Chapter 6

CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

Chapter 6, Lesson 1

THE GROWTH OF COASTAL TRADING

CITIES

L1 HW Review QuestionsIdentify & Example: (2 sentences)1) ethnic 2) manufacture 3) network 4) monsoon 5) prosperMain Idea: (3-5 sentences)① Describe the geography of Central & Southern Africa.② What goods/resources were traded between Africa and

Asia/Arabia?③ Why was Kilwa such an important city-state?Summarize: (6 sentences)④ The Bantu Migrations.Critical Thinking: (5-7 sentences)⑤ Besides trading goods, how else did the trans-Indian

Ocean trade affect East African coastal cities?⑥ Why do you think East Africa never unified into an

Empire?

Words to KnowSpecies (n.) Def: a group of

plants or animals that are able to have offspring

Ex: Mr. Igor is from a different species, according to B1 History Class.

Coastal (adj.)

Def: existing along the land next to or near the sea

Ex: Shanghai is a coastal city.

Port (n.) Def: a place along a body of water where ships can anchor or dock

Ex: Mr. Igor’s classroom is a port of education.

A Diverse Geography Central Africa = huge tropical rain forests Thousands of species of colorful birds

Southern Africa = IMMENSE grasslands Elephants, giraffes, lions, zebras

Human geography: Diverse = 100s of different ethnic groups Separate languages, customs, religions

Common ancestor = Bantu peoples 1st Bantu modern-day border: Nigeria & Cameroon Bantu migration: 1000 BC; moved South & East; 500 AD reach

tip of S.A. EFFECTS: cultural blending

1) adapt to new environment 2) exchanged ideas 3) intermarried

Coastal City-States Emerge 1100 AD: Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to Eastern coast Established 1) farming villages & 2) lively trading outposts

East African merchants traded with Arabia, Persia, India African raw materials Asia

Ex: gold, iron, ivory, slaves, timber (wood) Asian manufactured Africa

Ex: porcelain, spices, beads, textiles (carpets) 1200s: E. Africa = network of trading towns & city-states

Kilwa: coastal city-state = city + surrounding land (independent political unit) Founded by: Arabian & Persian settlers (late 1000s) Prospered because: as far south as a ship from India could

sail in one monsoon season = Southern merchants send goods to Kilwa

The Influence of Islam Trade across Indian Ocean increases = Arab traders settling in East African port towns EFFECT: coastal Africans borrow aspects of Arab culture

1. New language = Swahili: Bantu language + Arabic words

2. Islama) most Africans kept their traditional religious beliefs but

many also converted middle-class, involved in trans-Indian Ocean trade

3. Governmenta) Gov. officials & merchants = Muslimb) Introduce ideas about govn’t & law

Lack of Unity = easier for Europeans to invade & conquer in 1600sWhy? competing for trade

Chapter 6, Lesson 2

EMPIRES BUILT ON GOLD & TRADE

L1 HW Review QuestionsIdentify & Example: (2 sentences)1) encircle 2) eagle-eye 3) abandon 4) exodus 5) pillageMain Idea: (3-5 sentences)① Where did the Shona settle? Why?Summarize: (6 sentences)② Great Zimbabwe & Enclosure (10 sentences)③ The Mutapa Empire.Critical Thinking: (5-7 sentences)④ Great Zimbabwe did not mine or produce gold. How was

it control such a vast empire?

Words to Know Precious (adj.)

Def: having great value

Ex: Your education is precious.

Granite (n.) Def: a hard rock used in building

Ex: Your brains are like granite.

Resource (n.) Def: water, labor, or other supply available for economic development

Ex: Mr. Igor’s classroom is a resource for your educational development.

Ample (adj.)

Def: more than enough; plenty

Ex: You have ample time to complete the steps necessary for your education.

Rise of the Shona Civilization 800s: Bantu-speaking Shona settle valley of Limpopo River (Southern Africa)

1000s: move into rich farmland: between Zambezi & Limpopo

Zimbabwe: settlements encircled by large stone walls “house of stone”

Shona = #s of zimbabwes Present-day: Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe

Great Zimbabwe Largest settlement: Great Zimbabwe Center of Shona empire City + surrounding area = 100 acres/ 10-20,000 people

Region = huge plains = farming & herding (cattle)

Near trade routes

The Great Enclosure 3 sections the Valley Ruins (newest; small structures & mounds) the Hill Complex (like: Acropolis) Sits on high hill; center of religious activities; oldest part

the Great Enclosure: largest & most significant Home for kings and queens Looks like necklace (eagle-eye view) outer granite wall: 820 feet around / 36 feet high Cut so perfectly; nothing needed to hold them in place

Conical tower (mysterious???) Giant grain bin = good harvests ??? Religious purpose ???

