CH 25 Review

Earth’s Moon

• The moon rotates and revolves at the same rate. This is the reason we see _______.–A. eclipses

–B. phases

–C. only one side of the moon

C. only one side of the moon

• During _______ the moon is closest to Earth.

• perigee

• The moon rises and sets about ______ minutes _________ each day.

• 50

• later

• The new moon and full moon occur about two weeks apart.

–True

–False

–True

• What percent of the moon is always lit by the sun?

• 50%

• At _______ the moon is farthest from Earth.

• apogee

• The new moon occurs about one week after the third quarter moon.

–True

–False

• True

• The part of the moon that is lit by the sun is always facing _______ the sun.–A. away from

–B. towards

• B. towards

• We see the phases of the moon because _______.

• The moon orbits Earth

• When the moon’s disk is smaller than the sun’s, we see a ________ solar eclipse.–A. Total

–B. Annular

–C. Partial

–B. Annular

• If you see a new moon tonight, about how long will it be until you see the next new moon?

About a month/4 weeks/29.5 days

• A lunar cycle of phases takes about _______ days.

• 29-30 (29.5)

• If the lit side of the moon is on the right and getting larger with each night, the moon is said to be _______.–Waxing

–Waning

• Waxing

• When the moon’s disk and the sun’s disk are not completely lined up, we see a _________ solar eclipse.–A. Total

–B. Annular

–C. Partial

–C. Partial

• The new moon rises and sets at the same time as the sun.

–True

–False

–True

• Lunar eclipses last a ______ time than solar eclipses.

–longer

• Because of the way the earth’s atmosphere bends light, a lunar eclipse usually appears as a __________ color.

• Reddish-orange/copper

• When the moon’s disk is the same size as the sun’s and they are directly lined up, we see a ________ solar eclipse.–A. Total

–B. Annular

–C. Partial

–A. Total

• If the lit side of the moon is on the left and getting smaller with each night, the moon is said to be _______.–Waxing

–Waning

Waning

Ch 26 The Sun & the Solar System Review

• Ptolemy developed the _________________ model of the universe.

• geocentric

• Copernicus described the ________________ model of the solar system.

• heliocentric

• When a planet appears to move westward in the sky instead of eastward, we call this ___________________________?

• Retrograde motion

• Ancient observers believed that the stars traveled around earth on a transparent _________________________________.

• Celestial sphere

• The Earth was in the center of the universe in the _________________ model.

• geocentric

• The ____________ was in the center of the solar system in the heliocentric model.

• sun

• ___________ proposed 3 laws of planetary motion based on the work of his predecessor Tycho Brahe.– A. Newton– B. Galileo– C. Kepler– D. Copernicus– E. Brahe– F. Ptolemy

– C. Kepler

• What shape describes the path of a planet’s orbit?

• A (nearly circular) ellipse

• ______________ determined that gravity kept planets in their orbits.– A. Newton– B. Galileo– C. Kepler– D. Copernicus– E. Brahe– F. Ptolemy

– A. Newton

• _______________ determined that planetary orbits were actually elliptical.– A. Newton– B. Galileo– C. Kepler– D. Copernicus– E. Brahe– F. Ptolemy

– C. Kepler

• When Earth is closest to the sun it is called ___________.– A. Aphelion– B. Perihelion

• B. Perihelion

• When Earth is farthest from the sun it is called ___________.– A. Aphelion– B. Perihelion

– A. Aphelion

• Which layer of the sun is visible & radiates the light that we see?– A. core– B. radiative zone– C. convection zone– D. photosphere– E. chromosphere– F. corona

– D. photosphere

• The ________ is the outermost layer of the sun.– A. core– B. radiative zone– C. convection zone– D. photosphere– E. chromosphere– F. corona

• F. corona

• The _________ is the innermost layer of the sun.– A. core– B. radiative zone– C. convection zone– D. photosphere– E. chromosphere– F. corona

• A. core

• The ________ is the inner layer of the sun’s atmosphere & lies above the photosphere.– A. core– B. radiative zone– C. convection zone– D. photosphere– E. chromosphere– F. corona

– E. chromosphere

• The lies around the core, is in the plasma state, & is cooler than the core.

– A. core– B. radiative zone– C. convection zone– D. photosphere– E. chromosphere– F. corona

• B. radiative zone

• In the ______________ rising & falling currents of plasma carry energy to the sun’s surface where it is radiated out into space as sunlight.

– A. core– B. radiative zone– C. convection zone– D. photosphere– E. chromosphere– F. corona

– C. convection zone

• The corona gives off a stream of electrically charged particles called ____________.– A. granules– B. sun spots– C. solar wind– D. solar flares– E. solar prominences

• C. solar wind

• Sunspots are dark spots on the photosphere. The reason they appear dark is because they are (cooler/hotter) than the surrounding area.

