ch. 13: the rise of a mass democracy

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Ch. 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy

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Ch. 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy. Election of 1824 & the “Corrupt Bargain”. 1. Clay supports Adams 2. Clay = Sec. of State = - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Ch. 13: The Rise of a Mass DemocracyElection of 1824 & the Corrupt Bargain 1. Clay supports Adams 2. Clay = Sec. of State = 3. Stepping stone to presidency

1. Jackson won popular voteFelt Clay/Adam move was planned

John Q. Adams 6th President1825-1829Democratic Republican

Adams PresidencyMany Americans saw Adams vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties and issue of slavery.

Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites.Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional grounds; via tariffsAdams believed a strong, active central government was necessary.A national university.An astronomical observatory.A naval academy.

4Adams PresidencyHe supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers.1825 govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA.The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty.Congress sided with the governor of GA.

His land policies gave westerners another reason to dislike him.He attempted to curb speculation for public lands his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward

The New Popular Democratic CultureRecognition name of the gameParades and dirty tricksPoliticians out in communitiesParty loyaltiesNewspaper helped the processSerious mudslinging!

Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

Campaigning on the Stump

Election of 1828- Popular democracy at its finest -Man of the people vs. the aristocracy- All regions unite to support him

Old HickoryAge of the Common ManDemocrat1828-1836

Jacksons Inauguration!

Jackson: Anything but Common Democrat

Rags to richesMilitary heroa. Revolutionary Warb. War of 18123. Undemocratic Old Hickorya. Hated nativesb. Slave owner4. Little political experience

To the victor belong the spoilsJacksons Kitchen Cabinet

Issue with TariffsTariff of 1816 on imports of cheap textiles.Tariff of 1824 on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports.Tariff of 1828 higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp]. Aka Tariff of AbominationsSupported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.The South alone was adamantly against it.As producers of the worlds cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.They were negatively impacted American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!South doesnt manufacture; therefore, they have to buy those needed products at a higher price. No bueno!

The Nullification Crisis

1. Tariffs & Sectionalism: Whos for? Whos against?2. Northa. Supported by merchantsb. Increases sales of American made goods3. Southa. Feared tariff retaliation on cottonb. Luxury goods prices would increase4. Tariff of Abomination (1828) a. Supported by North & Jackson b. South unconstitutional; hardest hit c. May pass other unconstitutional laws

The Nullification CrisisNullification Doctrine a. Protects rights of minority (south) b. Is a threat to national unity (AJ) c. The S.C. Exposition: Pamphlet proposing states nullify tariff of 1828; Written by VP J.C. CalhounForce Bill Allowed govt to collect taxes at gun point since S.C. refusedTariff of 1833, proposed by Henry Clay, gradually lowers tariffs

Sectional Leaders Daniel Webster Henry Clay North West John Calhoun South

House Vote on Tariff of 1828]ForAgainstNew England1623Middle States (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware)566West (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky)291South464Total10594Free States8829Slave States1765Tariff of Abominations

Indian Removal(1830)Policy of assimilation and relocation, by force if necessary. treaties: mostly underhandedCherokee a. Most assimilated b. Cherokee Nation v. Ga & Worcester v. Ga.i. as dependent nations, states cannot make natives give up there landsii. Jackson ignores the verdict and supports the statesc. Trail of Tears (1838) Demonstrated the unfairness of majority rule

Indian Removal Act 1830

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

The Bank War (1832)Function of Second Bank of the U.S:Held govts moneySold bondsGave commercial loansControlled state banks;repaid by state banks w/ hard currencyProblem?a. No national currency =Too many different currencies at different valuesToo much powerStill a private institution

The Bank WarOpponents to banksa. Farmers/urban workerrestrict loansCall in loans (the loans need to be repaid sooner) = recessionb. Pres. JacksonUnconstitutionalBanks harmful to states rightsBanks worked for the elitesVetoed bank charterHelped in election 1832Favored pet banks= state banks Jackson removes govt money from US bank = death of the National bank.

The Bank WarLTC of nonrenewal of bank charterEnded Clays American systemLaissez-faire economics: govt does not get involved with business; let supply and demand control the economyPermanent two party system oppositionBanks at state level = too much speculation and credit

Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.Soft(paper) $Hard(specie) $state bankers feltit restrained theirbanks from issuingbank notes freely.supported rapid economic growth & speculation.felt that coin was the only safecurrency.didnt like any bankthat issued banknotes.suspicious of expansion &speculation.

The Bank & the 1832 ElectionJackson saw Biddles pushing forward a bill to renew the Banks charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter.The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!Positions on the Key Issues of 1832National RepublicansDEMOCRATSLess concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor.Opposed liberal capitalism because they believed it would lead to economic chaos.Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical.Opposes Indian removal.Favored tariffs.Supported a National Bank.

Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming.Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were non-producers who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets.Govt. should have a hands-off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper.For Indian removal.Oppose tariffs.States rights.Oppose federal support for internal improvements.Opposed the National Bank.1832 Election Results

The Specie Circular (1836)Speculators created wildcat banks that fueled runaway inflation.So, buy future federal land only with gold or silver.This move shocked the system.Jacksons goal to curb land speculation.Results of the Specie CircularBanknotes loose their value.Land sales plummeted.Credit not available.Businesses began to fail.Unemployment rose.The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!

The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

The 1836 Election Results

The Whigs & the Election of 1836William Harrison

WhigMartin Van Buren

Democrat

Democrats1. DemocratsThink TJ & Democratic-RepublicansSmall farmersSouth and westExpansion?

James Polk

Van Buren

Jackson

WhigsThink Hamilton and FederalistsClays American SystemBanksTransportation systemsTariffsStrong govt; interventionReligion and self-discipline important

Henry Clay

Zachary Taylor

William H. Harrison

Panic of 1837Causes End of 2nd national bank Speculative boom esp. by foreign investors Too many new loans at state level not backed by specie (gold/silver) Contraction of credit by foreign investors; called in loans Price of cotton and grains increases Too much paper money Implementation of the specie circular Trickle effect of any recession? UNEMPLOYMENT!Van Buren passes Independent Treasury Bill; a banking system independent of the federal government = what will become of the Federal Reserve System

Americans in Texas!Legal settlement by Amer. (conditional)Stephen Austina. Formal contractsb. Amer. to become Mexican citizens c. convert to Catholicism d. Slavery allowed2. Pop: more Amer. than Mex. 3. Mex. Govt turns on Amer.Outlaws slaveryImpose taxesIncrease anti-Mex sentiments1836: Texans declare independence

Americans in Texas!6. Remember the Alamo!1836 defeat of Americans at the Alamo by Santa AnnaAmericans redeem themselves in the spring of 1836 and win over Gen. Santa AnnTreaty of Velasco w/Gen. Santa Anna = border at Rio Grande; Mex. Congress rejects itRepublic of Texas 1836-1845; slavery an issue for statehoodStatehood: Dec. 1845

Campaign of 184080% voter turnoutReached out to everyday people Was vague re: stance on issues of the dayDies one month into presidency Harrison Whig

Martin Van Ruin Democrat

Harrison out John Tyler InDemocrat

The Expansion and Limits of SuffrageTwo-Party SystemWhigs (later the Republicans) and Democrats; both stem from the Jeffersonian RepublicanWestern expansion =More states = more opportunities for voter participationChanging from traditional voting structureAble to fight but not vote. Say whaaat!!By 1840, 90% adult male allowed to voteTime of the common man?More voting than in any other country; landless and poor able to vote

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