Gold & Trade Gold = international prized good Traded between Africa China & India Great Zimbabwe DID NOT produce or mine gold Located between: West: gold producing East: coastal trading cities

RESULT: 1) tax trade 2) force tributes (from lesser leaders) during peak: 2,000 pounds of precious metal PER YEAR

DECLINE: theories1) Drought & overuse of land by cattle = shortage of resources

(exodus)2) Shifting trading networks = abandonment

Either way: no more Zimbabwe by 1500

The Mutapa Empire Shona oral tradition: Mutota left Great Zimbabwe 1440; traveled north

Searching for salt = important for African diet

Found valley: fertile soil, good rainfall, ample wood

Conquered surrounding land Mutapa: “Great Pillager” Mutapa’s son extends empire North to Zambezi River; east to Indian Ocean

Wealth = controlling gold trade

Chapter 2, Lesson 3

THE KONGO KINGDOM

L1 HW Review QuestionsIdentify & Example: (2 sentences)1) appoint 2) manufacture 3) missionary 4) convert 5) immunity 6) seize 7) plantation 8) corrupt 9)Main Idea: (3-5 sentences)① Why did the Kongo people settle near the Congo River?② How did the Kongo Kingdom organize it’s empire?③ Why did Portugal meet Kongo?④ How did Alfonso I change Kongo’s society?Summarize: (6 sentences)⑤ The “good” relationship between Portugal and Kongo?⑥ The “bad” relationship between Portugal and Kongo?Critical Thinking: (5-7 sentences)⑦ No thinking required!!!!!

Words to KnowInitial (n.) Def: happening at the

beginning; firstEx: Your initial education begins every day.

Strained (adj.) Def: pushed by resentment nearly to open conflict.

Ex: Mr. Stewart has a strained relationship with his B1 history students.

Instability (adj.)

Def: the condition of being unsteady or undependable

Ex: Your inability to complete assignments properly leads to education instability.

A Kingdom Arises on the Atlantic 1300s: Bantu-people “Kongo” settle western coast of Africa Settled north of Congo River (3,000 miles, empties into Atlantic)

Resources: Fertile soil, iron & copper ore, good fishing & Congo R.

transportation 1400s: move south, conquer other people

Capital: Mbanza Highly organized kingdom Village = basic political unit Group of villages = district Districts grouped into six provinces King appointed governors for provinces

King: in charge of economy (provinces pay taxes every 6 months)

Payments = cowrie shells (colorful seashell used for money)

Kongo & Portugal

• 1400s = “Age of Exploration”: time when European kingdoms sailed oceans to explore new lands• Portugal: small country, west of Spain; on Atlantic Ocean• 1480s: Portugal sails down western coast of Africa; meets Kongo kingdom

• At first: GOOD!!!1) Active tradeb) Kongo Portugali. Copper, iron, Ivory

c) Portugal Kongoi. Guns, horses,

manufactured goods2) Christian Religionb) Portugal sends

missionaries: people who travel to other lands seeking to gain followers to their religion (i.e., converts)

Age of Exploration Cultural Interaction

The Rule of Afonso 1506: Nzinga Mbemba takes throne (European name: Alfonso I)

Copied Portuguese:1) Official religion: Roman Catholicism2) Capital city: Mbanza Sao Salvador3) Politics: appointed dukes & counts;

required to wear western clothing4) Education: Alfonso learned to read &

write Portuguese; sent subjects to Portugal to learn to read &write

Portuguese Problems

• Immunity: protection from disease•When cultures meet = new diseases; no immunity• Alfonso requests new doctors:• For the “many and different diseases which put us very often in such a weakness.”

• 1470s: Portuguese claim island Sao Tome off west coast of Africa• Establish: sugar fields

(plantations: large farm to grow one crop = hard labor)• Portugal pressures Kongo for more

& more slaves = depopulation• Alfonso asks Portugal to stop:• “Merchants daily seize our subjects…

so great… is their corruption… that our country is being utterly depopulated.”

• 1543: Alfonso dies• 1,000s of Africans enslaved every year• 1561: Kongo “cuts itself off” from

Portugal

Disease Slavery

The Kingdom Struggles

•After Alfonso: period of instability• Late 1560s: war with neighboring kingdom the Jaga• Kongo ask Portugal for help• 1600s: Kongo regains stability