Ch. 10 - SectionalismCh. 10 - Sectionalism

Differences by mid Differences by mid 1800’s1800’s

North North - More industries- More industries- Larger cities - Larger cities - Better Transportation and- Better Transportation and

communication (Railroads communication (Railroads &&

telegraph) telegraph) - More wealth- More wealth- Immigrants became - Immigrants became industrialindustrial

workers & feared expansionworkers & feared expansion of slaveryof slavery - Larger population (gave - Larger population (gave

northnorth control of House ofcontrol of House of Representatives)Representatives)

South South - Remained rural (Plantations- Remained rural (Plantations

& Small farms)& Small farms)- Economy relied on cash crops - Economy relied on cash crops

(Cotton) (Cotton) - Manufactured under 10% of- Manufactured under 10% of

U.S. goodsU.S. goods- Few immigrants (enslaved- Few immigrants (enslaved

African Americans met laborAfrican Americans met labor needs)needs)

- In 3 states, Blacks were- In 3 states, Blacks were majority & half inmajority & half in 2 others2 others

- Whites fear restriction of- Whites fear restriction of slavery would change societyslavery would change society & economy& economy

Northern Northern StatesStates

Southern Southern StatesStates

PopulationPopulation 21.5 million21.5 million 9 million9 million

Number of Number of FactoriesFactories

110,100110,100 20,60020,600

Miles of Miles of RailroadRailroad

21,70021,700 9,0009,000

Bank DepositsBank Deposits $207 million$207 million $47 million$47 million

Cotton Cotton ProductionProduction

4 thousand 4 thousand balesbales

5 million 5 million balesbales

Differences Between The North & Differences Between The North & SouthSouth

Slavery and RacismSlavery and Racism Abolitionist movement gained strengthAbolitionist movement gained strength

- People felt slavery was morally wrong and paralyzed- People felt slavery was morally wrong and paralyzed economic growtheconomic growth Many southerners agreed that slavery was morally Many southerners agreed that slavery was morally

wrongwrong- Backed slavery because they didn’t know any other- Backed slavery because they didn’t know any other

way for blacks and whites to live together in societyway for blacks and whites to live together in society Racism existed in both the north and southRacism existed in both the north and south

- African- Americans could not vote, serve on juries or- African- Americans could not vote, serve on juries or hold high public officeshold high public offices

- African-Americans in the north lived in poverty- African-Americans in the north lived in poverty

Wilmot Proviso

North supported North supported - - Were afraid slavery Were afraid slavery would mean no jobs for would mean no jobs for free workersfree workers

- Northerners wanted all of - Northerners wanted all of the land obtained from the land obtained from Mexico to be free statesMexico to be free states

South opposed South opposed - - Argued that slaves were Argued that slaves were property under property under Constitution & feared more Constitution & feared more free statesfree states

-South worried it would -South worried it would lose control of the lose control of the government government

- Needed the free and - Needed the free and slave states to be equalslave states to be equal

Wilmot Proviso Wilmot Proviso - Proposed by Pennsylvanian Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 as an amendment to a military appropriations bill Stated that no slavery would be allowed in territory acquired from Mexico

Mexican War ImpactMexican War Impact Free Soil Party – - - new political party formed that demanded the end of slaverynew political party formed that demanded the end of slavery

- Wanted Congress to give western settlers free homesteads- Wanted Congress to give western settlers free homesteads- Opposed extension of slavery into territories- Opposed extension of slavery into territories- Many Free-Soilers weren’t abolitionists; supported restrictions on - Many Free-Soilers weren’t abolitionists; supported restrictions on blacksblacks- Objected to slavery’s impact on white wage-based labor force- Objected to slavery’s impact on white wage-based labor force- Convinced of conspiracy to spread slavery throughout U.S.- Convinced of conspiracy to spread slavery throughout U.S.

By 1850 – As a result of the Gold Rush, California By 1850 – As a result of the Gold Rush, California skipped the Territorial Phase of becoming a stateskipped the Territorial Phase of becoming a state

CaliforniaCalifornia asked to enter the Union as a free asked to enter the Union as a free statestate- South wanted it divided into two states (Why?)- South wanted it divided into two states (Why?)

The Senate begins to debate the admission of The Senate begins to debate the admission of these states as free states – south begins to these states as free states – south begins to discuss secession!discuss secession!

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay presented Henry Clay presented

the planthe plan California entered the California entered the

Union as free stateUnion as free state Rest of the Rest of the Mexican Mexican

CessionCession was divided was divided into the territories of into the territories of Utah and New MexicoUtah and New MexicoPopular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty PolicyPolicy – people in – people in territories would decide territories would decide for themselvesfor themselves

Slave trade was Slave trade was abolished in Washington abolished in Washington D.C. but slavery D.C. but slavery permitted.permitted.

