cesium sensing for detecting “dirty...

Cesium Sensing for Detecting “Dirty Bombs” Radiocesium ( 137 Cs) is the main source of radioactivity in the U.S.—largely as a legacy of cold war nuclear weapons production—but it is also widely used in medicine, industry, and remote power production. Radiocesium has become the most cited 1 potential radiological source for so-called "dirty bombs" (conventional explosives used to disperse radioactivity). This concern is heightened by recent reports of lost radiocesium, including the disappearance of multiple radiothermal generators in the former-Soviet Union 2,3 (>40,000 Curies of 137 Cs) and the theft of an instrument with an 8 milliCurie 137 Cs source (later recovered in North Carolina). 4 Nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) coated electrodes can be used to detect cesium, even in a large excess of other group I alkali cation interferants. The adjacent figure shows cyclic voltammograms for a NiHCF coated electrode immersed in seven different aqueous mixtures of Cs + and Na + nitrate (total cation concentration of 1 M). The shape and position of the voltammetric wave is seen to depend on the relative proportions of Cs + and Na + in solution. SAFETY NOTE: All solutions used in this laboratory experiment contain the non-radioactive isotope of cesium ( 133 Cs), so don’t worry! In this lab, you are expected to deposit NiHCF according to the instructions given in reference [5]. Then, you should explore the sensitivity of the electrode to different ratios of Cs + to Na + . Can you develop a univariate correlation for predicting Cs + concentration based on certain traits of the voltammogram? How does scan rate and the CV potential window affect your ability to measure and predict cesium concentration? Can you make an “unknown” mixture and determine the Cs + content? Would your studies using 133 Cs + be equally valid for 137 Cs + ? 1. Determined using a Lexis-Nexis search of the largest 50 U.S. Newspapers. 2. "Radioactive generators in ex-Soviet bloc pose terror risk," Agency France Presse (3/18/02). 3. "One kilogram of radioactive cesium confiscated in Lithuania," Interfax News Agency (5/18/02). 4. "Potentially dangerous radioactive gauge stolen," Associated Press (3/29/02). 5. K.M. Jeerage, W.A. Steen, and D.T. Schwartz, “Correlating nanostructure with ion intercalation in electrodeposited nickel hexacyanoferrate thin films,” Chem. Mat. 14, 530-535 (2002).

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Cesium Sensing for Detecting “Dirty Bombs”

Radiocesium (137Cs) is the main source of radioactivity in the U.S.—largely as a legacy ofcold war nuclear weapons production—but it is also widely used in medicine, industry, andremote power production. Radiocesium has become the most cited1 potential radiological sourcefor so-called "dirty bombs" (conventional explosives used to disperse radioactivity). Thisconcern is heightened by recent reports of lost radiocesium, including the disappearance ofmultiple radiothermal generators in the former-Soviet Union2,3 (>40,000 Curies of 137Cs) and thetheft of an instrument with an 8milliCurie 137Cs source (laterrecovered in North Carolina).4

N i c k e l hexacyanoferrate(NiHCF) coated electrodes can beused to detect cesium, even in alarge excess of other group Ialkali cation interferants. Theadjacent figure shows cyclicvoltammograms for a NiHCFcoated electrode immersed inseven different aqueous mixturesof Cs+ and Na+ nitrate (totalcation concentration of 1 M).The shape and position of thevoltammetric wave is seen todepend on the relat iveproportions of Cs+ and Na+ insolution.

SAFETY NOTE: Al lsolutions used in this laboratory experiment contain the non-radioactive isotope of cesium(133Cs), so don’t worry!

In this lab, you are expected to deposit NiHCF according to the instructions given inreference [5]. Then, you should explore the sensitivity of the electrode to different ratios of Cs+

to Na+. Can you develop a univariate correlation for predicting Cs+ concentration based oncertain traits of the voltammogram? How does scan rate and the CV potential window affectyour ability to measure and predict cesium concentration? Can you make an “unknown” mixtureand determine the Cs+ content? Would your studies using 133Cs+ be equally valid for 137Cs+?

1. Determined using a Lexis-Nexis search of the largest 50 U.S. Newspapers.

2. "Radioactive generators in ex-Soviet bloc pose terror risk," Agency France Presse (3/18/02).

3. "One kilogram of radioactive cesium confiscated in Lithuania," Interfax News Agency

(5/18/02).

4. "Potentially dangerous radioactive gauge stolen," Associated Press (3/29/02).

5 . K.M. Jeerage, W.A. Steen, and D.T. Schwartz, “Correlating nanostructure with ion intercalation in

electrodeposited nickel hexacyanoferrate thin films,” Chem. Mat. 14, 530-535 (2002).

Peter D. Zimmerman with Cheryl Loeb- Dirty Bombs: The Threat Revisited

Dirty Bombs': Background in Brief

Dirty Bombs': Technical Background, Attack Prevention and ...osrp.lanl.gov/Documents/OSR In the News/R41890.pdf · “Dirty Bombs”: Technical Background, Attack Prevention and

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