn}bz saf}frha gego~znzgec nesb}|}bsgsnfe fd nedf}`gsnfe gec cgsg gtgnogmob d}f` CHA% Cgsg gjwrn}bc `g~ mb

}bcrecges f} sff foc; cbjnznfez `gcb fe sab mgznz fd zrja cgsg `g~ obgc sf negjjr}gsb


39/50

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gego~znz fe sab mofjkz gtgnogmob df} mnccneh/ xanja `g~ obgc sf gjwrnznsnfe fd mofjkz xnsa

ofxb} |fsbesngo fd gtgnogmnons~ fd a~c}fjg}mfe }bzb}tbz%

Sab gh}bb`bes df} s}gez`nzznfe fd Hgz mbsxbbe Hgno gec F@Jz }bwrn}b s}gez|f}sb} sfg}}gehb nezr}gejb ghgnezs ofzz fd O\H% Jf`|ge~ agz sgkbe nezr}gejb df} sab Hgz dofxneh

xnsane sab |n|bonebz df} g z|bjndnj mofjk/ ne btbes fd eg~ `nzag| &|n|boneb }r|sr}b&dn}b sab

ofzz `g~ efs mb }bzs}njsbc sf sabzb z|bjndnj mofjkz/ obgcneh sf re}bjftb}gmob dnegejngo ofzzbz%

Nezsgejbz fd bej}fgja`bes/ zfno b}fznfe/ h}fxsa fd s}bbz ebg} |n|bonebz/ bqsb}ego cg`ghb sfgmftbh}frec |n|boneb/ bsj% `g~ }bzros ne ag}` sf sab |n|boneb gec jfezbwrbes

betn}fe`besgo gec zgdbs~ nzzrbz%

Ftb} netbzs`bes/ recb}-rsnonygsnfe fd jg|gjns~ gec nebddnjnbes f|b}gsnfe fd |n|bonebz `g~obgc sf re}bgzfegmob sg}ndd gz sab jf`|ge~ zbsz sab sg}ndd sf hgne 7=" |fzs sgq }bsr}e%

Jf`|bsnsf}z `g~ mb `f}b bddnjnbes gec `g~ jagehb obzzb} sg}ndd obgcneh sf cnzzgsnzdgjsnfe

g`feh jrzsf`b}z fd sab jf`|ge~%

Crb sf d}bwrbes jagehbz ne egsr}go hgz |}njbz/!\}njbz fd Egsr}go Hgz g}b anhao~ tfogsnob.%Jf`|ge~ `g~ efs gmob sf besb} nesf ofeh sb}` jf``ns`besz df} sab zr||o~ fd hgz% Efs

agtneh ofeh sb}` jf``ns`besz obgcz sf nej}bgzbc rejb}sgnes~ ne sab mrznebzz%

]NO/ gofeh xnsa N\JO agz g zag}b fd ftb} 4


40/50

:>

:> Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

Sab Cfxezs}bg`

S}gez|f}sgsnfe/ zsf}ghb/ cnzs}nmrsnfe gofeh xnsa }bdneneh jf`bz recb} cfxezs}bg` zbjsf}%

S}gez|f}sgsnfe Fejb j}rcb fno agz mbbe bqs}gjsbc/ ns nz s}gez|f}sbc sf fno }bdneb}nbz sa}frha

|n|boneb f} s}gez|f}sgsnfe onkb sgekb}/ s}gne gec }fgc s}gez|f}sgsnfe%

]bdneneh J}rcb fno bqs}gjsbc cn}bjs d}f` sab xboo nz efs rzbdro df} `fzs znsrgsnfez sf mb rzbc gz

drbo ne nsz f}nhnego df}`% Sanz j}rcb fno nz sab}bdf}b }bdnebc sa}frha d}gjsnfego cnzsnoogsnfe sf

zb|g}gsb ns nesf cnddb}bes |}fcrjsz zrja gz hgzfoneb/ cnbzbo/ gtngsnfe hgz/ kb}fzbeb/ |g}gddne gec sg}%

