Challenge of Challenge of in situ in situ Challenge of Challenge of in situ in situ conservation for wild conservation for wild

relative speciesrelative speciesA t d i iA t d i i—— A case study in riceA case study in rice

BaoBao--Rong LuRong LuggInstitute of Biodiversity Science Institute of Biodiversity Science

Fudan University, ChinaFudan University, ChinaFudan University, ChinaFudan University, China

Why need crop Why need crop ild l ti ?ild l ti ?wild relatives ?wild relatives ?

Challenge of the world’s Challenge of the world’s f d if d ifood securityfood security

Global climate changeGlobal climate change

Enhance crop productivityEnhance crop productivity

EEffective use of ffective use of genetic genetic EEffective use of ffective use of genetic genetic resourcesresources provides more provides more

t itit itiopportunitiesopportunities

Crop species Crop species Crop species Crop species

Crop wild relative Crop wild relative ppspeciesspecies

Y an Y an Y an Y an Father of Father of Yuan, Yuan, LongpingLongping

Yuan, Yuan, LongpingLongping

Father of Father of hybrid hybrid gp ggp ggp ggp g

ricerice

MS geneMS genegg

Oryza rufipogonOryza rufipogonOryza rufipogonOryza rufipogonYield Yield increase increase 20 40% 20 40%

Yield Yield increase increase 20 40% 20 40% Oryza rufipogonOryza rufipogonOryza rufipogonOryza rufipogon

China, Hainan IslandChina, Hainan IslandChina, Hainan IslandChina, Hainan Island

20~40% 20~40%

17001700 mhmh/y /y

20~40% 20~40%

17001700 mhmh/y /y ,,,, 17001700 mhmh/y /y in China in China 17001700 mhmh/y /y in China in China

In situIn situ conservation is conservation is In situIn situ conservation is conservation is an important strategy an important strategy an important strategy an important strategy

for wild relativesfor wild relatives

The rice case study

The genus OryzaThe genus Oryza

Classified in the tribe Oryzeae of Classified in the tribe Oryzeae of the grass family (Poaceae)

Containing 2 cultivated & more

the grass family (Poaceae)

Containing 2 cultivated & more Containing 2 cultivated & more than 22 wild species widely distributed in pan-tropics

Containing 2 cultivated & more than 22 wild species widely distributed in pan-tropicsdistributed in pan tropics

The Sect. Oryzae is the most

distributed in pan tropics

The Sect. Oryzae is the most important germplasm in the genus for rice breedingimportant germplasm in the genus for rice breeding

Cl ild l ti ith Cl ild l ti ith Close wild relatives with Close wild relatives with A genomeA genome

O rufipogon O rufipogon complexcomplex

A genomeA genome

O. rufipogon O. rufipogon complexcomplex

O O barthiibarthii O longistaminataO longistaminataO. O. barthiibarthii,, O. longistaminataO. longistaminata

O. meridionalis O. meridionalis O. meridionalis O. meridionalis

O. O. glumaepatulaglumaepatulag pg p

(weedy rice)(weedy rice)

WildWild OryzaOryzai i i i

WildWild OryzaOryzai i i i species in species in

ChinaChinaspecies in species in

ChinaChinaOryza rufipogon

ChinaChinaChinaChina

Oryza granulataOryza officinalis

Extinction of O rufipogonExtinction of O rufipogonExtinction of O. rufipogonpopulations

Extinction of O. rufipogonpopulationspopulationspopulations

Ca. 80% Ca. 80% O. rufipogon O. rufipogon p gp gpopulations recorded in China populations recorded in China (1970s) were extinct(1970s) were extinct(1970s) were extinct(1970s) were extinct

Size of many Size of many Size of many Size of many survivedsurvivedpopulations was populations was populations was populations was significantly reducedsignificantly reduced

f i if i iReasons of extinctionReasons of extinction

Habitat deteriorationHabitat deterioration

Human disturbanceHuman disturbance

A i lt l l dA i lt l l dAgricultural landAgricultural land

Water drainageWater drainageWater drainageWater drainage

Animal grazingAnimal grazing

IntrogressionIntrogression of crop alleles?of crop alleles?

Substantial gene flow from rice gcrop to wild O. rufipogon

Introgressed populations have Introgressed populations have higher genetic diversity

i fIntrogression from crop affects in situ conservation of

ild iwild rice ●●●●●

●●

Introgression from crop affects Introgression from crop affects genetic structure of wild rice

PCA plot of wild rice by SSRs=A B =C =D ●=E +=F subpopulation□=A, =B, =C, =D, ●=E, +=F subpopulation

G ti di it f ild l tiGenetic diversity of wild population

Wild pop. A Ae Ho Nei’ I Total No. of p pcode

e ogene diversity

no. of alleles

population

specific palleles

A 4.06 1.66 0.45 0.34 0.61 138 13

B 4.09 2.60 0.59 0.56 1.00 139 8

C 2.12 1.64 0.58 0.31 0.46 72 3

D 3.26 2.60 0.64 0.57 0.98 110 3

E 3.41 2.05 0.81 0.48 0.79 116 11

F 4 24 2 11 0 50 0 45 0 82 142 18F 4.24 2.11 0.50 0.45 0.82 142 18

Over all 7.47 3.22 0.56 0.65 1.32 254 105

Design ADesign ADesign BDesign Bgg

Design CDesign CDesign CDesign C

5 m 30 m 50 m 70 m 85 m

A model showing relationships between gene flow frequency & distance at A model showing relationships between gene flow frequency & distance at various outcrossing rates various outcrossing rates

