ceramic tiles for floors

8/19/2019 Ceramic Tiles For Floors

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CERAMIC

AND

MOSAIC

TILES

FOR

FLOO

PROJ

ECT SUPERVISOR: PROF.DR.AFZAL JAVED

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR:


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CERAMIC AND

MOSAIC

TILES FOR

FLOOR

Submitted To: Dr. Muhammad Afzal Javed

Prepared By: Khalid Yousaf BSCE01113094

Inayat Sarwary BSCE01113233

Faramarz BSCE01113239

Sayed Ahmad BSCE01113240


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Presentation flow

INTRODUCTION

OF

TILES

PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES

OF

THE

TILES

TYPES

OF

TILES

MOSAIC

TILES

MANUFACTURING

OF

MOSAIC

AND

CERAMIC

TILE

CERAMIC

TILES

IMPORTANT

TESTS

REQUIRED

ON

TILES

SELECTION

AND

MAINTENANCE

OF

TILES


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INTRODUCTION TO TILES

A

tile

is

a

manufactured

piece

of

hard

-

wearing material such as

ceramic, stone, metal, or even

glass,

generally

used

for

covering

roofs, floors, walls,

showers, or

other

objects

such

as

tabletops


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INTRODUCTION

Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can rangefrom simple square tiles to complex mosaics. Tiles are most oftenmade of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed forroofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass,cork, concrete and other composite materials, and stone


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TYPES OF TILES

Quarry Tile

Glazed Porcelain Tiles

Metal Tiles

Vitrified Tiles

Digital Tiles

Stone Tiles

Ceramic Tiles

Mosaic Tiles


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QUARRY TILES PORCELAIN TILE

made by the extrusion process fromnatural clay or shale’s. Quarry tile is

manufactured from clay in a manner

similar to bricks Usually coming in 13

to 19 mm

Porcelain tiles are ceramicused to cover floors and wa

absorption rate of less th

They can either be glazed o


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METAL TILEChoice of leading and designers from

around the world.

VITRIFIED TILE

Is a ceramic tile with very low porosity. It

is an alternative to marble and graniteflooring. Vitrified tiles are often used

outdoors due to their water and frost

resistance. Vitrified t

Metal til


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DIGITAL TILE

These tiles are created based on principles and

procedures similar to graphic art work andoffers photo-like high resolution impressions.

They give a unique look to the walls,

with unlimited designs possibilities, sharper

finishes and high resolution printing, digital

tiles is now becoming ceramic art for the walls.


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STONE TILE

Stone Art Tiles represents a wide range of tilesresembling stones ranging from traditional to

contemporary designs, varied patterns with

light to dark colors and matching the

specification of urban and small town house

holds. These tiles are cost effective and easy to

maintain as compared to natural stones


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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TILES


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PROPERTIES• RESISTANCE TO ABRASION

• FREEZE-RESISTANCE

• THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE

• BENDING STRENGTH AND BREAKING FORCE

• CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

• STAIN RESISTANCE

• PROPERTIES RELATED TO SAFETY


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RESISTANCE TO ABRASION

• It specifies the resistance of the tile to mechanical damage

resulting from the impact of the abrasive factor• The greater the hardness of the tile is, the lower its

susceptibility to scratching, wear and tear during walking and

abrasion

• It consists in the specification of the number of rotations of

the device that rubs the surface of the glazed tile after whichthe permanent traces of abrasion become visible


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FREEZE-RESISTANCE

The ceramic tiles, which are to be laid out at places exposed t

of negative temperatures

THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE

The ceramic tiles which can be subjected to the local sudden

change should have the declared thermal shock resistance conf

test according to PN-EN ISO 10545-9.


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BENDING STRENGTH AND BREAKING FORCE

To put it simply, these parameters specify at which stresssubject to breaking. It is a particularly important parametethe floor tiles

are subjected to significant mechanical loads, and abrasive tin places, where stresses caused by the movements of buildinoccur.

the test method specified in PN-EN ISO 10545-9.

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE Specifies the resistance of the tile to the impact of testin

daily use agents, salts for swimming pools as well as acids and

The tiles resistant to the chemical factors cannot be subjectunder the influence of these substances, e.g. a change in glThe test method specified in PN-EN ISO 10545-13.