Eg|asag bqs}gjsbc nz rzbc gz g mgzb bob`bes df} z~esabsnj }rmmb} gec |ogzsnj% Cnzs}nmrsnfe Tg}nfrz

drboz gec orm}njgesz g}b cnzs}nmrsbc sf hgz zsgsnfez/ }bsgno zaf|z gec }bobtges necrzs}nbz sa}frha g

cnzs}nmrsnfe jagne%

Ne jgzb fd Egsr}go Hgz zr||o~ jagne dofxz onkb mbofx

Bq|of}gsnfe \}fcrjsnfe \}fjbzzneh - S}gez|f}sgsnfe Cnzs}nmrsnfe

Frs fd xanja |}fjbzzneh zsghb nz n`|f}sges gec `fzs netfotbc% Cr}neh |}fjbzzneh zsghb/ rexgesbc

hgzbfrz bob`besz zrja gz xgsb}/ a~c}fhbe zro|ancb gec ens}fhbe g}b }b`ftbc% Sab hgz xanja nz

zr||onbc sf bec jrzsf`b} nz `gneo~ `bsageb%

Ne Cfxezs}bg` zbjsf} zsf}ghb gec `g}kbsneh |og~ bqs}b`bo~ j}nsnjgo }fob gec jfes}nmrsb gz feb fd

sab n`|f}sges cbjncneh dgjsf}z ne zgobz gec |}fdnsz recb} snhas jf`|bsnsnfe zjbeg}nfz%

]bdneneh necrzs}~ nz jag}gjsb}nybc m~ zsndd jf`|bsnsnfe/ zs}njsb} betn}fe`besgo }bhrogsnfez/ abgtnb}/

zfr}b} gec jfzsonb} j}rcb fno/ gjjf`|genbc m~ |fzznmob cnz}r|snfez jgrzbc m~ tg}nfrz dgjsf}z sags


41/50

343

Abgcwrg}sb}z @r`mgn/ Necng

\}fcrjsz Fno/ \bs}fobr`/ Egsr}go Hgz/ \bs}fjab njgo/ Drbo/

Orm}njges

]btberb RZ# 27%17 mnoonfe !=


44/50

3:

3: Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

gjjfres df} g 38" zag}b ne sab |bs}fobr` |}fcrjsz `g}kbs/ :3%1" zag}b ne }bdneneh jg|gjns~ gec

48" cfxezs}bg` zbjsf} |n|bonebz jg|gjns~ ne Necng% Sab Necnge Fno H}fr| fd Jf`|genbz fxez gec

f|b}gsbz 7< fd Necng(z 7> }bdneb}nbz xnsa g jf`mnebc }bdneneh jg|gjns~ fd 42%8 `noonfe `bs}nj sfez |b}

~bg}%

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!]$C. gs Dg}ncgmgc zr||f}sz/ cbtbof|z gec |}ftncbz sab ebjbzzg}~ sbjaefofh~ zforsnfez sf sab

f|b}gsneh cntnznfez fd sab jf}|f}gsnfe gec nsz jrzsf`b}z xnsane sab jfres}~ gec gm}fgc% Nsz |f}sdfonf

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bq|of}gsnfe gec |}fcrjsnfe/ NecngeFno(z cf`bzsnj |f}sdfonf nejorcbz eneb fno gec hgz mofjkz gec sxf

jfgo mbc `bsageb mofjkz xanob sab ftb}zbgz |f}sdfonf jfeznzsz fd eneb mofjkz z|}bgc gj}fzz Onm~g/

N}ge/ Hgmfe/ Enhb}ng/ Sn`f}-Obzsb gec ^b`be%

Jagoobehbz

Rejb}sgne fno gec hgz `g}kbs }nzkz gec tbesr}b }nzkz ne sab mgjkc}f| fd sab dnegejngo j}nznzgec sab hofmgo bjfef`nj zofxcfxe%

