NEW CONFLAGRATIO

NS: WORLD WAR II AND THE

COLD WARCh. 36

Origins Of World War II

Japan’s War in China

The Rape of Nanjing Chinese Resistance

• China first to experience WWII horrors.• Japanese invaded China using variousMethods of warfare: aerial bombings,• Japanese feel racially superior• Raped 7000 women• Killed 1000s of unarmed soldiers• Many used as bayonet practice

• Chinese resisted throughout the war• Chinese nationalists and socialists united Against the Japanese• Coalition was weak, own agendas in place (Control of enemy territory & political control)• Guerilla warfare by communists not very Successful but garnered more Chinese support(ex. Peasant & land reform)• Japanese invasion of China was not supportedInternationally.

Italian and German Agression

ItalyGermany

Peace for Our Time

• Benito Mussolini madePromises to gain territory notGiven to them after WWI.• Italy invaded Ethiopia,League of Nations did nothing• Sided with Axis power

• Broke the Treaty of Versailles• Resented harsh terms postWWI• Hitler comes into power in 1933• Internal enemies: Jews, Communists, & liberals• Called for remilitarization (deniedBy the Treaty)• Withdrew from League of NationsIn 1933• Reinstated universal military service• Entered demilitarized Rhineland• Anschluss-integrate all Germans intoA single homeland• Gained Sudetenland (part of Czecho-slovakia)

• Munich Conference-Policy of appeasement• Italy, France, GermanyAnd GB appease to HitlerConceding territory• In exchange he agreesTo not expand any further• Hitler does not keep hisPromise• Hitler attempts to gain Poland • GB & France intervene• Italy aligns w/Germany• Russian-German Treaty Of Nonaggression-not to Attack each other and Neutrality w/each other

The Total War: The World Under Fire

Blitzkrieg: Germany Conquers Europe

The Fall of France The Battle of Britain

• Blitzkrieg led many nations defeat by theNazis• French sign armistice with Germans inJune • Convince’s Mussolini that Germans’ areWinning the war and wanted to reap thebenefits

• Luftwaffe- the German air forceUsed in attempt to defeat Britain. • Used the “Blitz” a series of aerialAttacks.• British Royal Forces were able toStave them off• Hitler no longer attempted to attackBritain

The German Invasion of the Soviet Union

Operation Barbarossa

• June 22, 1941 Hitler orders to invade Soviet Union• Hungary, Finland & Romania declare war on S. U.• He breaks the Nonaggression Pact• Stalin is taken by surprise• Germans reach the gates of Moscow• Blitzkrieg attacks are not successful in S.U. (too large)• Soviets, Red Army, strike back Germans thanks to heavyIndustry and help from Allies• Heavy winter also favored the Red Army. • The Germans were unprepared for the weather• Germans attempted to regroup and strike back but The Soviet Army was able to barely hold them off

Battles in Asia and the Pacific

Pearl Harbor Japanese Victories

• Seeing the German victories led theJapanese to expand in the area of Southeast Asia• Japan began to occupy French Indo-China (Germans controlled France &The gov’t by this point)• U.S. responds by freezing JapaneseAssets and imposing oil embargos• Japanese sought two choices: adhereTo the implications of the U.S. or go to War with them• They chose war• Hideki Tojo-prime minister, hoped to Destroy U.S. naval capacity by attackingPearl Harbor and create a Japanese defensivePerimeter• Hitler and Mussolini declare war on theU.S. • U.S. then declares war on Italy & Germany

• After Pearl Harbor Japanese continueTheir victories (Philippines, Guam, WakeIsland, Midway Island, Hong Kong, ThailandAnd British Malaya)• Japanese using the rhetoric “Asia forAsians”• Occupation and brutal conquest provedOtherwise

Defeat of the Axis Powers

Allied Victory in Europe Turning the tideIn the Pacific

Iwo Jima & Okinawa andJapanese Surrender

• 1943 the Soviets retakeRussia• 1944 Soviets advance Into Romania, Hungary,And Poland and into Berlin• U.S. & Brits attack GermansIn N. Africa & Italy.• Italy leaves Axis powers toJoin the Allies• June 6 1944, U.S. troops landOn the French coast of Normandy• Germans were overwhelmed • U.S. and British air force beginTo attack on Germany.

