ch06_managing data resources

7/18/2019 Ch06_Managing Data Resources

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7.1 @ Lalit Sharma, JIM

Managing DataManaging Data

ResourcesResources


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File Organization erms an! "once#tsFile Organization erms an! "once#ts

$it%Smallest unit o& !ata' (inar) !igit *+,1

$)te%-rou# o& (its that re#resents a single character

Fiel!%-rou# o& or!s or a com#lete num(er

Recor!%-rou# o& relate! &iel!s

File%-rou# o& recor!s o& same t)#e

OR-/0II0- D// I0 / R/DIIO0/L

FIL 03IRO0M0


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Data(ase%-rou# o& relate! &iles

ntit)%5erson, #lace, thing, e6ent a(out hich

in&ormation is maintaine!

/ttri(ute%Descri#tion o& a #articular entit)

e) &iel!%I!enti&ier &iel! use! to retrie6e, u#!ate,

sort a recor!

OR-/0II0- D// I0 / R/DIIO0/L

FIL 03IRO0M0

File Organization erms an! "once#ts *"ontinue!File Organization erms an! "once#ts *"ontinue!


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he Data 9ierarch)


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7.: @ Lalit Sharma, JIM

ntities an! /ttri(utes


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7.; @ Lalit Sharma, JIM

Data Re!un!anc) an! Inconsistenc)%

Data re!un!anc)% he #resence o& !u#licate !atain multi#le !ata &iles so that the same !ata arestore! in more than one #lace or location

Data inconsistenc)% he same attri(ute ma) ha6e!i&&erent 6alues.

5ro(lems ith the ra!itional File

n6ironment


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he cou#ling o& !ata store! in &iles an! the

s#eci&ic #rograms retensi6e #rogramminge&&orts, (ut it cannot !eli6er a!?hoc re#orts orres#on! to unantici#ate! in&ormation

re


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$ecause there is little control or management o& !ata,

management ill ha6e no =nole!ge o& ho is

accessing or e6en ma=ing changes to theorganizationAs !ata.

Lac= o& !ata sharing an! a6aila(ilit)%

In&ormation cannot &lo &reel) across !i&&erent

&unctional areas or !i&&erent #arts o& the organization.

Bsers &in! !i&&erent 6alues o& the same #iece o&

in&ormation in to !i&&erent s)stems, an! hence the)

ma) not use these s)stems (ecause the) cannot trust

the accurac) o& the !ata.

5ro(lems ith the ra!itional File

n6ironment *"ontinue!

5oor securit)%


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So&tare &or creating an! maintaining !ata(ases

5ermits &irms to rationall) manage !ata &or theentire &irm

/cts as inter&ace (eteen a##lication #rogramsan! #h)sical !ata &iles

Se#arates logical an! !esign 6ies o& !ata

Sol6es man) #ro(lems o& the tra!itional !ata &ilea##roach

Data(ase Management S)stem *D$MS


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"om#onents o& D$MS%

Data !e&inition language%S#eci&ies content an!

structure o& !ata(ase an! !e&ines each !ata

element

Data mani#ulation language%Bse! to #rocess

!ata in a !ata(ase

Data !ictionar)%Stores !e&initions o& !ata

elements an! !ata characteristics



Sam#le Data Dictionar) Re#ort



)#es o& Data(ases%

Relational D$MS

9ierarchical an! netor= D$MS

O(ect?oriente! !ata(ases



Relational D$MS%

Re#resents !ata as to?!imensional ta(les calle!relations

Relates !ata across ta(les (ase! on common!ata element

>am#les% D$2, Oracle, MS SEL Ser6er


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he Relational Data Mo!el


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hree $asic O#erations in a Relational Data(ase%

Select%"reates su(set o& ros that meet s#eci&ic

criteria

Join%"om(ines relational ta(les to #ro6i!e users

ith in&ormation

5roect%na(les users to create ne ta(les

containing onl) rele6ant in&ormation



he hree $asic O#erations o& a Relational D$MS



9ierarchical an! 0etor= D$MS9ierarchical an! 0etor= D$MS

Organizes !ata in a tree?li=e structure

Su##orts one?to?man) #arent?chil! relationshi#s

5re6alent in large legac) s)stems

9ierarchical D$MS%


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/ 9ierarchical Data(ase &or a 9uman Resources S)stem


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7.2+ @ Lalit Sharma, JIM


De#icts !ata logicall) as man)?to?man)

relationshi#s

0etor= D$MS%


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he 0etor= Data Mo!el


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Out!ate!