Hybrid vigor, poor sexual reproductionHybrid vigor, poor sexual reproduction

i ifi diff ii ifi diff i ii

Hybrid vigor, poor sexual reproductionHybrid vigor, poor sexual reproduction

i ifi diff ii ifi diff i iiNo significant differences in No significant differences in composite composite fitnessfitness across whole lifeacross whole life--historyhistoryNo significant differences in No significant differences in composite composite fitnessfitness across whole lifeacross whole life--historyhistory

Results:Results:

Rice genes may persist in wild Rice genes may persist in wild

Results:Results:

Rice genes may persist in wild Rice genes may persist in wild Rice genes may persist in wild Rice genes may persist in wild populations populations viavia vegetative & sexual vegetative & sexual reproductionreproduction

Rice genes may persist in wild Rice genes may persist in wild populations populations viavia vegetative & sexual vegetative & sexual reproductionreproductionreproductionreproductionreproductionreproduction

Fitness study of GM – weedy rice hybrids

♀ Wild rice GM rice ♂×

y y y

F1 Transgene (+ −)1 g ( )

F22

F2 sub-population with F2 sub-population F2 sub population with transgene (+ +, + −)

F2 sub population without transgene (− −)

F3 sub-population with transgene (+ +)

F3 sub-population without transgene (− −)with transgene (+ +) without transgene (− −)

Hybrids (weedy-crop)

i li ( / )

Hybrids (weedy-crop)

i li ( / )GM rice lines (CpTI or Bt/CpTI)

Weedy rice parents

GM rice lines (CpTI or Bt/CpTI)

Weedy rice parentsWeedy rice parents

Pure or mixed planting

Weedy rice parents

Pure or mixed planting

Fitness study of FFitness study of F22 & F& F33Fitness study of FFitness study of F22 & F& F33populations populations

With transgenesWith transgenes: : CpTICpTI ((++ ++ or +or +––) ) With transgenesWith transgenes: : CpTICpTI ((++ ++ or +or +––) ) With transgenesWith transgenes: : CpTICpTI ((++ ++ or +or + ) ) & & BtBt//CpTICpTI ((++ ++ or +or +––) ) With transgenesWith transgenes: : CpTICpTI ((++ ++ or +or + ) ) & & BtBt//CpTICpTI ((++ ++ or +or +––) )

Without transgenesWithout transgenes: : CpTICpTI ((––––) & ) & BtBt//CpTICpTI ((––––) ) Without transgenesWithout transgenes: : CpTICpTI ((––––) & ) & BtBt//CpTICpTI ((––––) )

Normal or low insect pressureNormal or low insect pressureNormal or low insect pressureNormal or low insect pressure

Pure or mixed cultivationPure or mixed cultivationPure or mixed cultivationPure or mixed cultivation

Insect index & seed production of FInsect index & seed production of F22

30

35

40

*** ***30

35

40n

dex

10

15

20

25

Insect inde

x *** ***

10

15

20

25

***+n

sect

in

0

5

10

Cp Cp mix BtCp BtCp mix

0

5

10

Cp Cp mix BtCp BtCp mix

+

In

800

1000

**800

1000

ed

400

600

No.of seeds

**

400

600

o.

of

see

0

200

Cp Cp mix BtCp BtCp mix

0

200

Cp Cp mix BtCp BtCp mix

No

Cp Cp mix BtCp BtCp mixCp Cp mix BtCp BtCp mix

Natural insect pressureLow insect pressure

Insect index & seed production of FInsect index & seed production of F33

25

30

35

x

25

30

35

***

nd

ex

5

10

15

20

Inse

ct in

dex

5

10

15

20

*

+

nse

ct i

n

0

5

wa wa-Cp pure wa-BtCp pure

wa-Cp mixed

wa-BtCp mixed

0

5

wa wa-Cp pure wa-BtCp pure

wa-Cp mixed

wa-BtCp mixed

**In

1000

1200

1400

ds1000

1200

1400**

eed

400

600

800

No

. o

f se

ed

400

600

800 +

No

. o

f se

0

200

wa wa-Cp pure

wa-BtCp pure

wa-Cp mixed

wa-BtCp mixed

0

200

wa wa-Cp pure wa-BtCp pure

wa-Cp mixed

wa-BtCp mixed

N

Natural insect pressureLow insect pressure

Conclusion:Conclusion:Conclusion:Conclusion:Ri & it ild l ti Ri & it ild l ti i t i t Rice & its wild relatives coRice & its wild relatives co--exist exist worldwideworldwide

CropCrop--toto--wild/weedy (wild/weedy (trans)gene trans)gene flow flow occurs occurs

Introgressed (trans)genes may Introgressed (trans)genes may change fitness & impact evolution change fitness & impact evolution change fitness & impact evolution change fitness & impact evolution of of wild wild ricerice

New challenge of New challenge of in situ in situ conservation of wild relativesconservation of wild relatives

Fudan UniversityFudan University

Th k !Thank you !