• Came in the area of theMidway Islands (June 4, 1942)• Cryptographers broke aJapanese code that was Planning an attack on Midway• The U.S. countered this Attempted attack• This changed the war in Favor to the U.S. • Used an island hoppingStrategy• Getting close to the islandsOf Iwo Jima and Okinawa

• Kamikaze- “volunteered”Suicide mission, just enoughFuel• Convinced Americans thatJapanese would not capitulate• Napalm bombings• Atomic bomb drop on Hiroshima and Nagasaki(August 6 & 9, 1945)• Soviet Union then declaresWar on Japan creating a twoFront war• Emperor Hirohito Unconditionally surrenders(August 15, 1945)

Life During Wartime

Occupation, Collaboration and Resistance

Exploitation andAtrocities

Collaboration Resistance

• Used their empires for Economic gain and exploitedLands under their controlRegardless of consequence• Use of slave labor• Atrocities include: Vivisection, germ warfare Experiments, high altitude andHypothermia experiments

• Hated occupation but Went on with it• Local notables oftenJoined the occupied gov’tsTo gain power• Business people and Companies joined for Financial reasons• Others turned in theirFriends and neighbors

• Occupation took on Various forms of resistance.• This included: sabotage,Guerilla warfare, destructionOf ammunition dumps,Destroying of communicationAnd transportation Facilities• Non-compliance was Considered a form of treason

The Holocaust

The Final SolutionJewish Resistance

• Occupation of Poland and invasion of Soviet Union gave Hitler the opportunityTo get rid of the Jews• SS Einsatzgruppen- the Nazi killing of Jews of Roma gypsies, and non JewishSlavs• Final Solution- the killing of every Jew In Europe• Wannsee Conference- coordinate and Implement the “final solution”. Move all Jews to Eastern Poland into concentration Camps• Mass exterminations (gas chambers)

• Best known uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto in the spring of 1943

Women and War

Women’s RolesComfort Women

• Joined military services• Took factory jobs• Heads of household• Roles were often temporary when Men came home after the war

• Women working in military brothels• In order to “comfort” Japanese soldiers• Often women of occupied lands (Korea,Taiwan, Manchuria)• Women often were casualties of war, Killed, got a venereal disease• Survivors experienced deep shame andAt times shunning from families.

The Cold War

Origins of the Cold War

The United Nations The Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan

• Dedicated to keeping worldPeace and security• Security council for Maintaining int’l peace• 5 permanent member (U.S.,Soviet Union, GB, France & China)• 6 rotating elected members• Unanimous vote on allSubstantive matters, decisions areBinding• Question of what would happenTo Poland• Stalin argued for “friendly” gov’tTo safeguard against German Threat

• New idea of “free” (democratic)And “enslaved” (communist)Peoples• Truman Doctrine- a U.S. Interventionist foreign policy Dedicated to the “containment” ofCommunism • Tried to prevent further influenceOf the Soviet Union

• Marshall Plan akaThe European RecoveryPlan-rebuild EuropeanEconomies through Cooperation and capitalism.• Policy meant to avoidCommunist influence• Soviet Union responds• Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)- Offered increased trade withSoviet Union and eastern EuropeAs an alternative to the MarshallPlan

Origins of the Cold War

Military Alliances Divided Germany Blockade &Airlift

The Berlin Wall

• North AtlanticTreaty Organization(NATO) and WarsawPact-signaled theMilitarization of theCold War• Maintain peace inPostwar Europe• Warsaw Pact was The countermeasureTo NATO

