Cervus Timorensis (Java Deer) Reproduction System in Penangkaran

Deer Cariu and Ranca Upas Province of West Java

Reproduction Performances of Java Deer (Cevus Timorensis) at Deer

Captivities Cariu and Ranca Upas Province of West Java

Deden Ismail

University of Mahasaraswati

Denpasar

2008

This research is conducted at Java Deer (Cervus timorensis) in two

locations of Penagkaran exactly in Cairu Regency of Bogor as a low land

and in Ranca Upas Regency of Bandung as a high land. The two locations

have a height place, temperature and moisture, the different of

management protection. This research is conducted for one year

(November 1999-December 2000). This research has aim at knowing the

reproduction performance of Java Deer (Rusa Jawa) in the are of two

Penangkaran that include:

1. The total development of new born deer, 2) the ratio of new born

deer, 3) the interval of periodical growth until the dying of rannga.

Based on the research it is found that: 1) the rate of new born

Cervus Timorensis which borne in Cairu 6,3 (six point threefold

more big if compared in Ranca Upas, 2) many are the new born of

female deer in the two locations, 3) the ranggah interval growth

until dying or separated in the two locations at about 12-14

months. The population growth and presentation in Cairu is more

big than compared in Ranca Upas that shows the reproduction

pefor mance of Java Deer (Cervus Timorensis) that protected in

Cairu is relative high quality if compared in Ranca Upas.

Key Word: Reprduction Performance, Java Deer, Penangkaran.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

In some of animal garden the deer performs a high reproduction level

(Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994), and also at Penagkaran in Oilsinbai,

Timor island (Takandjandji, 1996) the population growth for six years at

around 300% and the efforts of penangkaran deer in Perak Malaysia

(PPRUK, 1998) for five years, experience the population growth about

70%. The gender of new born deer in some researches are variety, such as

the gender was borne are mostly the male or on the contrary and some

researchers give different arguments about the factor that the new born

have a specific gender, found in some of a various kinds of deer. This

research is conducted by Degayner and Jordan (1987) to a Deer White-

tail, it is said that the social domination (matrilineal) at white-tail deer

have an impact on the evolution delay, the copulation and the gender of

the new born deer. The mature female deer which dominant, will bear a

new born of doeroe and support the characteristic of matrilineal in a well

habitat, while, the subordinate of will born the dominant of the new born

stag/buck. The different items is also shows by Trivers and Willard

(1973) and Birgersson (1998) which stated that the female deer with a

better condition tend to bear many of the male deer. While at unhealthy

female deer tend to bear many of female deer: the result of male deer

reproduction in copulation with the female deer are variety. Hewison and

Gaillard (1996) in his research about Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)said

that if the female deer has been experienced in facing the environmental

stress will tend to bear male deer, to avoid the local potential competency

of natural resources accepted by this descendant.

The characteristic of secondary male deer is characterized by the

essence of ranggah. The essence of rangga is a characteristic that begin

the sexual interaction and a territory defense, where the form and its

measure depend on the environmental and factor genetic (Asher, 1992b).

Ranggah deer has many branches and initialed of a pustule that find in

the head. In its growth, ranggah deer is covered by skin that called

velvet. Velvet will get drying and will separated if having a perfect

ranggah growth. To reach a perfectness of ranggah growth needs the time

for 4 months (Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994). Ranggah at Java deer in

NTT at the first time growth at the age of 7-9 months (Takandjandji,

1995). After the copulation season, that valid on autumn and will grows

later in the spring season (Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994). The rangga

will die, according to Takandjandji (1995) on Java deer in Penagkaran

Oilsonbai (NTT) is on March, May and October. While according to

Sinclair (1998), at the same deer in Queensland, between the month of

January-March will formulated of ranggah skin, in April-June the ranggah

skin become strong, on July-September the ranggah will grows strongly

in every year (Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994; Takandjandji, 19950,

while according to Sinclair (1998), this occurs in every 9-24 months.

Ranggah will grows later after 1 month (Takandjandji, 1995), while

according to Sinclair (1998) after 2 months.

The research on reproduction performances of Java deer (Cervus

Timorensis) is conducted in a few of different location of Penangkaran in

Indonesia, because the limitation of Penangkaran deer, besides, many of

people are not understand that the deer have measured for commercial

interest if applying the deer of measure result and qualified as a cattle

breeding if based on the recent requirements.

This research intended to reveal the reproduction performance of Java

deer in the different topography and management.

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY RESEARCH

The Type of Research

This is a Specific Research and Case Study and Field Research (Ditjen

Dikti, 1982). Based on its characteristic, this research is an Exploration

Research (Hadi, 1994). The characteristic of this research is profoundly

conducted and completed observed an objected research.

Time and Location

This research is conducted for 12 months from November 1999 until

October 2000, in the location that is:

1. Penangkaran Rusa (Penangkaran deer) BKPH (Blok kesatuan

Pemangkuan Hutan) jonggol, RPH (Resor Pangkuan Hutan) Cariu,

Cariu of Bogor regency. In the height of 200-500m dpl,

temperature 220-340C, the moisture between 60-80% with the rain

rate between 1000-1200mm per year.