Less &le>i(le com#are! to RD$MS

Lac= su##ort &or a!?hoc an! nglish language?

li=e


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O(ect?oriente! D$MS%Stores !ata an!

#roce!ures as o(ects that can (e retrie6e! an!

share! automaticall)

O(ect?relational D$MS%5ro6i!es ca#a(ilities o&(oth o(ect?oriente! an! relational D$MS

O(ect?Oriente! Data(ases%


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"once#tual !esign%/(stract mo!el o& !ata(ase

&rom a (usiness #ers#ecti6e

5h)sical !esign%Detaile! !escri#tion o& (usiness

in&ormation nee!s

Designing Data(ases%


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7.2: @ Lalit Sharma, JIM

ntit)?relationshi# !iagram%Metho!olog) &or

!ocumenting !ata(ases illustrating relationshi#s(eteen !ata(ase entities

0ormalization%5rocess o& creating small sta(le

!ata structures &rom com#le> grou#s o& !ata

Designing Data(ases% *"ontinue!


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7.2; @ Lalit Sharma, JIM

/n Bnnormalize! Relation &or ORDR


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0ormalize! a(les "reate! &rom ORDR


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/n ntit)?Relationshi# Diagram


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7.2C @ Lalit Sharma, JIM

Online /nal)tical 5rocessing *OL/5%

Multi!imensional !ata anal)sis

Su##orts mani#ulation an! anal)sis o& large

6olumes o& !ata &rom multi#le!imensions#ers#ecti6es

Multi!imensional Data /nal)sisMulti!imensional Data /nal)sis


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7.4+ @ Lalit Sharma, JIM

Multi!imensional Data Mo!el


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Data arehouse%

Su##orts re#orting an!


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"om#onents o& a Data Garehouse


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Data mart%

Su(set o& !ata arehouse

"ontains summarize! or highl) &ocuse! #ortiono& !ata &or a s#eci&ie! &unction or grou# o& users

Data mining%

ools &or anal)zing large #ools o& !ata

Fin! hi!!en #atterns an! in&er rules to #re!icttren!s


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$ene&its o& Data Garehouses%

Im#ro6e! an! eas) accessi(ilit) to in&ormation

/(ilit) to mo!el an! remo!el the !ata


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7.4: @ Lalit Sharma, JIM

Data(ase ser6er%

"om#uter in a clientser6er en6ironment runs a

D$MS to #rocess SEL statements an! #er&orm

!ata(ase management tas=s.

/##lication ser6er% So&tare han!ling all a##lication o#erations

Data(ases an! the Ge(


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7.4; @ Lalit Sharma, JIM

Lin=ing Internal Data(ases to the Ge(


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Management O##ortunities%

$usiness &irms ha6e e>ce#tional o##ortunities to$usiness &irms ha6e e>ce#tional o##ortunities to

e>#loit mo!ern relational !ata(ase technologies toe>#loit mo!ern relational !ata(ase technologies to

im#ro6e !ecision ma=ing, an! to increase theim#ro6e !ecision ma=ing, an! to increase the

e&&icienc) o& their (usiness #rocesses.e&&icienc) o& their (usiness #rocesses.


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Management "hallenges%

Organizational o(stacles to a !ata(ase en6ironment

0ee! &or coo#eration in !e6elo#ing cor#orate?i!e

!ata a!ministration

"ost(ene&it consi!erations

$ringing a(out signi&icant change in the !ata(aseen6ironment o& a &irm can (e 6er) e>#ensi6e an!

time consuming.

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