• Soviet Union pressuredWestern powers to Relinquish jurisdictionOver Berlin• Western powers mergedTheir occupation zonesTogether• Soviets blockaded all road,Rail and water links betweenBerlin and W. Germany

• Americans and Brits responded byAirlifts of food &Supplies to W. Germany• 1949 SovietsCall off the blockade• U.S., Brits &French unite theirOccupations into theFederal Republic ofGermany (WestGermany)• Soviets started theGerman DemocraticRepublic (East Germany)Which included Berlin

• East GermanySuffering from Many leaving to Go to W. Germany• East GermanyCreated a fortifiedWall to keep eastGermans from Leaving• It stopped refugeesFrom leaving but Brought shame toEast Germany

The Globalization of the Cold War

The People’s Republic Of China

Fraternal Cooperation Confrontation in Korea

• Birth of a CommunistChina• Soviet Union gains anAlly• 1948 Civil war broke Out in China againstThe Nationalist party• Forcing the NationalistParty to leave and seekRefuge in Taiwan• 8/1/1949 The People’sRepublic of China is created

• China and Soviet Union hadClose ties in the early part of The Cold War• Had the same enemy: U.S.• Concerned as to how the U.S.Was aiding former enemy JapanAnd other states such as TaiwanAnd South Korea• Beijing, China recognized Soviet’s authority in world Communism in exchange for Military equipment & economicaid

• Hostilities in Korea In 1950• Soviet and U.S. Divided the area of Korea in two at the 38th parallel• In the South the RepublicOf Korea• In the North the People’s Democratic Republic of Korea• 1950 the North attacked theSouth, U.S. provides aide and Pushes the North back• South attempts to gain the NorthBut Chinese and Korean forces pushBack• War ends in a stalemate to this day• Developed SEATO similar to NATO

The Globalization of the Cold War

Cracks in the Soviet-Chinese Alliance

The Nuclear Arms Race Cuba: Nuclear Flashpoint

• Soviet Union was China’s principal tradingPartner• Chinese felt the SovietAid was far too modestAnd too many strings Attached• Both competed for Influence in Africa & Asia• China enhanced prestigeBy attempting nuclear tests

• Central feature of the Cold War• U.S. & Soviets created large Arsenals of nuclear weapons &Systems of deploying them• So much nuclear power that itLed to mutually assured destruction(MAD)

• Closest time to Unleashing nuclear Capabilities was in Cuba• Fidel Castro overthrew,Complacent to the U.S. , leader, FulgencioBatista y Zaldivar.• Fidel accepts Soviet’s Offer of massive economicAid• And openly supports The USSR

The Globalization of the Cold War

Bay of Pigs Invasion

• JFK attempts to invade Cuba and overthrowCastro• He thought he would have more supporters• CIA did not get an uprising they wanted,And they did not get any aerial support• The invasion was unsuccessful• Latin America lost prestige in the U.S.• Strengthened Castro’s position in Cuba• 10/8/1962 U.S. learns of Soviet’s intent to Place nuclear missiles in Cuba• JFK gave Soviets an ultimatum to withdraw Missiles from Cuba or else• Kennedy imposes a naval and air quarantine• In return Soviet Leader, Nikita KhrushcheyGot an open pledge from JFK stating he Would not attempt to overthrow Castro and His regime

Dissent, Intervention, Rapprochement

De-Stalinization Soviet InterventionDetente

• After Joseph Stalin diedAnd many communists beganTo speak out against him• Destalinization period –1956-1964- “thaw” in gov’t And a release in POWs

• Tempting communist leadersElsewhere to not be so Independent on Soviet intervention• Eastern European states tried toBe their own masters• Uprisings to rid communism Began in Czechoslovakia and Hungary• Soviets implement the “BrezhnevDoctrine”• Brezhnev Doctrine-the right to Invade any socialist country deemed To be threatened by internal or External elements “hostile toSocialism”

• Détente-reductionIn hostility, trying toCool the arms race &Slow competition inDeveloping countries• Relaxation of Cold War tensions and New cooperation