2. Penangkaran deer Ranca Upas, (BKPH Tambak Ruyung Timur,

KPH Southern Badung, the District of Ciwidey, Badung, Regency.

The height 1600-1700m dpl, temperature 18 0-230 C, the moisture

75-95% with the rain rate 1220-1500mm.

Object Research

The object of this research is Java deer (Cervus Timorensis). The

application used in this research is thermometer, hygrometer, camera, to

create photo and photo slide; video camera.

Data Analysis

Variable in this research is independent variable, and dependent variable.

Independent variable in this research is the management protection in the

Penagkaran deer (Cervus Timorensis), while a dependent variable is the

reproduction performance that of Java Deer (Cervus Timorensis) that

include:

1. The Total Development of the new born deer

2. The ratio of gender

3. The time the new born deer of ranggah and the release of ranggah

The definition operational of re production performance of Javan Deer

(Cerves Timorensies) in the research is :

1) The development of the total new born deer is the percentage rate

growth or lessening new born deer which borne on that year if

compared with the previous year in the subsequent of interval.

2) The comparation ratio between the gender of new born male deer

with female that borne on the total borne

3) The time growth interval and the release of ranggah : is a longer

time when ranggah of the male deer began to grow until the

ranggah is separated to die. The statistical analysis applied is the

descriptive statistic, that specialized in determining the different

gender of new borne on the two location of Penangkara used by uji

chi square (minitab release 11.0)

RESULT AND RESOLUTION

The Total Development of Javan new born, can be seen from the effects

for cattle breeding.

The growth of Javan deer in the effarts of Penangkaran Javan der in Cariu

and Ranca Upas can be seen on the table 1 and table 2.

Table 1. Perkembangan Jumlah Anak Rusia Jawa di Cariu dari Tahun

1996-Oktober 2000.

Year Male Female Total The birth growth

increase (%)19961997199819992000

23425

479

1818

610132023

66,67116,67233,33283,33

Total 16 56 72 700,00The total rate of the birth per year 175,00

Source: office rate of BKPH Jonggol (the data processed)

Table 2 The Growth of The Birth Anak Javan Deer in Ranca Upas

from the year 1982-October 200.

Year Male Female Total Reproduction Growth

1982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000

1311121012032112000

1222001210233221002

2533122222265333002

150,0050,0050,00

-50,000,000,000,000,000,000,00

200,00150,00

50,0050,0050,00

-100,00-100,00

0,00Total 22 26 48 500,00

The rates of birth growth per year 27,78

Source: KPH of Southern Bandung (the data is processed)

In table 1, in Penangkaran in Cairu, if compared in Ciaru if

compared with the total the new born of Javan deer in 1996, so the

percentage growth of the new born Javan Deer from 1996 until October

2000 as many as 175%. Anda then from the table 2, in Penangkaran

Ranca Upas, if compared with the total of the new had borne of Javan in

1982, and the and the percentage rate the newborn of Javan Deer from

1996 until October 2000 at about 175%. Furthermore, from the table 2, in

Penangkaran Ranca Upas, if compared with the total new born of Javan

deer the growth rate of the new born growth ratet of the Javan Deer per

year is 27, 78%.

From the table 1 and table 2 above, can be determined that the

percentage of the new borne Java Deer per year in Carius is about 175%

is far greater if compared with the Ranca Upas is about 27,78%, or the

percentage rate the new born Java Deer in Ciaru is greater 6,3 times if

compared in Ranca Upas, and this shows that the reproduction

performance of Javan Deer that protected in Cariu to be relative more

better of compared in the Ranca Upas, besides, this item shos the

management protection of Javan Deer in Cariu is more better if compared

in Ranca Upas.

From this research performance can also be seen with the

population growth of deer as a Penangkaran result, shows that the deer is

easy to adapt and grows wit. The environment out of its original habitant

(PPRUK, 1998, Sinclair, 1998)

Furthermore, in this research is also is clarified that the long

duration of sex applied peruode at Javan Deer protected Cariu and ranca

Upas at around one until two days, and this is based on the opinion shows

by Takenjandji, (1995), Takenjandji (1998) and Sinaga (1997) and

Semuadi (1998). In this research is also found that the circle of sex

applied on the Javan Deer in Cariu and in Ranca Upas is at not far

different with the ideas from Takandjandji (1995), Semiadi (1998).

The Ratio Gender of the New Born Javan Deer

This research performs that the ratio gender of the gender male

deer compared with female which borne in Carik as 16: 56 or 1: 3, 5

(Table 1I) while in Rance Upas as 22 : 26 or 1 : 1,2 (Table 2).

Furthermore, from this research performance, in Ciaru or in Ranca

Upas, founded are mostly the new borne of Female Javan deer compared

with the male Javan Deer, and the different between the total amount of

new born Javan deer female compared with the different new born of

Javan Deer have a real different (P<0, 05).

