ceramic tiles testing

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CHARACTERISTICS IN STANDARD EN 14411

European standard EN 14411 establishes a set of physico-chemical

characteristics that need to be taken into account in ceramic tile as a function of the

tile’s intended use as flooring or wall cladding, and for interior or exterior applications.

In this sense, standard EN 14411 does not differ from the one it replaces, except for the

inclusion of some new characteristics or modification of the requirements, test methodor classification of results envisaged in EN 67-087-85. Chart 1 presents these

characteristics, the new characteristics or in-depth modifications being displayed in red.

The physico-chemical characteristics of ceramic tile, the obligatory or voluntary

nature of their consideration, and the minimum requirable values for each product group

have been summarised in Chart 2 (parts I, II, and II). The dimensional tolerances

envisaged for each product group are presented in Chart 3 (length and width) and in

Chart 4 (thickness, straightness of sides, rectangularity, and flatness). reviews thesecharacteristics and notes their effect on tile installation and durability.

Another interpretation of the foregoing charts may be made in relation to the

relative effect of the features they describe on tile installation and tiling durability. In

Chart 5 (parts I, II, III, and IV), we have included a number of new charts, in which the

last column notes the connection between these features and the tile installation mode

and/or effect on durability.



CHARACTERISTICS ACCORDING TOAPPLICATIONS IN STANDARD EN 14411

APPLICATION

FLOORS WALLS CHARACTERISTIC

INTERIOR EXTERIOR INTERIOR EXTERIOR

TEST

METHOD

ISO 10.545(3)

Part

Dimensions and surface quality

■ Length and width

2

■ Thickness 2

■ Straightness of sides 2

■ Rectangularity 2

■ Surface flatness (curvature and warpage) 2

■ Surface quality 2

Physical properties

■ Water absorption 3

■

Modulus of rupture 4

■ Breaking strength 4

■ Resistance to deep abrasion (unglazed

tiles UGL) 6

■ Resistance to surface abrasion (glazedtiles GL)

7

■ Slip resistance -(4)

■ Crazing resistance (glazed tiles) 11

■ Frost resistance (1) 12

■

Resistance to thermal shock (2) 9

■ Moisture expansion (2) 10

■ Linear thermal expansion (2) 8

■ Small colour differences (2) 16

■ Impact resistance (2) 5

Chemical properties

■ Resistance to low concentrations of acids

and alkalis 13

■ Resistance to high concentrations of acids

and alkalis 13

■ Resistance to household chemicals and

swimming pool salts 13

■ Lead and cadmium release (2) (glazed tiles) 15

■ Stain resistance

- Glazed tiles

- Unglazed tiles (2)

1414



MINIMUM R EQUIREMENTS OF EACHPRODUCT GROUP ACCORDING TOEN 14411

PRODUCT GROUP PHYSICO-CHEMICAL

CHARACTERISTIC

AND TEST METHOD

CLASS OR

UNIT OF

MEASURE AIa AIb AIIa-1 AIIa-2 AIIb-1 AIIb-2 AIII BIa BIb BIIa BIIb BIII

DIMENSIONS

ISO 10545-2 mm or %

The maximum allowable tolerances are shown in Charts 3 and 4

• The maximum length and width tolerances in modular tiles shall allow a tile-to-tile joint between 3 and 11 mm wide.

• Straightness of sides and rectangularity are not envisaged for tiles with curved sides.

SURFACE QUALITY

ISO 10545-2 % 95% of the tiles shall be free of visible defects that might adversely affect the appearance of the ceramic tiling

WATER ABSORPTION (E)

• Average

• Individual max. valueISO 10545-3

% by mass≤0,50,6

≤33.3

3<E≤66.5

6<E≤1011

>10 ≤0.50.6

0.5<E≤33.3

3<E≤66.5

6<E≤1011

>10(5)

BREAKING STRENGTH

• Thickness ≥ 7.5 mm

• Thickness < 7.5 mm

MODULUS OF R UPTURE (0) ISO 10545-4

N

N/mm2

≥1300

≥600

28/21

≥1100

≥600

23/18

≥950

≥600

20/18

≥800

≥600

13/11

≥900

≥900

17,5/15

≥750

≥750

9/8

≥600

≥600

8/7

≥1300

≥700

35/32

≥1100

≥700

30/27

≥1000

≥600

22/20

≥800

≥500

18/16

≥600

≥200

15/12 (6)