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law - - passed – people in free statespassed – people in free states had to help catch and returnhad to help catch and return runaway slaverunaway slave

- Alleged fugitives denied jury - Alleged fugitives denied jury trial,trial,

right to testify on own behalfright to testify on own behalf- Federal commissioners paid - Federal commissioners paid moremore

for returning than freeing for returning than freeing accused accused - People convicted of helping a- People convicted of helping a

fugitive were fined, imprisoned, fugitive were fined, imprisoned, or bothor both Neither the north or south liked Neither the north or south liked

the compromisethe compromise

Slavery Divides WhigsSlavery Divides Whigs Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in 1852 Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in 1852

electionselections

- Candidate Winfield Scott and northern Whigs opposed - Candidate Winfield Scott and northern Whigs opposed the the Fugitive slave Act Fugitive slave Act and gave only lukewarm support and gave only lukewarm support to the Compromise of 1850to the Compromise of 1850

- Southern Whigs supported the Compromise to appear - Southern Whigs supported the Compromise to appear both pro-slavery & pro-unionboth pro-slavery & pro-union

Democrat Democrat Franklin PierceFranklin Pierce elected president elected president in 1852 in 1852

Formation of Political PartiesFormation of Political PartiesPARTY ESTABLISHED PLATFORMS

Free Soil 1848 Anti extension of slavery

Pro Labor

Know Nothing 1854 (American Party)

Anti-Immigration

Anti-Catholic

Whig 1834 Pro-business

Divided on Slavery

Republican 1854 (Horace Greely

Opposed expansion of slavery into territories

Democratic 1840 (Democratic-Republican)

States Rights

Limited Government

Divided on slavery

Underground Railroad Northerners sent fugitives to Canada, some use force in rescuesNortherners sent fugitives to Canada, some use force in rescues Personal liberty laws Personal liberty laws in 9 northern states forbid prison for in 9 northern states forbid prison for

fugitives & granted them jury trialsfugitives & granted them jury trials Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad—secret network of people who help —secret network of people who help

slaves escapeslaves escape- Harriet Tubman- Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery, escapes from slavery,

becomes conductor on becomes conductor on 19 trips19 trips

- Fugitives go on foot - Fugitives go on foot at night, often no food,at night, often no food, avoiding armed patrolsavoiding armed patrols

- Some fugitives stayed - Some fugitives stayed in North; others went in North; others went on to Canadaon to Canada

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe

wrote a book telling about wrote a book telling about the cruel treatment of a the cruel treatment of a slave slave

Caused many Americans to Caused many Americans to begin supporting the begin supporting the abolitionist movement abolitionist movement

Stowe pointed out that Stowe pointed out that slavery was not just the slavery was not just the South's problem, but the South's problem, but the nation’s problemnation’s problem

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin showed slavery as moral showed slavery as moral problem, not just politicalproblem, not just political

Kansas- Nebraska Act Senator Senator Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas (Illinois) - wanted to build (Illinois) - wanted to build

a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to Californiaa transcontinental railroad from Chicago to California- It would have to cross the unorganized territory of - It would have to cross the unorganized territory of thethe

Great PlainsGreat Plains Act called for the creation of two new territories (KS & Act called for the creation of two new territories (KS &

NB) NB) - Both were north of the Missouri Compromise line- Both were north of the Missouri Compromise line

Douglas’s bill repealed Missouri Compromise; bitter Douglas’s bill repealed Missouri Compromise; bitter debate ensues debate ensues

Act passed with support of the southAct passed with support of the south 1854 - 1854 - Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act – – popular sovereignty popular sovereignty Whig Party splintered afterWhig Party splintered after Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Formation of Political PartiesFormation of Political PartiesPARTY ESTABLISHED PLATFORMS

Free Soil 1848 Anti extension of slavery

Pro Labor

Know Nothing 1854 (Nativists) Anti-Immigration

Anti-Catholic

Whig 1834 Pro-business

Divided on Slavery

Republican 1854 (Horace

Greely)

Opposed expansion of slavery into territories

Democratic 1840 (Democratic-Republican)

States Rights

Limited Government

Divided on slavery

Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas Kansas became battleground over slaveryKansas became battleground over slavery Northern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas TerritoryNorthern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas Territory Most settlers sent by antislavery emigrant aid societiesMost settlers sent by antislavery emigrant aid societies More antislavery settlers (More antislavery settlers (free soilersfree soilers) than proslavery) than proslavery 1855 - Kansas holds election for territorial legislature1855 - Kansas holds election for territorial legislature Proslavery Missourians crossed the border (Proslavery Missourians crossed the border (Border Border

