ch 25 social influence and group processes
TRANSCRIPT
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7/31/2019 Ch 25 Social Influence and Group Processes
1/22
Ian P. Albery Complete Psychology published by Hodder Education
Social influence and group
processes
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7/31/2019 Ch 25 Social Influence and Group Processes
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Ian P. Albery Complete Psychology published by Hodder Education
Social influence
How thoughts, feelings and behaviours of oneperson are influenced by imagined, implied oractual presence of others.
Compliance: When external behaviour does not reflect
internal real opinions.
Conformity: Changing inner opinions as result of non-
direct pressure from other people.
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Power and influence
Source of influence should be thought of aspowerful for compliance to operate.
Power the ability to exert influence over
others and not be influenced oneself. Ravens sources of power.
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Ian P. Albery Complete Psychology published by Hodder Education
Ravens sources of power
Reward power The ability to promise rewards for being compliantCoercive power The ability to give or to threaten punishment for
not be compliantInformational power The belief of the person being influenced that the
person doing the influencing has more
information than themselvesExpert power The belief of the person being influenced that the
person doing the influencing has greaterexpertise and knowledge than themselves
Legitimate power The belief of the person being influenced that theperson doing the influencing is authorised by arecognised power to command and makedecisions
Referent power The person being influenced identifies with, isattracted to or has respect for the person doingthe influencing
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Ian P. Albery Complete Psychology published by Hodder Education
Conformity or majority influence
Majority influence:
When attitudinal or belief change occursafter exposure to the majority opinion of a
group you are a member of. Sherifs autokinetic effect experiment.
Aschs linesexperiment:
Fear of social disapproval central to majoritygroup influence.
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Aschs lines stimuli
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Explanations of conformity
Informational social influence:
Support information received from others becauseremoves ambiguities in social situation
Sherifs social reality hypothesis.
Normative social influence:
Desire to be liked and accepted by others in thegroup
Increased dependency among group membersleads to increased conformity rates.
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Explanations for conformity
Referent informational influence:
Conform because we are group members,and not to avoid social disapproval
Social identity perspective Conform to group norms through self-
categorisation:
Seek out group norm to minimise differencewithin the in-group and maximise differencewith out-group.
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Conversion or minority
group influence Moskovicis genetic model of minority group
influence:
Minorities do not have access to normativeinfluence
Rely on behavioural style and primarilyconsistency in beliefs across time and
consensus with other members of theminority
Minority influence greatest when consistent.
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Ian P. Albery Complete Psychology published by Hodder Education
Moskovicis coloured slides
experiment
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Minority and majority influence
Moskovicis dual-process model:
Majorities lead to direct public compliance due tonormative and informational influence
Minorities lead to indirect private change due to the
majority having to think about the minority theconversion effect
Leads to cognitive conflict and greater cognitiveresource allocation.
Latan and Wolfs single process model: Influence differs quantitatively not qualitatively.
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Social facilitation and inhibition
People get better at well-learned tasks andworse at difficult tasks when in the presence ofothers.
Zajoncs drive theory: Presence of others puts us in state of
arousal
Arousal acts to make a persons most likely
response the one produced.
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Ian P. Albery Complete Psychology published by Hodder Education
Zajoncsdrive theory
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Group decision making
The risky shift phenomenon:
Decisions made by groups are more riskythan individual decisions
Group decisions can be more conservative. Group polarisation:
Decisions become more polarised
Tendency to shift opinions towards moreextreme views and in the same direction asthe perceived original group opinion.
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Group polarisation
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Explanations of polarisation
Polarisation through persuasive arguments
Polarisation through social comparison
Polarisation through self-categorisation
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Janis and Manns groupthink
Based on actual accounts of poor decisionmaking (e.g. the Bay of Pigs fiasco in 1961).
Type of thinking among very cohesive groups.
Based on members wanting an unanimousdecision.
Motivation to be correct and rational appears to
be suspended.
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Groupthink
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Obedience to authority
Milgrams shock generator studies: Majority of participants gave highest-
intensity shock
Replicated in many countries.
Key factors in obedience:
Persuasion
Immediacy of the victim
Immediacy of the authority figure Group pressure.
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Milgrams shock generator
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Leadership
The trait approach:
Leadership qualities inheritedbornleaders
Only weak associations between personalitytype and effective leadership.
Leaders behaviour:
Lippitt and Whites leadership styles studies
Group performance and productivitydependent upon leadership type.
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Intergroup behaviour
Actions of one groups members towardsmembers of another group.
Prejudice and discrimination dependent upon
three factors: Personality typeAdornos authoritarian
personality
Environmental factorsSherifs realisticconflict theory
Group membershipTajfels social identitytheory (minimal group paradigm).