1.vascular access for vasoactive drugs,fluid therapy or parenteral nutrit ion

2.Haemodynamic monitoring a.in normal patients,CVP correlates well with left ventricular

filling pressure. b.Abnormal airway pressures such as in the case of

underlying lung disease or high level ventricular support with falsely elevated cvp with respect to LV filling pressure.

c.In states of right heart ischemia/infarction,vascular heart disease,cardiac temponade, or pulmonary hypertension,cvp may not correlate with LV filling pressure.

Uses 1.Vascular access when peripheral access is

poor. 2.Administration of fluids,vasoactive

drugs,drugs that irritate veins and total parenteral nutrition.

3..Haemodynamic monitoring 4.Haemodialysis and plasmapheresis

1.Canulation sites:include the subclavian, internal jugular,external jugular and femoral veins.

2.normal CVP; 0-8 mmHg 3.CVP;Measured with a fluid filled catheter

system as described above for arterial lines.

1.Pneumothorex 2.Arterial puncture 3.Haematoma/Haemothorex 4.Air embolism 5.Chylothorex 6.Neurogenic injury 7.tracheal laceration. 8.subclavian vein thrombosis 9.sepsis

1.Pneumothorex 2.Arterial puncture 3.Haematoma/Haemothorex 4.Air embolism 5.Chylothorex 6.Neurogenic injury 7.tracheal laceration. 8.subclavian vein thrombosis 9.sepsis