ch. 19. eubacteria ◦ largest kingdom of living things ◦ live everywhere ◦ cell wall contains...
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Bacteria and VirusesCh. 19
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Eubacteria◦ Largest kingdom of living things◦ Live everywhere◦ Cell wall contains peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria◦ Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan◦ DNA sequences more similar to eukaryotes◦ Live in extreme environments
Classifying Prokaryotes
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Shapes◦ Rod (bacilli)◦ Spiral (spirilla)◦ Spherical (cocci)
Identification
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Cell walls◦ Gram-positive stained have peptidoglycan call
walls (violet)◦ Gram-negative lack peptidoglycan (red)
Movement◦ Variety of ways….
Identification
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Heterotrophs◦ Chemoheterotrophs and photoheterotrophs
majority Autotrophs
◦ Photoautotrophs Cyanobacteria
◦ Chemoautotrophs
Metabolic Diversity
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Obligate aerobes◦ Require oxygen all the time; aerobic respiration
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Obligate anaerobes
◦ Killed by oxygen; anaerobic respiration Clostridium botulinum
Facultative anaerobes◦ Can survive with or without oxygen; both types of
respiration Eschericia coli
Respiration
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Binary fission◦ Mitotic; asexual
Conjugation◦ Gene swapping; sexual
Sporulation◦ When conditions become unfavorable DNA and a
little cytoplasm is enclosed in an endospore
Growth and Reproduction
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Growth and Reproduction
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Decomposers Nitrogen fixers Food industry Mining Cleaning oil spills Pharmaceuticals Oxy Clean
Bacterial Importance
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Bits of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. That’s it.◦ They come in a variety of shapes and sizes◦ They must infect a host cell to reproduce.
◦ Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.
What is a Virus?
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Viruses enter a host cell and use the cell’s machinery to reproduce.
◦ In lytic infections the virus reproduces immediately until the cell bursts.
◦ In lysogenic infections the viral DNA is incorporated into the host’s DNA as prophage and may remain dormant for a period of time until reproduction begins.
Viral Infection
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Contain RNA instead of DNA◦ After infecting a cell the RNA is copied in reverse
to make DNA which is then incorporated into the host cell’s genome as prophage.
◦ RNA viruses mutate frequently. Rhino virus (colds) HIV
Retroviruses
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Are viruses alive?
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Bacteria and viruses can act a pathogens – disease causing agents (pathos = disease; gen = generating).
◦ Louis Pasteur helped formulate the germ theory of disease.
◦ Bacteria cause disease by either using cells for food or by releasing toxins (poisons) that are harmful.
Bacterial Diseases
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Bacterial Diseases
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Sterilization with heat Disinfectants Cold storage Vacuum packing Nitrogen/inert gases
Controlling Bacteria
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Some target the cell wall of bacteria and others disrupt protein synthesis. ◦ Antibiotics are specific to the type of bacteria
they act upon.
Antibiotics
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Can’t be treated with antibiotics! They don’t have a cell wall or make proteins…
◦ Best treatment is prevention; once infected it has to run its course. Symptoms may be treated.
Viral Diseases
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Viral Diseases
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Vaccines provide some protection and immunity to bacterial and viral diseases.◦ More to follow…
Prevention