• ABRASION R ESISTANCE

• Deep for UGL tilesISO 10545-6

mm3 (max.) 275 393 541 649 1062 2365 175 175 345 540

• Surface for GL tiles (1) ISO 10545-7

PEI class andno. of cycles

STATE CLASS AND NUMBER OF CYCLES STATE CLASS AND NUMBER OF CYCLES

COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR

THERMAL EXPANSION (2)

ISO 10545-8

ºC-1

(K -1)

TEST METHOD AVAILABLE TEST METHOD AVAILABLE

Chart 2 (I)

Physico-chemical characteristics 3

Characteristics in standard EN 14411



MINIMUM R EQUIREMENTS OF EACH PRODUCT GROUP ACCORDING TO EN 14411

PRODUCT GROUP PHYSICO-CHEMICAL

CHARACTERISTIC

AND TEST METHOD

CLASS OR

UNIT OF


THERMAL SHOCK R ESISTANCE(2)

ISO 10545-9

Yes/No TEST METHOD AVAILABLE TEST METHOD AVAILABLE

CRAZING R ESISTANCE (3)

GL TILES ISO 10545-11

Yes/No YES YES

FROST R ESISTANCE(2)

ISO 10545-12

Yes/No STATE R ESULT TEST METHOD AVAILABLE YES YES TEST METHOD AVAILABLE

SLIP R ESISTANCETHE TEST METHOD SHALL BE APPLIED AND THE RESULTS SHALL BE

SPECIFIED WHEN THIS IS REQUIRED BY THE NATIONAL STANDARD

OF THE TILE COUNTRY OF DESTINATION

THE TEST METHOD SHALL BE APPLIED AND THE RESULTS

SHALL BE SPECIFIED WHEN THIS IS REQUIRED BY THE

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE TILE COUNTRY OF

DESTINATION

MOISTURE EXPANSION (2)

ISO 10545-10 mm/m TEST METHOD AVAILABLE TEST METHOD AVAILABLE

SMALL COLOUR DIFFERENCES

(2)

ISO 10545-16 TEST METHOD AVAILABLE TEST METHOD AVAILABLE

IMPACT R ESISTANCE(2)

ISO 10545-5

Coefficient

ofrestitution


STAIN R ESISTANCE

• GL tiles

• UGL tiles (2)

ISO 10545-14

Classes5, 4, 3, 2,

and 1

MINIMUM CLASS 3TEST METHOD AVAILABLE

MINIMUM CLASS 3TEST METHOD AVAILABLE

Chart 2 (II)







MINIMUM R EQUIREMENTS OF EACH PRODUCT GROUP ACCORDING TOEN 14411

PRODUCT GROUPPHYSICO-CHEMICAL

CHARACTERISTIC

AND TEST METHOD

CLASS OR

UNIT OF


CHEMICAL R ESISTANCE

• To low concentrations of

acids and alkalis

THE MANUFACTURER SHALL STATE

THE CLASSIFICATION OBTAINED THE MANUFACTURER SHALL STATE THE

CLASSIFICATION OBTAINED

• To high concentrations TEST METHOD AVAILABLE TEST METHOD AVAILABLE

• To household chemicalsand swimming pool salts

• In GL tiles

• In UGL tiles (4)

ISO 10545-13

ClassesA, B, and C

MINIMUM CLASS B (slightly impaired appearance) GB MINIMUM CLASS B (slightly impaired appearance) UB

MINIMUM CLASS B (slightly impaired appearance) GB MINIMUM CLASS B (slightly impaired appearance) UB

LEAD AND CADMIUM RELEASE

ISO 10545-15 mg/dm2


(0) This is not applied to tiles with breaking load F≥3000 N(1) For GL tiles intended for flooring, EN 14411 refers the user to Annex N (of an informative character) to suggest the surface abrasion resistance class according to level of traffic and

abrasive material involved [The section on resistance to surface abrasion, tile classification according to Annex N of EN 14411, may be consulted](2) EN 14411 refers the user to Annex P (of an informative character) on the recommendation of levels according to intended tile use, with a view to clarifying the lack of definition involved in

this table by the indication ‘Test method available’ as sole ‘requirement’ for the corresponding product group(3) EN 14411 warns that some decorative effects trend to craze. If the manufacturer states this ‘effect’, the tile need not pass the test(4) If the colour, understood as shade or hue, ‘differs slightly’, chemical attack has not occurred (5) If the average water absorption capacity exceeds 20%, the manufacturer shall state the value. The minimum individual value of each tile shall not be below 9%(6) For BIII tiles, the standard proposes certain minimum values for the modulus of rupture according to nominal tile thickness: 12 N/mm2 for tiles with e≥7.5 mm and 15 N/mm2 for e<7.5 mm

