Ch. 1 Introduction to the human body (pp. 3-10) Study of human body Anatomy: study of body structure Physiology: study of body function

Anatomy “cutting up” Location, what it looks

like Gross anatomy: study of

body structures visible to the naked eye

Microanatomy: needs microscope. Histology is the study of tissues which is a type of microanatomy

Systemic anatomy: studies body structures with in a given organ system like the digestive, muscular or skeletal systems

Regional anatomy: studies all structures with in a given region of the body like the head or leg.

Physiology “study of nature”

How does it work The way the body obtains energy and

manages its use in order to maintain stability

Directional terms Anatomical position

(p.6 fig. 1-2) is the position of a person standing upright facing the observer with arms at sides and toes and palms turned forward

Copy table 1-1

Directional terms Superior (cranial): towards

head Inferior (caudal): away

from head Anterior (ventral): towards

the front or belly side Posterior (dorsal): towards

the back side Medial: towards midline

of body Lateral: away from

midline

Superficial (external): towards surface of body

Deep (internal): inward from surface

Proximal: towards structure’s origin to trunk

Distal: away from structure’s origin to trunk

Directional terms EX. Look at wrist and

elbow, the elbow is proximal with respect to the wrist because it is closer to the point of attachment to the trunk.

http://www.whitman.edu/biology/vpd/anaref.html

Body planes

Imaginary flat surfaces Sagittal Frontal

Horizontal

Sagittal Plane Divides body into

left and right sides *midsagittal:

equal left and right

*parasagittal: non equal left and right

Frontal (Coronal) Plane Divides body

into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)

Horizontal (Transverse Plane) Divides body

into superior and inferior

Questions 1-30

Structural levels of organization How the body is

organized from simple to complex

Atoms molecules cell tissue organs organ systems organism

1. Cells Formed from combination of

molecules They are the basic structural

and functional units of life Smallest living parts of the

body Macromolecules “large”

provide structural foundation

*proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids

2. Tissue  group of similar cells

combined to perform a common function. There are 4 types:

A. epithelial: close arrangement of cells with little intercellular material. Covers body surface, lines inside of organs and body cavities, forms glands.

B. connective: abundance of extracellular material with few cells. Function in support and binding of body structures

C. muscle: specialization to contract

D. nervous: sends nervous signals

4 Tissue Types

3. Organ Two or more different

types of tissue which combine and form a general function

Organs usually have distinct shapes

4. System

Organization of 2 or more organs and their associated structures

1. Integumentary System Organs: skin Function:

protects underlying structures and loss of body fluid

2. Muscular System

Organs: Muscles

Function:movement

3. Skeletal System Organs: bone Function:

support and protection of softer body parts

4. Nervous System Organs: brain,

nerves, spinal cord Function: controls

homeostasis by causing muscles to contract and glands

to secrete

5. Endocrine System Organs:

pituitary,thyroid,adrenal, pancreas, gonads Function: release hormones

6. Cardiovascular System Organs:heart,

arteries,veins Function: transport materials to and from body cells

7. Lymphatic System Organs:spleen, thymus,

tonsils,vessels Function: remove dead cells and foreign bodies

8. Respiratory System Organs:

larynx,trachea, lungs

Function: gas exchange between blood and external environment

9. Digestive System Organs:

esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver

Function: break apart food for absorption to blood

10. Urinary SystemOrgans:kidneys,ureters, bladder,urethraFunction: controlwater and saltbalance.

11. Reproductive SystemOrgans:testes,urethra,penis,ovaries,uterus,vaginaFunction:production ofnew individuals

5. Complete Organism Composed of many systems, which

depend on one another to perform. Survival and reproduction are the goals of the body’s internal activities.

Questions 31-59