cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New Delhi

Research framework & methodology

Dr Shibu Raman & Dr Nicola Dempsey

cityform indiaconference 2012

Jan 9th New Delhi

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiContents

The overall researchframework

Methodological approach

Defining urban form

Literature review: somekey findings

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiOverall research process

LiteratureLiteraturereviewreview

Issues to beIssues to beexamined inexamined in

detaildetail

DevelopmentDevelopmentof researchof researchinstrumentsinstruments

DataDatacollectioncollection

Data analysisData analysis ReportingReportingfindingsfindings

SamplingSamplingstrategystrategy

ImplicationsImplicationsof findingsof findingsand scopeand scopefor furtherfor furtherresearchresearch

Site selectionSite selection

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiResearch framework

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiMethodology

literature review

Indian urban context Indian urban context –– social social –– environmental environmental –– economic economic

Indian urban context Indian urban context –– local local –– political political –– governance governance –– culture culture

•• Sustainability:Sustainability:•• social social –– economic economic –– environmental environmental

•• Elements of urban formElements of urban form•• densitydensity•• land uses (and extent of mix)land uses (and extent of mix)•• housing/ building typehousing/ building type•• infrastructure (infrastructure (inc.inc. transport) transport)•• urban layouturban layout

Sustainable urban form in the Indian urban contextSustainable urban form in the Indian urban context

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiResearch framework

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cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiResearch framework

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiResearch framework

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New Delhi

Key findings from the literature review

cityform indiaconference 2012

Jan 9th New Delhi

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New Delhi

cityform indiaconference 2012

Jan 9th New Delhi

Sources include:Sources include:••National Institute of Urban Affairs (2011). National Institute of Urban Affairs (2011). Sustainable Urban Form for Indian CitiesSustainable Urban Form for Indian Cities. New Delhi, National Institute of Urban. New Delhi, National Institute of UrbanAffairs.Affairs.••Raman, S. and N. Dempsey (in press). Raman, S. and N. Dempsey (in press). Cultural Diversity and Spatial Structure in the Indian Urban Context.Cultural Diversity and Spatial Structure in the Indian Urban Context. Journal of Urban Journal of UrbanDesign, forthcoming.Design, forthcoming.••Dave, S. (2010). Dave, S. (2010). High Urban Densities in Developing Countries: a sustainable solution?High Urban Densities in Developing Countries: a sustainable solution? Built Environment Built Environment 3636(1): 9-27.(1): 9-27.••Jenks, M. and Jones, C. (eds.) (2010). Jenks, M. and Jones, C. (eds.) (2010). Dimensions of the Sustainable CityDimensions of the Sustainable City. London, Springer.. London, Springer.••World Bank (2010). World Bank (2010). India's Urban ChallengesIndia's Urban Challenges, World Bank, , World Bank, http://go.worldbank.org/C6H9E76S60http://go.worldbank.org/C6H9E76S60••Han, J., K. Han, J., K. BhandariBhandari, et al. (2010). , et al. (2010). Assessment of Policies toward an Environmentally Friendly Urban Transport System: CaseAssessment of Policies toward an Environmentally Friendly Urban Transport System: CaseStudy of Delhi, India.Study of Delhi, India. Journal of Urban Planning and Development Journal of Urban Planning and Development 136136(1): 86-93.(1): 86-93.••Marshall, F., L. Waldman, et al. (2009). Marshall, F., L. Waldman, et al. (2009). On the Edge of Sustainability: perspectives on On the Edge of Sustainability: perspectives on periperi-urban dynamics-urban dynamics. Brighton,. Brighton,STEPS.STEPS.••Mitchell, R. and Mitchell, R. and PophamPopham, F. (2008). , F. (2008). Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observationalEffect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observationalpopulation study.population study. The Lancet The Lancet 372372(9650): 1655-1660.(9650): 1655-1660.

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiLiterature review focus

Context of rapid urbanisation and decentralisedurban governance and increasing importance ofmarket sector and NGOs in service provision

• Urban form elements at various scales

• Infrastructure

• Density

• Land use

• Transport

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiInfrastructural needs

Basic service provision, particularly in high-density areas

• Incl. water drainage and sanitation, solid waste management

Affordable housing

• Appropriate social and built form mix

• How is neighbourhood formed

• socio-demographically/ socio-economically?

• What is the mix of high/ low-density built form?

• Location/ accessibility of housingwork?

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New Delhi

A measurement tool? An instrument to control development?

• Can spatially limit horizontal development and contain sprawl

• Reducing infrastructure costs & travel times, increasing equitableaccess to services

Multiple dimensions of density are underexplored

• How high is ‘too high’?

• Perceived versus actual

• What is acceptable? When is high-density overcrowding?

• When is privacy lost?

Density

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiDensity

1988 National Commission on Urbanization recommended:

Low-rise high density built form will contribute toprotecting green spaces, reducing travel distances,reducing construction material usage and promotingeconomies of scale.

Many cities did not follow this advice

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiLand use

The nature and extent ofland use mix?

• Residential/ commercial/light + heavy industry…

What needs to beavailable at what scale?

• Cultural dimension: localcontext and market shapesland use

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiLand use

Green network/ infrastructure of value

• there is an intrinsic value in green space provision

• provision of green/open spaces should not be anafterthought in planning

• Should a ‘green network’ – along with communicationchannels – determine the development of theneighbourhood/zone/city?

• And if green space does not exist? Can it be retro-fitted?

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New Delhi

Traditionally demarcated in Masterplan

• Zonal planning – not favoured in recent ‘sustainable’ plans

Limitations of masterplans

• No account of land supply/ market forces regulating landavailability

• Artificial shortage of urban land

• Housing becomes unaffordable and can contributes to slumdevelopment

Move towards mixed-use and vertical development

Land use

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiLand use: masterplan

alternative?

CDP: City Development Plan

More inclusive than masterplanning

Short-term: 5 yr investment plan to prioritise areas

• Needs to be longer-term (>25-30yrs; Singapore concept plans)

City autonomy is restricted by:

• Limited resources

• State-controlled decision making

• Planning institutions lack capacity to prepare inclusive CPDs

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New Delhi

Communication is fundamental

• Integrated (public) transport development

• New developments need to be better linked

• Market-led development along communication routes

Accessible facilities

• Approaches to provide access to education, health care,recreation, retail to create hubs corresponding to marketdemands (e.g. transit-oriented development)

Transport infrastructure

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New Delhi

Spatial arrangement/ configuration of elements (streetscale)

• Strong historical legacy

What is accessible at what scale (+ density)?

• By whom? Pedestrians/ vehicles?

• Quality of service is influential

Access/ transport/ layout

cityform india conference 2012Jan 9th New DelhiSummary

LR highlights potential impactsof/ for urban form

• Social/ economic/environmental/ institutional/local contextual

Data collection in 2 Indiancities begins to shed light onthe complex interrelationshipbetween urban form andsustainability

LiteratureLiteraturereviewreview

Issues to beIssues to beexamined inexamined in

detaildetail

DevelopmentDevelopmentof researchof researchinstrumentsinstruments

DataDatacollectioncollection

Data analysisData analysis ReportingReportingfindingsfindings

SamplingSamplingstrategystrategy

ImplicationsImplicationsof findingsof findingsand scopeand scopefor furtherfor furtherresearchresearch

Site selectionSite selection