CH-9 Review

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• CHAPTER THEMES• Theme: The American Revolution was not a

radical transformation like the French or Russian revolutions, but it did produce political innovations and some social change in the direction of greater equality and democracy.

• Theme: Compromise on a number of important issues was required in order to create the new federal Constitution. Adopting the new document required great political skill and involved changing the ratification process defined in the Articles of Confederation, writing persuasively in support of the stronger central government, and promising to add amendments to protect individual liberty and states' rights.

• Theme: The federal Constitution represented a moderately conservative reaction against the democratic and decentralizing effects of the Revolution and the Articles of Confederation. In effect, it embedded the revolutionary ideals of liberty and popular government within a strong framework designed to advance national identity and interests against the dangers of fragmentation and disorder.

• CHAPTER SUMMARY• The American Revolution did not overturn the

social order, but it did produce substantial changes in social customs, political institutions, and ideas about society and government. Among the changes were the separation of church and state in some places, the abolition of slavery in the North, written political constitutions, and a shift in political power from the eastern seaboard toward the frontier.

• The first weak national government, the Articles of Confederation, was unable to exercise real authority, although it did successfully deal with the western lands issue. The Confederation’s weaknesses in handling foreign policy, commerce and the Shays rebellion spurred the movement to alter the Articles.

• Instead of revising the Articles, the well-off delegates to the Constitutional Convention created a permanent charter for a whole new government. In a series of compromises, the convention produced a plan that provided for a vigorous central government, a strong executive, and protection for property, while still upholding republican principles and states’ rights. The pro-Constitution Federalists, generally representing wealthier and more commercial forces, frightened other groups who feared that the new government would undermine their rights and their interests.

• The Federalists met their strongest opposition from Anti-Federalists in Virginia and New York, but through effective organization and argument, as well as promises to incorporate a bill of rights into the document, they succeeded in getting the Constitution ratified. By establishing the new national government, the Federalists checked the Revolutionary movement, but their conservative regime embraced the central Revolutionary values of popular republican government and liberty.

• Identify the statement that is false. • A) History provided countless precedents for

erecting a republic on a national scale. • B) By 1783, the Americans had won their freedom. • C) The Americans were blessed with a vast and

fertile land.• D) The Americans had inherited from their colonial

experience a proud legacy of self-rule.• E) No law of nature guaranteed that the thirteen

colonies would be able to expand their democratic ideals.

• Ans:A

• When did the new Republic pass a major test?

• When power was peacefully transferred from the conservative Federalists to the more liberal Jeffersonains in the election of 1800.

• The wording of the Declaration of Independence says "All men are created equal." Most states did what regarding property-holding requirements for voting.

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• The American Revolution was an example of what type of change?• Accelerated evolution rather than

outright revolution.

• What happened when continental army officers attempted to form the Society of the Cincinnati?

They were ridiculed for their lordly pretensions.

• The struggle for divorce between religion and government, in the post-revolutionary period, proved fiercest in which state?

• Virginia.

• The world's first antislavery society was founded by which group?

Quakers in Philadelphia.

• The Continental Congress in called for the complete abolition of the slave trade, a summons to which most of the states responded positively, in what year?

1774

• As part of the egalitarian movement of the American Revolution what did many northern states do?Several northern states abolished slavery.

• The Founders failed to eliminate slavery because of what reason?

A fight over slavery might destroy national unity.

• As a result of the Revolution's emphasis on equality, all of the following were achieved except

• A) the reduction of property qualifications for voting by most states.

• B) the growth of trade organizations for artisans and laborers.

• C) the establishment of the world's first antislavery society.

• D)full equality between women and men.• E) abolishing medieval inheritance laws.

• What was the most important outcome of the Revolution for white women?

• They were elevated as special

keepers of the nation's conscience.

• Adopted almost a decade before the federal constitution, this constitution remains the longest-lived in the world.

• Massachusetts State Constitution

• As written documents, the state constitutions were intended to do what?

• Represent a fundamental law superior to ordinary legislation.

• As a means of ensuring that legislators stay in touch with the mood of the people, state constitutions required what?

• The annual election of legislators.

• This individual warned, "173 despots [in a legislature] would surely be as oppressive as one."

• Thomas Jefferson

• As a result of the Revolution, why did many state capitals relocate westward?

• To get them away from the haughty eastern seaports.

• What is one reason that the United States avoided the frightful excesses of the French Revolution?

• Cheap land was easily available and

America had few landed aristocrats.

• It was highly significant to the course of future events that this type of democracy came before political democracy for the United States.

• Economic democracy preceded political

democracy in the United States.

• What was the economic status of the average American at the end of the Revolutionary War?

• Probably worse than before the war.

• Immediately after the Revolution, the new American nation's greatest strength lay where?

• Excellent political leadership.

• The Second Continental Congress of Revolutionary days held what type of power?

• Little more than a conference of ambassadors with very limited power.

