ch 16-18 gilded era issues & progressive era reforms
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CH 16-18 Gilded Era Issues & Progressive Era Reforms. Living Conditions. When workers weren’t working they often lived in tenements , run-down apartment buildings. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Bell Ringer
• Why did so many people move to cities?
• What is the Gilded Era?
• What is a tenement? What would you think the living conditions were like?
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Bell Ringer
• What is the Great Migration?
• What is Tammany Hall?
• What is a Muckraker? Can you name any?
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Bell Ringer
• What was a Political Machine?
• What was the “goal” of the Progressive Era?
• What did Upton Sinclair write about?
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CH 16-18 Gilded Era Issues & Progressive Era Reforms
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Living Conditions• When workers weren’t working they often lived
in tenements, run-down apartment buildings.• Since workers were so poor families would cram
into apartments together where people would often (cook, eat, & sleep in the same room)
• Disease & crime were common, and fire was always a danger
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The Rise of Cities (Urbanization)
• By 1890 the US Census Bureau called the West “closed”, by 1900 there were 45 states, and people stopped heading West.
• People now took to the cities for new opportunities (where the factories were).
• The Industrial Revolution had lead to an increased number of factories.– US Factories produced $2 Billion
in 1865, and by 1900 produced $13 Billion making it the largest economy in the World
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• In 1800 only 6% of Americans lived in cities, by 1900 nearly 40% lived in cities
• Between 1870 & 1900 12 Million Immigrants would move to the USA, many of whom made up the US workforce
• 1910-1960: Great Migration- About 6 Million blacks will move from the South to NE Cities, Midwest, & West
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Living Conditions• Tenements ->Slum • NYC- 90,000 /sq mi (PSL
2,056/sq mi [2009])• Infrastructure in many of
these large cities was inadequate– Sewage problems, no indoor
plumbing, lack of clean water, power outages, fire traps, disease, unpaved roads, etc
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Environmental Issues• Before the Industrial
Revolution natural resources in the US had been used only minimally
• The Boom would cause mineral deposits, forests, animals to be used a drastically new way
• The US experienced water & air pollution problems for the first time in their history
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Political Machines• Full-time politicians whose main
goal was to get & keep political power, and the money & influence that went with it
• “Machines” were groups associated with political parties who sought to limit competition & guarantee power
• Ward & Precinct Bosses would find the poor, sick, & needy and help them on the condition that when it came time to vote that they vote the right way.
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Tammany Hall
• Run by William “Boss” Tweed
• Cheated NYC out of an estimated $200 Million
• Horrible for the political system, but acted as a social welfare next for the poor who needed it the most
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Progressive Era 1890-1920s
• The boom of society leading up to and into the 1900s created many social problems.
• The effort to fix them would be taken up by progressives, who became activists, and the time period known as Progressive Era.
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Social Gospel• Progressives were
influenced by two movements:– Populism– Social Gospel: Religious
Movement. Social Reform and Christianity should go hand in hand. Applied Christian beliefs to social and economic problems.
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Muckrakers• Writers who investigated and published
truthful reports, and performed an auditing or watchdog function.
• Often given months or a year to investigate & develop their stories.
• Yellow Journalism: publishers sought to increase news paper circulation through scandal, war, gossip, etc
• Upton Sinclair: (The Jungle) wrote of unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry.
• Helps lead to the Food & Drug Administration
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• Ida Tarbell: (The History of the Standard Oil Company) Depicted Rockefeller/Standard Oil as a cheap, money-grabbing, and viciously effective at monopolizing the oil trade
• Nellie Bly: (Ten Days In The Mad-House) reported on abuse of mental patients
• Lincoln Steffens: (The Shame of Cities) reported on early corruption of city politics
• Jacob Riis: (How the Other Half Lives) told of horrid living conditions in the tenements
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Improvements• Housing– Tenement Housing Act 1901: (NY)
Mandated a central court yard, windows, & ventilation in housing. (Result of Riis)
– National Child Labor Committee: passed child labor laws stopping those under 14 from working & limited hours
– Hull House: (Jane Addams) advocated for the better living conditions of immigrants in Chicago. Also provided basic services- education.
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• Work Place Safety– Working hours for Women restricted– Workers’ Compensation Laws: 2/3 of
states passed laws saying if workers were hurt at work they received some wages
• Political Reform (Senator Robert La Follette- WI)– Secret Ballot: Didn’t know who you
voted for– Introduction of Primary Elections– Introduction of Recalls (bad leaders were
removed)– Direct Initiative: Voters could propose
and pass laws without legislative involvement
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• Women’s Right to Vote– First demanded right to vote in
1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention
– 1890 formed National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) to help push for Women’s right to vote (Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Carrie Chapman Catt)
– By 1898 four states had approved Women’s suffrage
– By 1918 fifteen states approved suffrage
– By 1920 it was added to the constitution as the 19th Amendment
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• Black equality– Booker T Washington founded the
Tuskegee Institute, a vocational school for Blacks in Alabama• Advocated for the slow integration of
Blacks into society
– National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) fought for the end of segregation through the courts
– W.E.B Du Bois (founding member of the NAACP) • Advocated for the immediate and
unconditional integration of Blacks into society
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Three Progressive Presidents
• Theodore Roosevelt– Fought against
monopolies, trust, and other big industry
– Believed in a Square Deal, that workers, businessmen, and consumers should get fair and honest treatment
– Started the National Park System
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• William Howard Taft– Continued to limit big corporations– Added land to the National Park
System– Raised Tariffs (Anti-Trust Move)
• Woodrow Wilson– New Freedom: wanted to eliminate
all trusts because he believed it denied economic freedom to small businesses and consumers
– Had reform laws passed on banking and tariffs
– Gave a greater voice to the common citizen
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FLORIDA!!!!!!
• There are a bunch of random Florida People and concepts you need to know according to the EOC because well…. You live in Florida.
• Please refer to the hand out.