Zag}| nesb}bzs }gsb dorjsrgsnfez g}b ge g}bg fd jfejb}e df} sab jf}|f}gsnfez ne sab jfesbqs fd}gnzneh cbmsz df} |}fibjsz gz xboo gz }gnzneh `feb~ sa}frha zgob fd fno mfecz% Sab dog}neh

nedogsnfe nz ag}cbeneh sab nesb}bzs }gsbz

Sab bqsges |}njneh |fonj~ fd sab hftb}e`bes/ bz|bjngoo~ xnsa }bdb}bejb sf sab }bsgno zbooneh|}njbz fd cnbzbo/ kb}fzbeb gec O\H gjs gz sab `gif} jfezs}gnes fe sab jf}|f}gsnfe% Sab


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s}gcnsnfe fd rzneh }bsgno fno |}njneh gz g zrmznc~ sffo sf zrmzncnyb agz `ge~ g sbg` agz

becgehb}bc sab dnegejngo abgosa fd sab F@Jz% Zrja g |fonj~ betn}fe`bes/ feo~ gjjbesrgsbz

sab }nzkz gzzfjngsbc xnsa rejb}sgnesnbz fd nesb}egsnfego fno `g}kbs% Sab fno mfecz nzzrbc m~

sab hftb}e`bes sf jf`|bezgsb df} sab recb} }bjftb}nbz agz sabn} fxe on`nsgsnfez% Sab

cbog~ ne nzzrgejb fd fno mfecz obgcz sf nesb}bzs ofzz df} sab Jf}|f}gsnfe% Sf `bbs nsz jgza

}bwrn}b`besz fdsbe sab Jf}|f}gsnfe agz sf zboo sabzb mfecz% Sabn} }bogsntbo~ ofxb} cb`gecz

!feb fd sab }bgzfe mbneh sabn} efe-ZO] zsgsrz. hbsz sab` zfoc gs g cnzjfres% Sanz |}gjsnzb

xanja nz mb~fec sab jfes}fo fd sab `geghb`bes agz g znhendnjges n`|gjs fe sab dnegejngoz fd

sab Jf}|f}gsnfe cbz|nsb g zfrec |a~znjgo |b}df}`gejb%

Sab Jf}|f}gsnfe nz dgjneh jagoobehbz ne hbssneh zknoobc `ge|fxb} df} zf`b fd nsz ebxtb}snjgoz zrja gz B$\ $ |bs}fjab`njgoz/ xanja }bwrn}b `ge|fxb} xnsa z|bjngonzbc zknoo-zbs

xanja g}b cnddb}bes d}f` safzb fd nsz cfxezs}bg` |bs}fobr` mrznebzz%

Hntbe sab egsr}b fd sab j}rcb fno `g}kbs/ zr||o~ cnz}r|snfez b`gegsneh d}f` hbf-|fonsnjgosbeznfez |fzb g }nzk sf sab z`ffsa f|b}gsnfez fd sab Jf}|f}gsnfe% Gz g jrzanfeneh zs}gsbh~

ghgnezs |fzznmob cnz}r|snfez/ sab Jf}|f}gsnfe agz mbbe xncbeneh nsz j}rcb mgzkbs sf `gkb ns

`f}b hbfh}g|anjgoo~ cntb}zb%

Sab redf}sregsb dn}b gjjncbes gs sab Jf}|f}gsnfe Ign|r}z Sb}`nego/ agz anhaonhasbc sab dgjssags zgdbs~ jfejb}ez ebbc h}bgsb} gssbesnfe%