• cooler

• On average, sunspot activity is at it’s peak every _________ years.

• 11

• Dense clouds of material suspended above the sun’s surface by magnetic fields that can erupt off the sun in a few minutes or hours, extending 1000s of km before falling back to the sun’s surface are ________________.– A. granules

– B. sun spots

– C. solar wind

– D. solar flares

– E. solar prominences

– E. solar prominences

• ____________ are outbursts of light that suddenly rise from areas of sunspot activity & can last minutes to hours & increase in # with an increase in the # of sunspots.– A. granules– B. sun spots– C. solar wind– D. solar flares– E. solar prominences

• D. solar flares

• Retrograde motion is observed because ____________.

• Planets orbit at different speeds (& one planet overtakes the other in its orbit)

• The distance and period of a planet can be calculated using the 3rd Law of planetary motion. Another name for this law is:– A. Equal area law– B. Harmonic law

• Harmonic law

• The gravitational attraction between two objects will be greatest is the objects have a (large/small) amount of mass and are (close together/far apart).

• Large & close together

• ____________ atoms join together in the sun’s core to form Helium.

• Hydrogen

• When atoms combine for form heavier elements it is called:– Fission– fusion

• fusion

• Calculate the eccentricity of an ellipse with the following measurements:d = 5 cm

L = 5 cm

Is there anything special about this ellipse?

• e = 1

• It is a straight line.

• Calculate the eccentricity of an ellipse with the following measurements:d = 0 cm

L = 25 cm

Is there anything special about this ellipse?

• e = 0

• It is a perfect circle.

• Calculate the eccentricity of an ellipse with the following measurements:d = 15 cm

L = 30 cm

Is there anything special about this ellipse?

• e = 0.5

Ch 27 Review

Planets & the Solar System

• Name the inner planets

• Mercury

• Venus

• Earth

• Mars

• What lies between the inner and outer planets?

• Asteroid belt

• Where is the largest volcano in the solar system located?

• Mars

• What is another name for the inner planets (as a group)?

• Why are they called that?

• Terrestrial planets

• b/c they are Earth-like

• What are the characteristics of the outer planets?

• Considerably larger than Earth• gaseous, outer layer is mostly hydrogen

gas– closer to center hydrogen is compressed into a

hot liquid

• Much less dense than Earth• All have ring systems

• Why isn’t Pluto considered a planet anymore?

• Oddity of the solar system– Not dense enough to be considered

“terrestrial”– Too small to be “Jovian”– Strange orbit

• What is the orbital period of Mars?

• 88 Earth days

• What is the relationship between the distance of a planet from the sun and its orbital period? Why?

• The closer the planet is to the sun, the shorter its orbital period. As you go further away, the planet has a longer distance to travel and the sun’s gravity pulls on it less.

• How long is Venus’ period of rotation?

• 243 Earth days

• On which planet is a day longer than a year?

• Venus

• Name all of the planets that have rings.

• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

• Which planet has seasons like Earth?

• Mars

• What are the characteristics of terrestrial planets?

• Rocky crusts

• dense mantle layers

• very dense cores

• What do we now consider Pluto?

• Dwarf planet

• What is the difference between a meteoroid, meteor, & meteorite?

• Meteoroid = in space

• Meteor= moving through Earth’s atmosphere (“shooting star”)

• Meteorite= meteor that has reached Earth’s surface

• Why does Mars have seasons?

• It’s tilted on it’s axis (like Earth)

• What is the difference between an asteroid and a meteor?

• Asteroids are bigger

• How long are seasons on Mars compared to on Earth? Why?

• Twice as long b/c a year is twice as long

• What is a satellite?

• an object that orbits a planet

• What are the two “planetary” neighborhoods that we can divide the planets into?

• Inner planets

• Outer planets

• Why is Venus’ temperature so high?

• It has a dense atmosphere that is mostly carbon dioxide (CO2) “runaway” greenhouse effect

• What is another name for the outer planets (as a group)?

• Jovian planets, Jupiter-like planets, gas giants

• Comets spend most of their time _____________________.

• Beyond Neptune’s orbit

• What is the density of Saturn? Why is this special?

• 0.7 g/cm3 … it could float on water

• Asteroids revolve around _____________.

• The sun

• What is the mass of Neptune (if Earth’s mass = 1)?

• 17.151 (Earths)

• What is Pluto’s mean distance from the sun?

• 5,900 million kilometers

• Name the outer planets

• Jupiter

• Saturn

• Uranus

• Neptune

• What is the equatorial diameter of Jupiter?

• 142,800 km

• How many moons does Venus have?

• 0