central place theory. a. site & situation 1.site: refers to the physical characteristics of a...
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CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
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A. Site & SituationA. Site & Situation1.1. sitsitee: refers to the : refers to the
physical physical characteristics of characteristics of a locationa location
2.2. situationsituation: refers : refers to the relative to the relative location in terms location in terms of spatial of spatial interconnection & interconnection & interdependenceinterdependence
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B. Types of Settlement B. Types of Settlement PatternsPatterns
Nucleated settlementsNucleated settlements: clustered : clustered around a central nodal point (defense, around a central nodal point (defense, close to water, transportation routes)close to water, transportation routes)
Linear settlementsLinear settlements: geographically : geographically restricted by mountains, hills, valleys or restricted by mountains, hills, valleys or rivers…or along roadsrivers…or along roads
Dispersed settlementsDispersed settlements: lot of land is : lot of land is required, such as farming regionsrequired, such as farming regions
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Settlement types:
A?
B?
C?
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C. Functional Structure of Cities:
Three basic types of cities:
1. Central places: functioning primarily as service centers for local hinterlands.
2. Transportation centers: performing break-of-bulk functions for larger regions
3. Specialized-function cities: dominated by one activity such as mining, manufacturing, or recreation
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Economic Base Theory
Basic Sector: local businesses that are dependent upon sales outside the city
Non-basic Sector: businesses dependent upon local business conditions (grocery store, barber, drycleaners, restaurants)
multiplier effect: increase in basic jobs increases non-basic jobs…
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D. WORLD CITIES & MEGACITIES
1.World cities: play a key role in the global economy (London, New York, Tokyo)
– most have extremely large populations– some do not: Milan (center of fashion) & Geneva
(UN agencies)
2.Megacities: over 10 million
– over ½ of 20 largest cities today are in developing worldProblems of megacities: migration from the countryside, slums (barrios or favelas), informal economies, poverty, crime, child labor, orphans, water supply
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HOW URBANIZED IS THE WORLD TODAY?
% pop urban
Africa 38Asia 38L America 75N America 77Europe 75Oceania 70
1. The developing world of Africa & Asia are more rural
2. Regions that industrialized first have more medium-sized towns (Europe)
3. MOST URBANIZED region: W. Europe – Belgium, Netherlands, U.K. are >90% urbanized
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1950 1975 2003 2015
Urban Area
Popu-
lation
Urban Area Popu-
lation
Urban Area Popu-
lation
Urban Area Popu-
lation
1 New York, 12.3 1 Tokyo, Japan
26.6 1 Tokyo, Japan 35.0 1 Tokyo, Japan 36.2
2 Tokyo, Japan
11.3 2 New York, USA
15.9 2 Mexico City, Mexico
18.7 2 Mumbai, India 22.6
3 Shanghai, China
11.4 3 New York, USA 18.3 3 Delhi, India 20.9
4 Mexico City 10.7 4 Sao Paulo, Brazil
17.9 4 Mexico City, Mexico
20.6
5 Mumbai, India 17.4 5 Sao Paulo, Brazil
20.0
6 Delhi, India 14.1 6 New York, USA 19.7
7 Calcutta, India 13.8 7 Dhaka, Bangladesh
17.9
8 Buenos Aires 13.0 8 Jakarta, Indonesia
17.5
9 Shanghai, China
12.8 9 Lagos, Nigeria 17.0
10
Jakarta, Indonesia
12.3 10
Calcutta, India 16.8
11
Los Angeles, USAb
12.0 11
Karachi, Pakistan
16.2
12
Dhaka, Bangladesh
11.6 12
Buenos Aires, Argentina
14.6
13
Osaka-Kobe, Japan
11.2 13
Cairo, Egypt 13.1
14
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
11.2 14
Los Angeles, USAb
12.9
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E. Walter Christaller’sCentral Place Theory
1. nested hexagons show a hierarchal ranking of market areas
hinterland: rural area outside urban areas
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Why Hexagons for Market Areas?
Hexagons don’t leave gaps between market areas
& its edges aren’t equidistant from the center
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2. range of services: maximum distance consumers are willing to travel to obtain a product or service
* luxury items: longer range
3. threshold: minimum number of consumers needed to support a business
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provides some basic services
Hamlets
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Larger than a village and has a higher level of specialization
Towns
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CitiesCities have more specialization and a larger hinterland than a town…A city has suburbs while a town has outskirts
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Market-Area Analysis
• Retailers and other service providers make use of market-area studies to determine whether locating in the market would be profitable
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Supermarket and Convenience Store Market
Areas
Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and UDF convenience stores in
Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much larger areas and ranges than convenience stores.
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F. Central Place Assumptions:
1. orderly hierarchy of central places
2. places of the same size equally spaced apart
3. larger cities spaced farther apart
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Rank-Size Rule1. inverse relationship between size of
a city & its urban rank
2. Under the rank-size rule:
- town 1/2 the size city- village 1/3 size- hamlet ¼ size