ch 10 lecture outline
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C h a p t e r
10
The Muscular System
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres
Lone Star College - North Harris
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Muscular System
The Muscular System
Consists only of skeletal muscles
Muscle Organization and Function
Muscle organization affects power, range, and speed
of muscle movement
Fascicles
Muscle cells (fibers) are organized in bundles (fascicles)
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Fascicle Arrangement
Classification of Skeletal Muscles
By the way fascicles are organized
By relationships of fascicles to tendons
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Fascicle Arrangement
Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Four patterns of fascicle organization
Parallel
Convergent
Pennate
Circular
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Fascicle Arrangement
Parallel Muscles
Fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle
For example, biceps brachii
Depends on total number of myofibrils
Directly relates to cross section of muscle
1 in.2 (6.45 cm2) of cross section develops 50 lb (23
kg) of tension
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Fascicle Arrangement
[INSERT FIG. 11.1a]
Figure 10–1a Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
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Fascicle Arrangement
Convergent Muscles
A broad area converges on attachment site (tendon,
aponeurosis, or raphe)
Muscle fibers pull in different directions, depending on
stimulation
For example, pectoralis muscles
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Fascicle Arrangement
[INSERT FIG. 11.1b]
Figure 10–1b Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
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Fascicle Arrangement
Pennate Muscles
Form an angle with the tendon
Do not move as far as parallel muscles
Contain more myofibrils than parallel muscles
Develop more tension than parallel muscles
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Fascicle Arrangement
Pennate Muscles Unipennate
Fibers on one side of tendon For example, extensor digitorum
Bipennate Fibers on both sides of tendon For example, rectus femoris
Multipennate Tendon branches within muscle For example, deltoid
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Fascicle Arrangement
[INSERT FIG. 11.1c, d, e]
Figure 10–1c, d, e Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
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Fascicle Arrangement
Circular Muscles
Also called sphincters
Open and close to guard entrances of body
For example, orbicularis oris muscle of the mouth
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Fascicle Arrangement
Figure 10–1f Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.
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Levers
Skeletal Motion
Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce
motion
Type of muscle attachment affects power,
range, and speed of muscle movement
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Levers
Levers
Mechanically, each bone is a lever (a rigid,
moving structure)
And each joint a fulcrum (a fixed point)
Muscles provide applied force (AF)
Required to overcome resistance (R)
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Levers
Function of a lever is to change
Direction of an AF
Distance and speed of movement produced by an AF
Effective strength of an AF
The Three Classes of Levers
Depend on the relationship between applied force,
fulcrum, and resistance
First class, second class, and third class
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Levers
First-Class Lever
Seesaw or teeter-totter is an example
Center fulcrum between applied force and
resistance
Force and resistance are balanced
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Levers
[INSERT FIG. 11.2a]
Figure 10–2a The Three Classes of Levers.
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Levers
Second-Class Levers
Wheelbarrow is an example
Center resistance between applied force and
fulcrum
A small force moves a large weight
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Levers
[INSERT FIG. 11.2b]
Figure 10–2b The Three Classes of Levers.
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Levers
Third-Class Levers
Most common levers in the body
Center applied force between resistance and fulcrum
Greater force moves smaller resistance
Maximizes speed and distance traveled
First, Second, and Third-Class Levers
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Levers
[INSERT FIG. 11.2c]
Figure 10–2c The Three Classes of Levers.
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Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues
Origins and Insertions
Muscles have one fixed point of attachment (origin)
and one moving point of attachment (insertion)
Most muscles originate or insert on the skeleton
Origin is usually proximal to insertion
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Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues
Actions
Movements produced by muscle contraction
Body movements
For example, flexion, extension, adduction, etc.
Described in terms of bone, joint, or region
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Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues
Muscle Interactions
Muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency
Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first,
followed by larger, primary muscles
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Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues
Muscle Terminology Based on Function
Agonist (or prime mover)
Produces a particular movement
Antagonist
Opposes movement of a particular agonist
Synergist
A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist
Helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist (fixator)
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Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues
Muscle Opposition
Agonists and antagonists work in pairs:
When one contracts, the other stretches
Such as flexors–extensors, abductors–adductors,
etc.