Sab Jf}|f}gsnfez ]bdneb}nbz/ @g}kbsneh $ \n|bonebz Ned}gzs}rjsr}b nz z|}bgc gj}fzz sabobehsa gec m}bgcsa fd sab jfres}~% Xnsa g }nzb ne zbjr}ns~ sa}bgsz/ mfsa nesb}ego gec bqsb}ego/

sanz nz g `gif} sa}bgs%


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Zs}feh |}fcrjs cb`gec gec anha j}rcb fno |}njbz agc kb|s H}fzz ]bdneb}~ @g}hne !H]@. gs ganhab} obtbo df} ogzs dbx ~bg}z% Afxbtb} xnsa dorjsrgsneh |}njbz fd j}rcb fno gec cxneconeh

cb`gec fd |bs}fobr` |}fcrjsz ne sab df}bzbbgmob drsr}b/ }bdneb}~ `g}hnez xnoo mb rejb}sgne%

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kb~ jagoobehb df} sab Jf}|f}gsnfe df} `gqn`nzgsnfe fd `g}hnez%

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gec betn}fe`besgoo~ d}nbeco~ |}fcrjsz zb}tnjbz df} sab mbebdnsz fd nsz jfezr`b}z nz gefsab}

jagoobehb df} sab Jf}|f}gsnfe%


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Dfrecbc 7>84

Abgcwrg}sb}z @r`mgn/ Necng

\}fcrjsz Fno/ \bs}fobr`/ Egsr}go Hgz/ \bs}fjab`njgo/ Drbo/

Orm}njges

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Mag}gs \bs}fobr` Jf}|f}gsnfe On`nsbc !M\JO. nz feb fd sab og}hbzs zsgsb-fxebc fno gec hgz

jf`|ge~ abgcwrg}sb}bc gs @r`mgn/ Necng/ xnsa Df}sreb Hofmgo 2


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Jagoobehbz

Gz sab jfres}~ nz og}hbo~ cb|becbes fe n`|f}sbc j}rcb fno/ sab |}njb tfogsnons~ nz g `gif}jfejb}e% Sab jfes}fo fd |}njneh fd grsf drboz xnoo znhendnjgeso~ beagejb sab obtbo fd

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Sab |}fcrjs z|bjndnjgsnfez df} @Z gec AZC agtb mbjf`b `f}b zs}nehbes xnsa bddbjs d}f`G|}no 7/ =


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3> Jagoobehbz ne Fno $ Hgz Necrzs}~

Sab}b nz zsnoo ef jog}ns~ fe sab `bjagenz` sags xnoo mb gcf|sbc ne sab jf`neh ~bg}z gec gsjr}}bes obtboz/ sab `g}kbsneh jf`|genbz jfesnerb sf zboo cf`bzsnj O\H gs |}njbz xanja g}b

ofxb} sage sab jfzsz%

Sanz mrznebzz agz g dfrec g ebx tb}snjgo ne sab df}` fd Nesb}egsnfego Mrekb}neh @g}kbs% Sanzmbneh ge bqs}b`bo~ jagoobehneh mrznebzz ne sab cg~z sf jf`b gec sab ftb}goo necrzs}ngo gec

bjfef`nj h}fxsa xnoo afoc sab kb~ df} sab h}fxsa fd sab mrznebzz%

Sab Orm}njges `g}kbs ne Necng agz `ge~ |og~b}z/ sarz `gkneh sab zbjsf} anhao~ jf`|bsnsntb%Gtgnogmnons~ fd sab mgzb fno/ snb-r|z xnsa zf`b fd sab obgcneh grsf`fsntb jf`|genbz gec

dfjrzneh fe ]bzbg}ja $ Cbtbof|`bes sf fddb} mbssb} |}fcrjsz sf jrzsf`b}z nz nszbod g mnh

jagoobehb%

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sab jf`|ge~ nz h}g||oneh xnsa sab nzzrb fd anha obtboz fd frszsgecneh crbz d}f` sabn} gn}oneb

jrzsf`b}z% Gs sab zg`b sn`b sab}b nz nesbezb jf`|bsnsnfe df} }bsgneneh gec gjwrn}neh

jrzsf`b}z%

Sab jf`|ge~ agc geefrejbc fno cnzjftb}nbz ne sxf mofjkz ne M}gyno gec @fyg`mnwrb ne sab~bg} =

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