ch 9 sec 134 ppt education jim crow and women in progressive era
TRANSCRIPT
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Education, Jim Crow, and Women in the Progressive Era
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Education
• By 1865, 50% of white children attended school.
– 2% graduated from high school.
• Push for more school funding, longer school year, child labor laws.
– By 1910, 72% of children attended school.
• 8.6% graduated high school.
• Compulsory education.
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1865 School
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1910School
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• Immigrants highly valued education.
– Children and adults attended.
• Schools aided in assimilation.
– Taught English, American history, culture, values.
• Religious schools existed.
• Schools segregated by color.
• Colleges, universities opened in huge numbers in late 1800s, early 1900s.
– Only wealthy families could afford, at first.
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• Women’s colleges began to open, men’s colleges began to accept women.
• Few colleges would accept black students.
• During Reconstruction, many black universities were founded.
• Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.– Taught students skills and trades to push for
economic equality.
• W.E.B. DuBois wanted black students do study liberal arts and become political leaders.– Take pride in both African and American heritages.
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Booker T. Washington
Tuskegee Institute
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W.E.B. DuBois
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Discrimination and Jim Crow• After Civil War, slavery ended, discrimination
began.
• Voting restrictions:– Property Test-had to own property to vote.
– Poll Tax-had to pay a tax to vote.
– Literacy Test-be able to read, write, meet minimum standards of knowledge.
– Grandfather Clause-if your grandfather could vote, you could vote.
• Did not single out black voters (unconstitutional), but really did.
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“What is that big word?”
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• Segregation also existed, especially in south.
– Separating a group of people from the whole.
– Known in the south as Jim Crow Laws.
• Black and white segregated in schools, hospitals, public buildings, restaurants, public transportation, water fountains, restrooms.
• Supreme Court case Plessy v. Fergusonestablished “separate but equal” doctrine.
– Segregation was legal, as long as facilities were equal.
– Rarely equal in practice.
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• Segregation sometimes turned violent.– Suspected criminals, blacks who got “uppity” were
sometimes subjected to lynching.• Hanging.
• Many southern black families moved north.– Faced “de facto” discrimination.
• By custom, not law.
• Many, black & white, opposed discrimination.
• 1909, Mary Ovington founded NAACP-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.– Goal-abolish segregation, discrimination, gain civil
rights for black citizens.
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Mary Ovington
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Women• Wanted suffrage, to control their own
property & income, have access to higher education & professional jobs.
• For the most part, women were still homemakers.
– Worked outside home as maids, nurses, teachers.
• Many did volunteer work.
– Joined clubs that promoted suffrage, temperance, women’s rights.
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• As more women went to school and entered workforce, they began to demand more.
• “New Women” changed fashion, hairstyles to be more convenient, wanted more out of marriage, access to birth control info.
• Suffrage movement grew.
• Women also had increased purchasing power.
– Creation of department stores, mail-order catalogs.
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A.J. Stewart Co., First Department Store
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