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Names of Skeletal Muscles
Correct names of muscles include the term
muscle
Exceptions
Platysma
Diaphragm
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Descriptive Names for Skeletal Muscles
Location in the body
Origin and insertion
Fascicle organization
Relative position
Structural characteristics
Action
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Location in the Body
Identifies body regions
For example, temporalis muscle
Origin and Insertion
First part of name indicates origin
Second part of name indicates insertion
For example, genioglossus muscle
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Fascicle Organization
Describes fascicle orientation within muscle
i.e., rectus (straight), transversus, oblique
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Relative Position Externus (superficialis)
Visible at body surface
Internus (profundus) Deep muscles
Extrinsic Muscles outside an organ
Intrinsic Muscles inside an organ
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Structural Characteristics
Number of tendons
bi = 2, tri = 3
Shape
Trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid
Size
Many terms refer to muscle size
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Descriptive Terms for Muscle Size Longus = long Longissimus = longest Teres = long and round Brevis = short Magnus = large Major = larger Maximus = largest Minor = small Minimus = smallest
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Action
Movements
For example, flexor, extensor, retractor
Occupations or habits
For example, risor = laughter
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
[INSERT Table. 11.1-please use 2 slides if necessary]
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Muscular System Overview
Divisions of the Muscular System Axial muscles
Position head and spinal column
Move rib cage
60% of skeletal muscles
Appendicular muscles Support pectoral and pelvic girdles
Support limbs
40% of skeletal muscles
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Muscular System Overview
Figure 10–3a (Part 1 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.
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Muscular System Overview
Figure 10–3a (Part 2 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.
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Muscular System Overview
Figure 10–3b (Part 1 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.
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Muscular System Overview
Figure 10–3b (Part 2 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.
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Axial Musculature
The Axial Muscles
Divisions based on location and function
Muscles of head and neck
Muscles of vertebral column
Oblique and rectus muscles
Muscles of pelvic floor
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Axial Musculature
Six Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck Muscles of facial expression
Originate on skull
Extrinsic eye muscles Originate on surface of orbit Control position of eye
Muscles of mastication Move the mandible
Muscles of the tongue Names end in glossus
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Axial Musculature
Six Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck
Muscles of the pharynx
Begin swallowing process
Anterior muscles of the neck
Control position of larynx
Depress the mandible
Support tongue and pharynx
3D Peel-Away of Muscles of the Head and Neck
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of Facial Expression
Orbicularis oris: constricts the mouth opening
Buccinator: moves food around the cheeks
Muscles of the epicranium (scalp)
Buccinator
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles of the epicranium (scalp)
Temporoparietalis
Occipitofrontalis
– Frontal and occipital bellies
– Separated by epicranial aponeurosis
Platysma
– Covers anterior surface of neck
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Axial Musculature
Figure 10–4a Muscles of Facial Expression.
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Axial Musculature
Figure 10–4b Muscles of Facial Expression.
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Axial Musculature
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Axial Musculature
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Axial Musculature
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Axial Musculature
Six Extrinsic Eye Muscles (Extra ocular)
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Superior rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior oblique
Superior oblique
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Axial Musculature
Figure 10–5a,b Extrinsic Eye Muscles.
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Axial Musculature
Figure 10–5c, d Extrinsic Eye Muscles.
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Axial Musculature
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of Mastication
Masseter
The strongest jaw muscle
Temporalis
Helps lift the mandible
Pterygoid muscles
Positions mandible for chewing
Masseter Temporalis
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Axial Musculature
Figure 10–6a Muscles of Mastication.
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.6b]
Figure 10–6b Muscles of Mastication.
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.4]
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Tongue
Palatoglossus
Originates at palate
Styloglossus
Originates at styloid process
Genioglossus
Originates at chin
Hypoglossus
Originates at hyoid bone
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Axial Musculature
Figure 10–7 Muscles of the Tongue.
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Axial Musculature
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Pharynx
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Move food into esophagus
Laryngeal elevator muscles
Elevate the larynx
Palatal muscles
Lift the soft palate
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Axial Musculature
Figure 10–8 Muscles of the Pharynx.
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Axial Musculature
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Axial Musculature
Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Digastric
From chin to hyoid
And hyoid to mastoid
Mylohyoid
Floor of the mouth
Geniohyoid
Between hyoid and chin
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Axial Musculature
Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Stylohyoid
Between hyloid and styloid
Sternocleidomastoid
From clavicle and sternum to mastoid
Omohyoid
Attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid
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Axial Musculature
Figure 10–9a Muscles of the Anterior Neck.
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Axial Musculature
Figure 10–9b Muscles of the Anterior Neck.
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Axial Musculature
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Spinal extensors or erector spinae muscles
(superficial and deep)
Spinal flexors (transversospinalis)
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Superficial Spinal Extensors
Spinalis group
Longissimus group
Iliocostalis group
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Deep Spinal Extensors
Semispinalis group
Multifidus muscle
Interspinalis muscles
Intertransversarii muscles
Rotatores muscles
SemispinalisCapitus
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.10a]
Figure 10–10a Muscles of the Vertebral Column.
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.10c]
Figure 10–10c Muscles of the Vertebral Column.