• When were the Articles of Confederation finally approved?

• When all states claiming western lands

surrendered them to the national government.

• This was the major issue that delayed ratification of the Articles of Confederation.

• Western lands.

• The Articles of Confederation left Congress unable to do what?

• Enforce a tax-collection program.

• A major strength of the Articles of Confederation was what?

• Presentation of the ideal of a united nation.

• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 did what?

• Establish a procedure for governing the Old Northwest territory.

• This was one of the most farsighted provisions of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

• It prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest.

• The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided for all of the following except

• A)money from land sales should be used to pay off the national debt.

• B)the land should be surveyed before its sale. • C)the territory should be divided into

townships six miles square. • D)the sixteenth section should be sold to

support education.• E)prohibiting slavery. • Ans:E

• After the Revolutionary War, both Britain and Spain prevented America from doing what?

• From exercising effective control over about half of its total territory.

• What provoked Shays's Rebellion?• Foreclosures on the mortgages of

backcountry farmers.

• Shays's Rebellion convinced many Americans that this was needed.

• A stronger central government.

• Under the Articles of Confederation, the relationship between the thirteen states showed that this was needed?

• That a stronger central government was

needed.

• What was the center of debate between the supporters and critics of the Articles of Confederation?

• How to reconcile states' rights with strong national government.

• This was the issue that finally touched off the movement toward the Constitutional Convention.

• Control of commerce.

• By the time the Constitution was adopted in 1789 what began to return?

• Prosperity was beginning to return.

• Why was the Constitutional Convention was called?

• To revise the Articles of Confederation.

• Which of the following Revolutionary leaders was not present at the Constitutional Convention?

• Thomas Jefferson• Benjamin Franklin• James Madison • George Washington • Alexander Hamilton• A

• Who was the delegate whose contributions to the Philadelphia Convention were so notable that he has been called the “Father of the Constitution?”

• James Madison.

• What were the delegates at the Constitutional Convention mainly concerned with?

• Protecting America from its weaknesses

abroad and its excesses at home.

• Most of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention could best be labeled

• A)states' rightists.• B)antifederalists.• C)nationalists.• D)ordinary citizens • E)counter-revolutionaries• Ans:C

• Motives of the delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia include all of the following except to

• A)preserve the union.• B)forestall anarchy.• C)ensure the security of life and

property • D)curb unrestrained democracy.• E)increase individual freedom. • Ans:E

• The large-state plan, put forward in the Constitutional Convention provided for what?

• Representation in the House and Senate was based on population.

• The Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention worked out an acceptable scheme for doing this:

• Apportioning congressional representation.

• Identify the following statement that is false. • A)The U.S. Constitution grew out of the Anglo-

American common law legal tradition.• B)The U.S. Constitution can be described as a flexible

guide to broad rules of procedure, rather than a fixed set of detailed laws.

• C)The original (unamended) U.S. Constitution contained just seven articles.

• D)The U.S. Constitution can be described as an elaborate legal code, common to other foreign countries constitutions, like India.

• E)The U.S. Constitution was approved through a series of compromises.

• Ans:D

• Under the Constitution, the president of the United States was to be elected by a majority vote of this group:

• The Electoral College.

• The idea that all tax measures should start in the House was made to appease this group:

• The big states with the most people.

• The Constitutional Convention addressed the North-South controversy over slavery through this:

• Three-fifths compromise.

• Which of the following is a compromise in the Constitution?

• A)Counting all slaves in apportioning membership in the House

• B)Continuation of the foreign slave trade • C)Direct election of the president• D)Control of interstate commerce by the

national government• E)Prohibiting states from abolishing the

slave trade • Ans:B

• By their actions, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention manifested their common beliefs in all of the following except

• A)government by the consent of the governed.

• B)checks and balances in government.• C)manhood-suffrage democracy. • D)the sanctity of private property. • E)a stronger central government.• Ans:C

• This is the one branch of the government elected directly by the people:

• House of Representatives.

• The new Constitution established the idea that the only legitimate government was one based on this:

• The consent of the governed.

• The ultimate guarantor of liberty and justice is this:

• The virtue of the people.

• The delegates at the Constitutional Convention stipulated that the new Constitution were to be ratified by these groups:

• State conventions.

• The antifederalist camp would have been at odds with those who supported this:

• Supporters of a strong central authority.

• Probably the most alarming characteristic of the new Constitution to those who opposed it was what?

• Absence of a bill of rights.

• Among other views, The Federalist, written during the ratification debate, argued what?

• It was possible to extend a republican form of government over a large territory.

• Antifederalists believe that the sovereignty of the people resided in which branch of the central government?

• Legislative

• The federalists believe that the sovereignty of the people resided in which branch of the central government?

• Executive• Legislative • Judicial

• One of the enduring paradoxes of American history is that which group has championed the heritage of democratic revolution?

• both liberals and conservatives have

•The End•