ModellingThis refers to the use of computers to

represent a real life situation.

ModelsModels are made up of inputs, processing

and outputs like any computer system.The processing is represented by a set of

rules which are used for evaluating inputs, huge amount of complex calculations may be carried out which will necessitate the use of great processing power.

An output is then produced after the processing

Research abouth the following modelsEconomic Prototype ClimateWeather focustingFor each one explain the inputs, processing and outputs. Where possible give examples of a real life application naming the specific uses.

Choice of Modelling softwareThere are many options available for meodelling software. Some of the software is now available as off-the-shelf software. In the past the software had to be custom built but this is gradually changing.

Economic ModelsGovernments use models to predict the future of a nation’s economy. Most government revenue comes from taxes on goods, services, individuals incomes etc.

Models can be used to work out the impact these different variables will have on interest rates and government revenue.

PrototypePrototypes are exact physical models built to scale. This is very expensive. These have been replaced by virtual prototypes. Physical prototypes can still be produced using combinations of CAD and CAM. The design is produced using CAD and and special machinery is controlled by CAM software.

ClimateThe models are created using spreadsheet software . There are a number of variables used as input such as greenhouse gas emissions, precipitation, evaporation. If then else statements are used on different scenarios.

Weather ForecastingThe data from sensors in weather stations are used as input. Past weather patterns and the resulting weather conditions are stored on a database.

Variables include atmospheric pressure, humidity, rainfall, temperature, wind speed, wind direction. The calculation and logical comparisons carried out require huge amounts of computer processing power.

SimulationsSimulation are used for training pilots, drivers, scientists and military personnel. It is safer and less costly to use simulations.

Advantages Of Using SimulationsIt is saferSituations can be repeated as many times as necessary.Dangerous situation can be createdThe cost of running a simulator is lower than doing it in

real life.

Disadvantages Of Using SimulatorsThey are expensive to buy and maintainIt is difficult to replicate all possible situationsOperators are aware of the artificial situation and will

therefore not react as they would in a real life situation.

Air-pilot training

Important components of a flight simulatorFlight yokeBrake pedals or ruddersHeadsets, including earphones and

microphoneTransceiverFlight consolescreensNB The systems can be used to automatically assess the pilot.

Car driver trainingSimulators are also available for car drivers. The rationale is the same as for flight simulators. Companies use it for advertising such as a car sales company attracting new customers.

Profit forecasts

Profit forecastsA simple form of a model is a spreadsheet being used to calculate profit by subtracting total expenditure from the selling price.Examples are the break-even facility.More advanced models take into account factors in the economic environment such as taxation, rent, mortgage payments etc.

Architecture

ArchitectureThe software used is CAD. It has an in built library of parts and allows the display of designs in 3-D. Some can also allow a walk through. Plotter sand printers can be used to produce hard copies.3-D printer can be used for producing 3-D physical models.

Nuclear research

Nuclear researchNuclear researchers use models to change important variable such as temperature and concentrations of radiactive materials without endangering their lives. Models also allow time to be speeded up.

Geology

GeologyGeological models are used to predict the concentration, distribution and shape of deposits.The area concerned is drilled and images are fed into a computer and used to generate a 3-D model of the geological landscape. This will in turn determine how the mining will be carried out.