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.8 (top portion)]
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.8 (middle portion)]
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Spinal flexors
Neck
– Longus capitis and longus colli
– Rotate and flex the neck
Lumbar
– Quadratus lumborum muscles
– Flex spine and depress ribs
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.10b]
Figure 10–10b Muscles of the Vertebral Column.
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.10a]
Figure 10–10a Muscles of the Vertebral Column.
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.8 (bottom portion)]
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Axial Musculature
Oblique and Rectus Muscles
Lie within the body wall
Oblique muscles
Compress underlying structures
Rotate vertebral column
Rectus muscles
Flex vertebral column
Oppose erector spinae
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Axial Musculature
Oblique Muscles Cervical region
Scalene muscles Flex the neck
Thoracic region Intercostal muscles (external and internal)
– Respiratory movements of ribs
Transversus thoracis– Cross inner surface of ribs
Internal Intercostals External Intercostals
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Axial Musculature
Oblique Muscles
Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as
thoracic) External oblique muscles
Internal oblique muscles
Transversus abdominis
Transversus Abdominis Internal Obliques
External Obliques
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Axial Musculature
Rectus Muscles
Rectus abdominis
Between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis
Divided longitudinally by linea alba
Divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions
Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm
Divides thoracic and abdominal cavities
Performs respiration
Rectus Abdominis
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.11a]
Figure 10–11a Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.11b]
Figure 10–11b Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.11c]
Figure 10–11c Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.9-please split onto 2 slides if necessary]
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.9-please split onto 2 slides if necessary]
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Functions of pelvic floor muscles
Support organs of pelvic cavity
Flex sacrum and coccyx
Control movement of materials through urethra and anus
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Perineum
Muscular sheet forming the pelvic floor, divided
into
– Anterior urogenital triangle
– Posterior anal triangle
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Axial Musculature
Perineum
Urogenital diaphragm
Deep muscular layer between pubic bones
– Supports the pelvic floor
– And muscles of the urethra
Superficial muscles of the urogenital triangle
– Support external genitalia
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Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Perineum
Pelvic diaphragm
– Deep muscular layer extending to pubis
» Supports anal triangle
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.12a]
Figure 10–12a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.12b]
Figure 10–12b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.10-please split onto 2 slides if necessary]
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Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.10-please split onto 2 slides if necessary]
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Appendicular Musculature
Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic
girdles
Move upper and lower limbs
Divisions of Appendicular Muscles
Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs
Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.13a]
Figure 10–13a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.13b]
Figure 10–13b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk.
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper
Limbs
Position the pectoral girdle
Move the arm
Move the forearm and hand
Move the hand and fingers
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle
Trapezius
Superficial
Covers back and neck to base of skull
Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines
Trapezius
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle
Rhomboid and levator scapulae
Deep to trapezius
Attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Insert on scapular border
Rhomboid Minor
Rhomboid Major
Levator Scapulae
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.15a]
Figure 10–14a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle.
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle
Serratus anterior
On the chest
Originates along ribs
Inserts on anterior scapular margin
Serratus Anterior
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle
Subclavius
Originates on ribs
Inserts on clavicle
Pectoralis minor
Attaches to scapula
Pectoralis Minor
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.15b]
Figure 10–14b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.11]
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Arm
Deltoid
The major abductor
Supraspinatus
Assists deltoid
Supraspinatus
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Arm
Subscapularis and Teres major
Produce medial rotation at shoulder
Teres Major
Subscapularis
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–15a Muscles That Move the Arm.
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Arm
Infraspinatus and teres minor
Produce lateral rotation at shoulder
Coracobrachialis
Attaches to scapula
Produces flexion and adduction at shoulder
Infraspinatus
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–15b(Part 1 of 2) Muscles That Move the Arm.
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Arm
Pectoralis major
Between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus
Produces flexion at shoulder joint
Latissimus dorsi
Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus
Produces extension at shoulder joint
Pectoralis Major Latissimus Dorsi
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Appendicular Musculature
The Rotator Cuff
Muscles involved in shoulder rotation
Supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres
minor, and their tendons
Teres Minor
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–15a (Part 1 of 2) Muscles That Move the Arm.