Chart 2 (III)



MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DEVIATIONS FROM LENGTH AND WIDTH ACCORDING TO EN 14411

TYPE OF PRODUCT DIMENSION M DIMENSION W AVERAGE

MEASUREMENT OF

10 TILES

COMMENTS

AIa P, AIb P 3–11 mm joint ±1%/max. ±2 mm ± 1 % W-N ≤ ± 3 MM

AIa N, AIb N “ ” ±2%/max. ±4 mm ± 1.5 % “ ”

AIIa-1 P “ ” ±1.25%/max. ±2 mm ± 1 % “ ”

AIIa-1 N “ ” ±2%/max. ±4 mm ± 1.5 % “ ”

AIIa-2 P “ ” ±1.5%/max. ±2 mm ± 1.5 % “ ”

AIIa-2 N “ ” ±2%/max. ±4 mm ± 1.5 % “ ”

AIIb-1 P

AIIb-2 P

AIII P “ ” ±2%/max. ±2 mm ± 1.5 % “ ”

AIIb-1 N

AIIb-2 N

AIII N “ ” ±2%/max. ±4 mm ± 1.5 % “ ”

S≤90 2-5 mm joint ± 1.2 % ± 0.75 %W-N ≤ 2%

max. ± 5 mm

90<S≤190 “ ” ± 1 % ± 0.5 % “ ”

190<S≤410 “ ” ± 0.75 % ± 0.5 % “ ”

BIa

BIb

BIIa

BIIb

S>410 “ ” ± 0.6 % ± 0.5 % “ ”

S: tile surface in cm2

BIII WITHOUT

SPACER LUGS

L ≤ 12 cm “ ” ± 0.75 % ± 0.5 % W-N ≤ 2 mm

L > 12 cm “ ” ± 0.50 % ± 0.3 % “ ”

BIII WITH

SPACER LUGS

L ≤ 12 cm “ ” --- --- “ ”

//



MAXIMUM DEVIATIONS FROM THICKNESS, STRAIGHTNESS OF SIDES,

R ECTANGULARITY, AND SURFACE FLATNESSACCORDING TO EN 14411

Surface flatness

Curvature

Type of product Thickness

Straightness

of sides Rectangularity Centre Side Warpage

AIa P, AIb P ± 10 % ± 0.5 % ± 1 % ± 0.5 % ± 0.5 % ± 0.8 %

AIa N, AIb N ± 10 % ± 0.6 % ± 1 % ± 1.5 % ± 1.5 % ± 1.5 %

AIIa-1 P ± 10 % ± 0.5 % ± 1 % ± 0.5 % ± 0.5 % ± 0.8 %

AIIa-1 N ± 10 % ± 0.6 % ± 1 % ± 1.5 % ± 1.5 % ± 1.5 %

AIIa-2 P ± 10 % ± 1 % ± 1 % ± 1 % ± 1 % ± 1.5 %

AIIa-2 N ± 10 % ± 1 % ± 1 % ± 1.5 % ± 1.5 % ± 1.5 %

AIIb-1 P

AIIb-2 P

AIII P ± 10 % ± 1 % ± 1 % ± 1 % ± 1 % ± 1.5 %

AIIb-1 N

AIIb-2 N

AIII N ± 10 % ± 1 % ± 1 % ± 1.5 % ± 1.5 % ± 1.5 %

S≤90

(1)

± 10 % ± 0.75 % ± 1 % ± 1 % ± 1 % ± 1 % 90<S≤190 ± 10 % ± 0.5 % ± 0.6 % ± 0.5 % ± 0.5 % ± 0,5 %

190<S≤410 ± 5 % ± 0.5 % ± 0.6 % ± 0.5 % ± 0.5 % ± 0,5 %

BIa

BIb

BIIa

BIIb

S>410 ± 5 % ± 0.5 % ± 0.6 % ± 0.5 % ± 0.5 % ± 0,5 %

BIII(2)

