ch 19 internal troubles, external threats - asia and ott
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 19Internal Troubles, External Threats: China, Ottoman Empire, and Japan 1800-1914
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European Aggressions------------------------------------------------------
Industrial Economies needed1. Resources2. Markets3. Employment
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“Scientific” Racismsuperior and inferior “child races”
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A “Civilizing Mission”children and parents
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British AuthorRudyard Kipling
(1865-1936)The White
Man’s Burden
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Social DarwinismHerbert Spencer applied“Survival of the fittest” humans
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China’s Century of Crisis
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Strong economy and new crops = population
growth430 mil+ by 1850s
but…
Qing Dynasty
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Govt unable to provide for and manage growing population
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corruption and abuse
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bandits, rebellions, and disorder
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Hong Xiuquan
“younger brother of
Jesus”
Taiping Rebellion1850-1864
Wanted total societal change
Anti-Manchu
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Wealthy gentry feared radical change(sound familiar?)
Rebellion failed, but weakened Qing
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Qing China was self-sufficient and actively limited European trade
Outside Threats
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British imported more than they exported, until…
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British opium from India
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China outlawed opium and destroyed shipments
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Commissioner Lin Zexu, letter to British Queen Victoria, 1839
“Suppose the subject of another country were to come to England to trade, he would certainly be required to comply with the laws of England… Now it is a fixed statue of this empire, that any native Chinese who sells opium is punishable with death... Pause and reflect for a moment: if you foreigners did not bring the opium hither, where should our Chinese people get it to re-sell?
Our celestial empire rules over ten thousand kingdoms! Most surely do we possess a measure of godlike majesty which you cannot fathom! Still we cannot bear to slay or exterminate without previous warnings, and it is for this reason that we now clearly make know to you the fixed laws of our land.”
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Opium Wars1839-1842 and 1856-1860
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Qing no match for industrialized UK
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1842 Treaty of NankingChina paid millions and Britain gained trade ports and Hong Kong (until 1997)
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Foreign powers
pounced on China
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Boxer Rebellion: 1899-1901anti-foreigner nationalistic movement
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Killed westerners
and westernized
Chinese
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Empress Dowager
Cixi (1835-1908)
supported the Boxers
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Eight-Nation Alliance defeated Boxers
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Educated modernizers Pushed anti-Qing
Chinese nationalism
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Sun Yat-sen(1866-1925)
“Revive China Society”and 1911 Revolution
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Emperor Puyi(1906-1967)
The Last Emperor of
China(1908-1924)
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Fall of the Qing Dynasty1912 Creation of a Republic
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Republic of China 1912-1949
flag 1912-1928 flag 1928-now(in exile in Taiwan)
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Puyi as Emperor of Japanese puppet state Manchukuo 1932-1945
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Ottoman Empire: The Sick ManLosses to Russia, UK, France and rebellions
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Sultan Selim III’s modernizing
reforms blocked by conservative uluma and Janissaries
*murdered in 1808
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Tanzimat Reforms 1839-1876 modernize to save the empire
industry, education, rights to non-Muslims
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Young Ottomans and Young Turks pushed more aggressive reforms
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1908 coup = power to Young Turks
Westernization and
Secularization
antagonized many, but laid foundation for modern Turkey
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The Opening of Japan
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1600-1868 Tokugawa Shogunate ruled an
Isolated and urbanized Japan
Increasingly corrupt and ineffective
Samurai culture in a time a peace. Effects?
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Samurai: Privileged, but often poorMerchants: Wealthy, but not respectedPeasants: Poor and prone to outbursts
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Commodore Matthew Perry
(1794-1858)Sent to open US trade with Japan
(President Fillmore)
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1853 Perry made demands, gave gifts, and
displayed military might
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“Foreign devils”
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1854 Treaty of Kanagawaopened 2 ports to the US and consulate
concessions angered conservatives
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1868-1869 Boshin Civil War over the Shoguns weakness in opening to foreigners
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Emperor restored to power and Shogunate ended
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Meiji Restoration 1868-1912
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Emperor Meiji(1852-1912)
Eliminated old feudal order and
created a national government
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Studied US and European Governments
Ito Hirobumi
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German style parliament (Diet)
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Military modernization and draft
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1877 Satsuma Rebellionfailed to preserve samurai
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Many elites retained powerful positions
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Westernization mixed with Japanese traditions
Western education with Confucianism and Shinto over Christianity
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Govt supported industrialization
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Japanese ImperialismRyukyu Islands, Taiwan, Manchuria, Korea
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1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War Japan invaded Korea and defeated China
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Chinese general surrendering to Japan
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1895 Japanese assassins killed Korean Empress
Myeongseong
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1905Katzura-Taft Agreement
Japan = KoreaUSA = Philippines
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Japan ruled Korea 1910-1945 “Cultural Genocide”
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1905 Russo-Japanese War
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Tsarist Army Returns from Russo-Japanese War
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Empire of Japan
---------------------Oppressor to
someInspiration to
others