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–15b Muscles That Move the Arm.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.12]
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand
Originate on humerus and insert on forearm
Exceptions
The major flexor (biceps brachii)
The major extensor (triceps brachii)
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand
Extensors
Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm
Flexors
Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces
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Appendicular Musculature
Flexors of the Elbow
Biceps brachii
Flexes elbow
Stabilizes shoulder joint
Originates on scapula
Inserts on radial tuberosity
Brachialis and brachioradialis
Flex elbow
Biceps Brachii
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–16a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
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Appendicular Musculature
Extensors of the Elbow
Triceps brachii
Extends elbow
Originates on scapula
Inserts on olecranon
Anconeus
Opposes brachialis
Triceps Brachii
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.13 top portion]
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Appendicular Musculature
Flexors of the Wrist Palmaris longus
Superficial
Flexes wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris Superficial
Flexes wrist
Adducts wrist
Flexor carpi radialis Superficial
Flexes wrist
Abducts wrist
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Appendicular Musculature
Extensors of the Wrist
Extensor carpi radialis
Superficial
Extends wrist
Abducts wrist
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Superficial
Extends wrist
Adducts wrist
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–16a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.13 bottom portion]
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand
Pronation and supination
Pronator teres and supinator
– Originate on humerus and ulna
– Rotate radius
Pronator quadratus
– Originates on ulna
– Assists pronator teres
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.17a]
Figure 10–16a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–16b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.13 middle portion]
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
Also called extrinsic muscles of the hand
Lie entirely within forearm
Only tendons cross wrist (in synovial tendon
sheaths)
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers
Tendon sheaths
Extensor retinaculum
– Wide band of connective tissue
– Posterior surface of wrist
– Stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles
Flexor retinaculum:
Anterior surface of wrist
Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.18a]
Figure 10–17a Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–17b Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.18c]
Figure 10–17c Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.18d]
Figure 10–17d Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.14]
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Appendicular Musculature
The Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Muscles that move the metacarpals and
phalanges and originate and insert only on
those bones
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–18a Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–18b Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.
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Appendicular Musculature
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton
Permits little movement
Has few muscles
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Position the Lower Limbs
Muscles that move the thigh
Muscles that move the leg
Muscles that move the foot and toes
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Thigh Gluteal muscles
Lateral rotators
Adductors
Iliopsoas
3D Peel-Away of Muscles of the Thigh
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–19a Muscles That Move the Thigh.
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Thigh: Gluteal Muscles Cover lateral surfaces of ilia
Gluteus maximus Largest, most posterior gluteal muscle
Produces extension and lateral rotation at hip
Tensor fasciae latae Works with gluteus maximus
Stabilizes iliotibial tract
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus Originate anterior to gluteus maximus
Insert on trochanter
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.20b]
Figure 10–19b Muscles That Move the Thigh.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.16 top portion]
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Thigh
Lateral rotators
Group of six muscles, including
– Piriformis
– Obturator
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.20c]
Figure 10–19c Muscles That Move the Thigh.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.16 2nd section]
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Thigh: Adductors Adductor magnus
Produces adduction, extension, and flexion
Adductor brevis Hip flexion and adduction
Adductor longus Hip flexion and adduction
Pectineus Hip flexion and adduction
Gracilis Hip flexion and adduction
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.21b]
Figure 10–20b Muscles That Move the Leg.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.20d]
Figure 10–19d Muscles That Move the Thigh.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.16 3rd section]
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Thigh: Iliopsoas
Two hip flexors insert on the same tendon
Psoas major
Iliacus
Iliopsoas
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.20d]
Figure 10–19d Muscles That Move the Thigh.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.16 bottom]
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Leg
Flexors of the knee
Originate on the pelvic girdle
Extensors of the knee
Originate on the femoral surface
Insert on the patella
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Appendicular Musculature
Flexors of the Knee
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Sartorius
Originates superior to the acetabulum
Popliteus
Rotates the tibia to unlock the knee
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–20a Muscles That Move the Leg.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.17 top portion]
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Leg
Extensors of the knee
Four muscles of the quadriceps femoris
– Three vastus muscles
– Rectus femoris muscle
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.21b]
Figure 10–20b Muscles That Move the Leg.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.17 bottom]
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–20c Muscles That Move the Leg.
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes
Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes include
Muscles that produce extension at the ankle
Muscles that produce flexion at the ankle
Muscles that produce extension at the toes
Muscles that produce flexion at the toes
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Appendicular Musculature
Four Muscles That Produce Extension (plantar
flexion) at the Ankle Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Fibularis (group)
Tibialis posterior
3D Peel-Away of Muscles of the Leg and Foot
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–21a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.22b]
Figure 10–21b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes
The Achilles Tendon
The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
– Shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Produce Flexion
(Dorsiflexsion) at the Ankle
Tibialis anterior
Opposes the gastrocnemius
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Produce Extension at the
Toes
Extensor digitorum longum
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor retinacula: fibrous sheaths hold tendons
of toes as they cross the ankle
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.22b]
Figure 10–21b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.22d]
Figure 10–21d Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
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Appendicular Musculature
Muscles That Produce Flexion at the Toes
Flexor digitorum longum
Flexor hallucis longus
Oppose the extensors
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–21c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.18]
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.18]
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Appendicular Musculature
The Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Muscles that move the tarsals, metatarsals,
and phalanges and originate and insert only
on those bones
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Appendicular Musculature
Figure 10–22a Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.23b]
Figure 10–22b Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.23c]
Figure 10–22c Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.
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Appendicular Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.19]