RuffiansRuffians) and stuffed ballot boxes on election day ) and stuffed ballot boxes on election day Each side boycotted the electionEach side boycotted the election Set up 2 governmentsSet up 2 governments

- Proslavery Govt in Lecompton - Proslavery Govt in Lecompton - Antislavery Govt in Topeka- Antislavery Govt in Topeka

Bleeding Kansas May 1856 – proslavery group attacked May 1856 – proslavery group attacked

Lawrence burned stores and home Lawrence burned stores and home (several died)(several died)

John BrownJohn Brown led antislavery group led antislavery group that killed 5 proslavery settlers that killed 5 proslavery settlers “The “The Pottawatomie Massacre”Pottawatomie Massacre”

Territory called Territory called Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas for for incidents that kill some 200incidents that kill some 200

1857 Lecompton Constitution, - 2nd constitution drafted for Kansas Territory - proslavery supporters - Permitted slavery & excluded free blacks from living in Kansas - Allowed only male citizens of the United States to vote. - There were three separate votes - the final vote, residents of Kansas Territory rejected the Lecompton Constitution.

Violence in the SenateViolence in the Senate Massachusetts Senator Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner Charles Sumner

verbally attacked his colleagues for their support verbally attacked his colleagues for their support of slavery in Kansasof slavery in Kansas- Insulted aged South Carolina Senator - Insulted aged South Carolina Senator Andrew Andrew ButlerButler

for beliefs and impaired speech for beliefs and impaired speech Congressman Congressman Preston S. BrooksPreston S. Brooks beat beat Sumner with his cane for Sumner with his cane for insulting his uncleinsulting his uncle

- Caused shock and - Caused shock and brain damage brain damage Southerners applauded Southerners applauded Brooks & Northerners Brooks & Northerners condemned himcondemned him

The 1856 ElectionThe 1856 Election RepublicansRepublicans select select John C. FrémontJohn C. Frémont

(mapped OR Trail, led troops in CA)(mapped OR Trail, led troops in CA) Know-NothingKnow-Nothing party split party split

- Northerners endorsed - Northerners endorsed FremontFremont- Southerners selected former U.S. - Southerners selected former U.S. presidents presidents Millard FillmoreMillard Fillmore

DemocratsDemocrats - - James Buchanan James Buchanan of PNof PN- Most of his Washington friends were- Most of his Washington friends were

southernerssoutherners- Had been out of the country - Had been out of the country

during the Kansas-Nebraska Actduring the Kansas-Nebraska Act South was prepared to secede form the South was prepared to secede form the

union if Republicans won union if Republicans won James Buchanan elected secession James Buchanan elected secession

avertedaverted

Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision 1857 – 1857 – Dred ScottDred Scott sued for sued for

freedomfreedom Had lived in north with his Had lived in north with his

master before returning to master before returning to the souththe south

Said that made him a free Said that made him a free man after his master’s man after his master’s deathdeath

Supreme Court ruled that Supreme Court ruled that Scott was still a slaveScott was still a slave- Congress cannot forbid - Congress cannot forbid slavery in territoriesslavery in territories- Also said that Congress - Also said that Congress couldn’t ban slaverycouldn’t ban slavery- Only states could- Only states could

Big victory for proslavery Big victory for proslavery peoplepeople

Lincoln-Douglas DebatesLincoln-Douglas Debates

Douglas believed Douglas believed slavery was backward slavery was backward & unsuitable for & unsuitable for prairie agricultureprairie agriculture- He didn’t think it was- He didn’t think it was

immoralimmoral- Wanted - Wanted popularpopular

sovereigntysovereignty to decide issueto decide issue (thought it(thought it would undo slavery) would undo slavery)

Lincoln believed Lincoln believed slavery was slavery was immoralimmoral- Lincoln though- Lincoln though

legislationlegislation needed to stopneeded to stop spread ofspread of slaveryslavery

• 1858, Republican Abraham Lincoln ran for Stephen Douglas’s Senate seat

• Because Lincoln’s unknown, challenges Douglas to debates

Lincoln-Douglas DebatesLincoln-Douglas Debates

22ndnd Debate - Lincoln asked how to form Debate - Lincoln asked how to form free states if territories must allow slaveryfree states if territories must allow slavery

Douglas’s issued Douglas’s issued Freeport DoctrineFreeport Doctrine that that explained how a territory could get around explained how a territory could get around the Dred Scott decision the Dred Scott decision - Elect leaders who do not enforce slavery - Elect leaders who do not enforce slavery

Douglas won the seat but doctrine Douglas won the seat but doctrine worsened regional split between worsened regional split between DemocratsDemocrats

Lincoln’s attacks on “vast moral evil” of Lincoln’s attacks on “vast moral evil” of slavery drew national attention slavery drew national attention