WITHOUT

SPACER LUGS ± 10 % ± 0.3 % ± 0.5 %

+ 0.5 %- 0.3 %

+ 0.5 %- 0.3 %

± 0.5 %

BIII (2)

S ≤ 250

WITH SPACER LUGS ± 10 % ± 0.3 % ± 0.3 %

+ 0.8 %

- 0.2 %

+ 0.8 mm

- 0.2 mm± 0.5 mm

BIII (2)

S > 250

WITH SPACER LUGS ± 10 % ± 0.3 % ± 0.3 %

+ 0.8 %- 0.2 %

+ 0.8 mm- 0.2 mm

± 0.75 mm

(1) S: tile surface in cm2



PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICSENVISAGED IN STANDARD EN 14411

CHARACTERISTIC TEST METHOD R EFERENCE IN

EN 14411

EXPRESSION OF

R ESULTS EFFECT ON TILE INSTALLATION AND/OR DURABILITY

DIMENSIONS ►

Length and width

► Thickness►

Straightness of sides

►

Rectangularity► Flatness

ISO 10545-2

Compulsory►

For all tile types

► For all serviceapplications

Tolerances

in% or mm

► Fundamental to the tile installation process because they condition theselection of the materials and the technique, as well as the quality of the

tiling finish (alignment of the joint pattern and flatness). They conditionthe tile installation mode (joint width, joint layout, etc.)

SURFACE

QUALITY ISO 10545-2 Idem ‘dimensions’

First quality

max. 5% defective► This affects the quality of the tiling finish in regard to uniform appearance

and absence of surface defects

WATER ABSORPTION

CAPACITY ISO 10545-3

►

Boiling method iscompulsory

►

Defines the product

Group

E in %

DEFINES THE

PRODUCT GROUPS

► Fundamental to foreseeing the type of adhesion and, hence, selection ofthe materials and tile installation technique

►

Directly related to other characteristics and to durability (frost resistance)

LINEAR THERMAL

EXPANSION ISO 10545-8

Voluntary characteristicfor the manufacturer

C-1

or K -1

(e.g.: 4.8x10

-6K

-1)

►

The maximum temperature swings in a tiling and this coefficient allow themaximum lengthening and shortening per linear metre to be established.

Together with moisture expansion, this characteristic helps plan the position of the movement joints

MOISTURE EXPANSION ISO 10545-10Voluntary characteristic

for the manufacturer% or mm/m

► Essential coefficient for establishing the position and width of the

movement joints, in some cases with an influence 10 times greater thanthat of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion

BENDING STRENGTH ISO 10545-4

► Idem ‘dimensions’►

Expression of force (S)and modulus of rupture(R )

► CЄ mark

[1]

S in newton (N)

R in N/mm2

► Allows the ceramic tiles intended for wall tiling to be distinguished from

those intended for flooring►

A high value of S (e.g. S>2000 N) will assure good performance inflooring intended for not exclusively pedestrian traffic

[1] The CЄ

mark requires statement of the breaking strength for all tiles intended for flooring or roofing, whatever their commercial class

Chart 5 (I)






R EFERENCE IN EXPRESSION OFCHARACTERISTIC TEST METHOD

EN 14411 R ESULTS EFFECT ON TILE INSTALLATION AND/OR DURABILITY

R ESISTANCE TO DEEP

ABRASION

(UGL tiles)ISO 10545-6

Compulsory for all typesof UGL tiles intended for

flooringmm

3

► Linked to the mechanical strength of the ceramic body. The smaller theremoved volume in mm3, the greater the toughness

► It identifies UGL ceramic tile resistance to impairment of appearance bymechanical action (scratching and abrasion)

R ESISTANCE TO

SURFACE ABRASION

(GL tiles)ISO 10545-7

Compulsory for all typesof GL tiles intended for

flooring

To be stated:Class:

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5

Number of cycles:

100, 150, 600,...6000, 12000

►

Linked to the mechanical resistance to impairment of appearance (surfaceabrasion of GL ceramic tiles intended for flooring

► Together with scratch resistance, loss of gloss, and stain resistance after thevisible stage of surface abrasion, it helps select the tile for the intendedlocation and foreseeable type of traffic