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PROPERTIES RELATED TO SAFETY

• Mainly resistance to slipping, particularly

important in the case of tiles intended for

floors having contact with water, where

there is hazard of slipping, both in

residential and public utility premises


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MANUFACTURING OF

AND MOSAIC TI


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Background

• The production of tile dates back to ancient times and peop

the Egyptians, the Babylonians, and the Assyrians. For instaPyramid for the Pharaoh Djoser, built in ancient Egypt aro

contained colorful glazed tile.

• Later, tile was manufactured in virtually every major Euro

and in the United States. By the beginning of the twentiethwas manufactured on an industrial scale.


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Background

• Europe, Latin America, and the Far East are the largest pro

with Italy the leader at 16.6 million ft.2/day as of 1989. Fo(at 24.6 percent of the world market) are Spain (12.6 percen

Germany (both at 11.2 percent), and the United States (4.5 p


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SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS

The raw materials used to form tile consist of

clay minerals mined from the earth's crust,

natural minerals such as feldspar that are usedto lower the firing temperature, and

chemical additives required for the shaping

process

The minerals are often refined or beneficiated

near the mine before shipment to the ceramic

plant


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clay


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Batching

• For many ceramic products, including tile, the bod

determined by the amount and type of raw materials.

• The raw materials also determine the color of the tile

be red or white in color, depending on the amount of

raw materials used.

• Therefore, it is important to mix the right amounts tothe desired properties


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Mixing and grinding

• Once the ingredients are weighed, they are added tog

mixer, ribbon mixer, or intensive mixer. A shell mixe

cylinders joined into a V, which rotates to tumb

material.

• Sometimes it is necessary to add water to improve

multiple-ingredient batch as well as to achieve finprocess is called wet milling and is often performed usi

• The resulting water-filled mixture is called a slurry or


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Spray drying

• If wet milling is first used, the excess water is ususpray drying. This involves pumping the slurry

consisting of a rapidly rotating disk or nozzle

• . Droplets of the slip are dried as they are heated by

column, forming small, free flowing granules that re

suitable for forming.


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Forming

• Most tile is formed by dry pressing. In this method,powder — containing organic binder or a low percenta

flows from a hopper into the forming die.

• The material is compressed in a steel cavity by steel

then ejected by the bottom plunger. Automated press

operating pressures as high as 2,500 tons.


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Auto hydraulic tile press machinery


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Drying

Ceramic tile usually must be dried (at high relative humidity)after forming, especially if a wet method is used.

Drying, which can take several days, removes the water at a

slow enough rate to prevent shrinkage cracks

Continuous or tunnel driers are used that are heated using gas

or oil, infrared lamps, or microwave energy. Infrared drying isbetter suited for thin tile, whereas microwave drying works

better for thicker tile


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Glazing

• The glaze coating is comprised of liquid colored glass and is

applied and baked to the surface of the bisque under very

high temperatures.

• The liquid glass coating is what creates the texture, design

and color of a glazed tile and protects the body of the tile

from staining. The colors in the glaze come from various

minerals, such as zinc, mercury, copper, gold, silver, etc.


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Firing

• After glazing, the tile must be heated

intensely to strengthen it and give it

the desired porosity.


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Process flow


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CERAMIC STANDARD TESTS


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IMPORTANT TESTBREAKING STRENGTH CERAMIC TILE, ASTM C648-04

FRICTION

WATER ABSORPTION

SCRATCH HARDNESS

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, ASTM C650-04

ABRASION RESISTANCE, ASTM C1027-99

INDUSTRY STANDARDS


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BREAKING STRENGTH CERAMIC TILEASTM C648-04

Ceramic tiles used on floors and walls

must be able to withstand the

expected load bearing capacity of various installations

A force is applied to an unsupported

portion of the tile specimen until

breakage occurs. The ultimate

breaking strength is then recorded in

pounds

Final selection of the tile should be

based upon the breaking strength

and the appropriate installation

method

MOR Testing M


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FRICTION

is the force that resists the

sliding motion of one surface

against another There are two types of friction:

static (SCOF) and dynamic

(DCOF)

SCOF is the ratio of forces

necessary to start two surfaces

sliding. This is what the former

ASTM C1028 static testmeasured

. DCOF is the ratio of forces

necessary to keep two surfaces

sliding.