The different result protected in Oilsonbai NTT, where the

tendency area mostly found at new born of male deer or if compared with

the new born female. This caused by the probability of female Javan Deer

in Cariu and in Ranca Upas never been experienced in facing the strong

of environment stress such on NTT, that caused by the shortage of grass

for consume and the air with a high temperature. As the result will grown

many of new born female deer. While the female deer that have been

experiences to face the environment stress tend to give a new born of

male deer, to avoid the potential competition of natural resource in the

local environment that will be faced by his descendants (Hewisson and

Gaillard, 1996). Besides, it could caused by a flock of deer in Carisk and

also in Ranca Upas the association of individu in the flock is not

strongly, it means, there is no flock of deer with constant flock, so many

ofa female deer with a dominant characteristic in that group. This tend to

bear the new born of female will support the character of materialized in

its position in a flock or group and still maintaining the better habitat.

This performance is based on the Degayner and Jordan (1987) to the deer

white-tail, although for this reason the Javan Deer need conducting a

further profound research.

The Time Growth and the Dying of Rangga.

In the research in Cariu and Ranca Upas, Ranggah Javan Deer

grows after the Javan Deer female age between 7-9 months. This is based

on the from Takandjandji (1995) at Timorensis Deer protected in NTT

Ranggah at Javan Deer in Cariu grows between December-February

while, in ranca Lepas Ranggah will griws between November-January

Ranggah will grows later less for one months after its Ranggah is

separated to die. The hard at about 6-7 months. Interval the time for

Javan Deer growth in Cariu and Ranca Upas from the separating Ranggah

until the next Rangga which grows and separated later at about 12-14

months, based on the ideas shows by Jacob and Wiryosuhanto (1994),

Tajendjandji (1995), and Sinclair (1988).

The release Ranggah at generally, is the hard rangga, and the skin

Ranggah have been separated, so the Ranggah looks clean. When ranggah

will separated, at around the Ranggah with a color white. The time when

Ranggah will separated, the deer usually act depressive, carefully, even

though afraid if Rangga that Rangga that will separate touched by deer or

another material, and often separated herself from the other of male deer,

male deer doesn’t have Ranggah be cause the Ranggah is separate or still

young and have the position subordinate score, while in the group of

female nature deer that consist of the group. Young deer and the now

born deer and then the social status of male deer with the young ranggah

or without ranggah are on the same dominant position with the female

deer as a head group or sometimes under the subordinate position. This is

based the ideas of Alikodra (1990) and Word (1998).

A pair of ranggah not separated on the same time, and sometimes

separated from the one ranggah with another ranggah at about 1-2 days.

The old pustule of separted ranggah, usually bleed and the blood will

become dry in a few hours later.

The deer without having ranggah, at generally have a quite

characteristic and submission to (bow) to other male deer which has a

hard ranggah, when feeding the greass will get together in the flock with

the male deer. The dying rangga of Javan Deer carik, generally occurs in

January until June with the highest frequency on April, while in ranca

Upas, ranggah dies or separated between Mei until June. Therefore it will

find the Upas. The time of Ranggah dying is based on the Timorensis

Deer that protected in NTT (Tajandjandji, 1995), but different with the

Javan Deer and Maluku Deer that protected in Queesnalnd Australia

(Sinclair, 1998). Thus copulation season is characteristic by more male

and a close relationship with sexual power to have a copulation release of

ranggah will followed by the ability of the male sexual to having.

The hard of ranggah has a close relationship with the merease of

hormone testosterone and androsteredion directly will accelerate the

growth and proliferasi cell promodial in the front of head bones that

begin with the growth of pedicle, velvent, and then ranggah become hard.

The essence of testotern and androstenedion will gradually increase when

the forming of pedicle until the being velvet, and easy to grow when the

rangga become hard. When ranggah is releasing in the copulation season

will cause the decrease of concentration testosterone and androstenedion

in the blood. The Different Interval of the time for rangga release is also

caused by the different of breeding management, such as the way to

feeding them and the types of food, stable copulation organization, the

controlling of cattle healt and soon, become the breeding management is

also impact to the growth and the release of ranggah (Asher, 1992 b;

Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994, Takandjandji, 1995 ; Takandjandji and

Sinaga, 1997; Tuckwell, 1997; Semiadi, 1998; Sinclair 1998).

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

From this research could be concluded that “ 1) The rate

percentage the new born of Javan Deer in Cariu 6,3 times bigger if

compared with in Ranca Upas, 2) Many new born of new born female

deer is borne at two location, 3) The interval of ranggah growth until the

ranggah release on the two location is about 12-14 months and 4) the

growth of population and the parentage population of new born in Cairu

is more big if compared in Ranca Upas shows that the reproduction

performance of Javan. Deer that protected in Cariu relative more better if

compared with Ranca Upas.

It is suggested that this research could be an initial step for

conducting a further research in the location of other Penangkaran Deer

with the variable of reproduction performance, management and a various

environmental and any other kinds of deer.