SCRATCH R ESISTANCE EN 67-101-92 Not envisaged

Mohs scale

from 1 to 10

► Provides information on the resistance to impairment of appearance bygouging or scratching of GL ceramic tiles intended for flooring

►

Should be taken into account when a tile is to be selected for flooring witha low level of traffic (hardness 4) or intermediate or high level of traffic(minimum hardness 6)

LOSS OF GLOSS ISO 2813 Not envisagedAdimensional

number

►

Provides information on gloss loss by surface abrasion in GL tiles. In UGL tiles, the mirror gloss achieved by mechanical polishing is lost (>15) with

surface abrasion of 600 cycles► Gloss loss above 15 involves visually perceivable surface deterioration,

based on the contrasting, altered surface

IMPACT R ESISTANCE ISO 10545-5Voluntary for the

manufacturer

Adimensionalnumber from 0 to 1

(Coefficient ofrestitution)

►

Provides information on ceramic tile performance (especially GL tiles)when impacted by blunt objects. Interesting information for thespecifications writer and designer.

► In UGL tiles it may be of interest to know the result of the heavy impact test ( Annexe 7 of Cahier 2998 of the French CSTB)

Chart 5 (II)






R EFERENCE IN EXPRESSION OFCHARACTERISTIC TEST METHOD

EN 14411 R ESULTS EFFECT ON TILE INSTALLATION AND/OR DURABILITY

R ESISTANCE TO

R OLLING ACTION

Annexe 6 ,Cahier 2898

CSTB (France) Not envisaged

Passes or does not

pass the test

► Characteristic related to UGL ceramic tiles intended for flooring subject tolive loads (rolling actions)

► Competence of the designer or specifications writer for industrial flooringor publicly trafficked architecture

FROST R ESISTANCE ISO 10545-12

►

Compulsory for AIa,AIb, BIa and BIb

► Voluntary for theremaining groups

►

BIa and BIb shall pass the test

► For AIa, AIb stateresult

►

Fundamental characteristic of ceramic tiles intended for exteriors inclimates with frost risk

► Selection of tiles that at least pass the test or, for greater safety, tiles AIa or

BIa in exteriors with greater risk (areas Y and Z) according to NBE-CT-79

CRAZING R ESISTANCE ISO 10545-11Compulsory for all GL

tilesPasses or does not

pass the test

►

Passing the test does not assure absence of delayed crazing, which isrelated to the coefficient of moisture expansion, dimensional stability ofthe fixing background, and tile installation technique

CHEMICAL R ESISTANCE ISO 10545-13Compulsory or voluntarydepending on type of tile

and test

Codes in PDF onChemical

resistance (I)

►

Linked to the chemical resistance to impairment of appearance as a result

of attack by products that alter the ceramic tile surface (discoloration, lossof gloss and/or surface corrosion)

► Knowing the resistance to chemical attack of a wall tile or floor tile helpsselect a tile for an intended use

STAIN R ESISTANCE ISO 10545-14

► Compulsory for GL tiles

► Voluntary for UGL tiles

Classes

5, 4, 3, 2, 1

► Linked to tile cleanability before the tile installation►

Related to performance with time of tiles intended for flooring, in regard totheir cleanability after processes of mechanical and/or chemical aggression

LEAD AND CADMIUM

R ELEASE ISO 10545-15

Voluntary for themanufacturer

mg/dm2 ►

Characteristic only to be envisaged for GL tiles that will be in directcontact with food. In this case, they shall bear the CЄ mark

Chart 5 (III)








CHARACTERISTIC TEST METHOD R EFERENCE IN

EN 14411

EXPRESSION OF

R ESULTS EFFECT ON TILE INSTALLATION AND/OR DURABILITY

ISO/DIS 10545-17 Not envisagedCOF. CLASS 2

COF. CLASS 1

SLIP R ESISTANCE

UNE-ENV 12633 Not envisagedCLASSES

[2]

3, 2, 1

► Essential characteristic for evaluating safety in regard to the slip risk oftiles intended for flooring

► Greater or lesser slip resistance shall be assessed as a function of slip risk(presence of water and/or substances that foster slipping)

►

There are also national standards that delimit the anti-slip capacity ofceramic tiles, and tables that relate that capacity to the type of flooring(location and traffic)

[2] According to document SUA 1 of the new Spanish Technical Building Code

Chart 5 (IV)

ceramic tiles testing

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