John Brown’s Attack at Harpers John Brown’s Attack at Harpers FerryFerry

Brown was an antislavery leader who Brown was an antislavery leader who wanted to start a slave rebellionwanted to start a slave rebellion

October 1859 – Brown led a group to October 1859 – Brown led a group to attack the U.S. arsenal at Harper attack the U.S. arsenal at Harper Valley, VirginiaValley, Virginia- Planned to give the weapons to the- Planned to give the weapons to the

slaves and start an uprisingslaves and start an uprising- U.S. Marines put down rebellion,- U.S. Marines put down rebellion,

capture Browncapture Brown The north praised Brown and saw The north praised Brown and saw

him as a herohim as a hero The attack terrified the southThe attack terrified the south Southerners become angry at the Southerners become angry at the

North's response North's response - Ask how they could share the same- Ask how they could share the same

government with people who government with people who regardregard

John Brown as a heroJohn Brown as a hero

Election of 1860Election of 1860 Democratic Party splitDemocratic Party split

- North supported - North supported Stephen DouglassStephen Douglass

- South supported - South supported John C. BreckinridgeJohn C. Breckinridge Republican candidate was Abraham LincolnRepublican candidate was Abraham Lincoln 4th party Constitutional Union Party candidate was 4th party Constitutional Union Party candidate was John BellJohn Bell

- Wanted a compromise to save the union)- Wanted a compromise to save the union)

• Two different electionsTwo different elections- South election was between Breckinridge and Bell- North was between Douglass and Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln won the election with only 40 % of

the popular vote (carried the more populous northern

states - Wasn’t even on part of the southern ballots

• Lincoln had never called for ending slavery he just didn’t want it to spread- Lincoln told south he wouldn’t meddle with slaves

Election of 1860Election of 1860 South became angry that president could be South became angry that president could be

elected without any southern electoral votes they elected without any southern electoral votes they feared they had lost control; of the government feared they had lost control; of the government - 18 free states and 15 slave states- 18 free states and 15 slave states- Felt threatened that slavery would be abolished - Felt threatened that slavery would be abolished

Southern States SecedeSouthern States Secede Dec. 20 1860 – Dec. 20 1860 –

South CarolinaSouth Carolina seceded from seceded from the unionthe union– Said it voluntarily Said it voluntarily

joined the union it joined the union it could voluntarily could voluntarily leaveleave

– Other southern Other southern states leave the states leave the union in next 6 union in next 6 weeks weeks

– Mississippi, Florida, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Louisiana, and TexasTexas

The Confederacy The Confederacy EstablishedEstablished

February 1861 - the seceding states form a new nation February 1861 - the seceding states form a new nation ((The Confederate States of America)The Confederate States of America)

Former senator Former senator Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis of Mississippi of Mississippi unanimously elected presidentunanimously elected president- Davis said that slavery was necessary for agriculture - Davis said that slavery was necessary for agriculture and the wants of the civilized manand the wants of the civilized man

Alexander StephensAlexander Stephens of Georgia was elected vice- of Georgia was elected vice-president president

Only 25% of the people in the south owned slavesOnly 25% of the people in the south owned slaves Other 75 % fought battle to defend system because Other 75 % fought battle to defend system because

they felt it gave them an advantage over blacksthey felt it gave them an advantage over blacks

The Calm Before the The Calm Before the StormStorm

President Buchanan called secession illegalPresident Buchanan called secession illegal- Also said it was illegal to stop it- Also said it was illegal to stop it

Mass resignations from government in Washington, Mass resignations from government in Washington, D.C. (Southern city)D.C. (Southern city)

Some people thought the federal government was Some people thought the federal government was melting away melting away

Abraham Lincoln didn’t take office until March 1961Abraham Lincoln didn’t take office until March 1961 Would North allow the South to leave the union Would North allow the South to leave the union

without a fight?without a fight?

The Calm Before the The Calm Before the StormStorm

In late December 1860 three commissioners from the newly seceded state of South Carolina met with lame-duck President Buchanan to negotiate for possession of Fort Sumter, a federal installation in Charleston Harbor. Buchanan's attempts to stay the situation and South Carolina governor Francis Pickens's insistence on Union evacuation of the fort are ridiculed here. Pickens (left) holds a lit fuse to a giant Union cannon "Peacemaker," which is pointed at his own abdomen. He threatens, "Mr. President, if you don't surrender that fort at once, I'll be "blowed" if I don't fire." Buchanan (right) throws up his hands in alarm and cries, "Oh don't! Governor Pickens, don't fire! till I get out of office." In the background a steamer makes its way across Charleston Harbor toward Fort Sumter. The print probably appeared early in 1861, amid mounting tensions over the fate of the fort and uneasy relations between Washington and South Carolina.