MOR TESTING M


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WATER ABSORPTION:

Is measured using ASTM C373-88. Individual tiles

weighed, saturated with water, then weighed again

The percent difference between the two conditionreferred to as the water absorption value.

Tiles are classified according to water absorption percentages asfollows:

Impervious Tiles exhibiting 0.5% or less.

Vitreous Tiles exhibiting more than 0.5%but not more than 3.0%

Semi-Vitreous Tiles exhibiting more than 3.0% but not more than 7.0%

Non-Vitreous Tiles exhibiting more than 7.0%.


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SCRATCH HARDNESS (MOH'S SCALE RATINGS)

The relative hardness of glazed tile is an important iss

that should be addressed when selecting a tile

The test is performed by scratching the surface of the t

with different minerals and subjectively assigning

"MOH's Scale Hardness" number to the glaze

MOH’S RATINGS

the softest mineral used is talc ("1" rating), the hardest is a diamond ("10"

rating). Other minerals of varying hardness provide Moh's Scale Hardness

values of 5 to 7 are suitable for most residential floor applications. A value of

7 or greater is normally recommended for commercial applications.


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CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, ASTM C650-04

Chemical resistance is measured using ASTM C650-04

A tile sample is placed in continuous contact with a

variety of chemicals for 24 hours, rinsing the surface

and then examining the surface for visible variation.


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SELECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CERAMI

WHICH IS BEST !!!


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What are the key factors to consider when specifyin

/ buying ceramic tiles as a flooring option?

• When specifying tiles, it is imperativethe area of use (floor or wall)

• condition of use (wet or dry, trafficexposure to hygrothermic stress: weathtemperature change, prolonged contactetc.).

• For floor that is often exposed to

instance the bathroom, and in contacand chemicals (e.g. bathroom and involving chemicals), the tiles should bchemical resistant.


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• For floor tiles subjected to high amou

such as public areas in shoppi

restaurants, meeting halls, hospitals,

factories the tiles chosen must be hamechanical strength, show high resistan

and slip as well as resistant to stain a

attack

• For public areas, heavy duty tiles such

tiles are preferred to glazed tiles beca

more compact and possess higher strength.

CERAMIC IMPORTANT FEATURES


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CERAMIC IMPORTANT FEATURES

• SAFETY

• HYGIENE

• EASE OF CLEANING

• COST

• SIZE

• COLOUR

• AESTHETIC

• GOOD INSULATOR


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SAFTY HYGIENE

fire-proof materials comparedto other flooring materials

They will not give off any toxic

gas or fume during a fire.

do not tend to accumulate

electrostatic charge

will not retain labsorb fumes,

smoke

The surface of

resistant to

agents such as ba

or microbes


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EASE OF CLEANING COST

Ceramic tiles do not retain dust

or residue as these particles will

not adhere to their surface.

Ceramic tiles are so easy to clean

and maintain

It is obvious that

the important fact

tiles


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AESTHETIC

Depending on a tile's design,shape and surface texture, it

can produce a large variety

of effects

simple, elegant, cool,

warm, modern, classic

MAINTENANCE


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MAINTENANCE

precautions have to be taken


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CLEANING PRODUCTS

CLEANING METHODS

ABRASIVE DIRT

IMPACT

PRECAUTIONS HAVE TO BE TAKEN


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CLEANING PRODUCTS

Use appropriate cleaning products, such as

standard commercial tile care products for

cleaning.

Avoid using acid based detergents that are

very harsh and corrosive

. Cleaning agents containing hydrofluoric or

fluoric compounds should be avoided


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CLEANING METHODS

When cleaning, try to avoid the use of highly

abrasive materials like scouring pads or metalpads

Clean all spills immediately. The longer the spills stand,

the greater the possibility of staining to the tile

surface.

ABRASIVE DIRT

Sweep away any grit or sand from the tiled

surface as they can scratch the glaze


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IMPACT

Do not drag heavy objects such as furniture

or crates across the tiled floor

Every effort should be made to prevent

heavy objects from dropping onto the tiles.


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ceramic tiles for floors

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