center pivot irrigation for corn: water management and
TRANSCRIPT
Center Pivot Irrigation for Corn:
Water Management and System
Design Considerations
Steve Hines
Extension Educator
University of Idaho
Jerome County
December 12, 2013
This talk summarizes UI Bulletin BUL 881
Center Pivot Irrigation for Corn: Water Management and System Design Considerations in Southern IdahoBy S. Hines and H. Neibling
http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/pdf/BUL/BUL0881.pdf
Or
Google: University of Idaho Bulletin 881
Factors Affecting Corn YieldDr Fred Below, University of Illinois
Factor
• Weather (Irrigation)
• Nitrogen
• Hybrid
• Previous Crop
• Plant Population
• Tillage
• Growth Regulators
Weight on Yield (%)
27%
26
19
10
8
6
4
100%
Outline
• Impact of stress on yield depends on crop stage
• Water stress may occur because insufficient water is applied to match ET
– Irrigation scheduling problem
– Irrigation design problem
• Water stress may occur because part of applied water is lost to surface runoff.
PollinationV6 V7-V12
Critical growth stages
Drought Stressed Ears
Outline
• Impact of stress on yield depends on crop stage
• Water stress may occur because insufficient water is applied to match ET
– Irrigation scheduling problem
– Irrigation design problem
• Water stress may occur because part of applied water is lost to surface runoff.
Date
Winter Grain
Spring Grain
Dry Beans
Potatoes
Field Corn
Sugar Beets
Alfalfa
Tillering
Tillering
Boot - flower
Boot - flower
Flowering
Tuber set
PollinationGermination, Emergence
& Early Growth
Early growth New fall seedings
V-6
Timing of Crop ET and Critical Crop Stages
for Magic Valley Conditions
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Ag
rim
et E
stim
ated
Cro
p E
T, in
/dAverage 30-Year ET for Corn in the Magic Valley
7.5 gpm/a
6.5 gpm/a
Critical pollination and
ear development stage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5/1 5/31 6/30 7/30 8/29 9/28 10/28
ET
an
d I
rrig
ati
on
, in
ch
es
Date
Bliss Corn Silage 2005
AGRIMET ET
Max irrigation
Actual irrig
7/20
7 gpm/acre
Scheduling deficiency
Outline
• Impact of stress on yield depends on crop stage
• Water stress may occur because insufficient water is applied to match ET
– Irrigation scheduling problem
– Irrigation design problem
• Water stress may occur because part of applied water is lost to surface runoff.
7.5 gpm/a
6.5 gpm/a
7.5 gpm/a
6.5 gpm/a
You may not be able to supply enough water at mid-season, so how much
usable water can you bank in your soil?
Maximum Storable Water
• Sandy Loam (1.7 in/ft * 0.5 = 0.85 in/ft)–1 ft: 0.8 in
–2 ft: 1.7 in
–3 ft: 2.6 in
• Silt loam (2.4 in/ft * 0.5 = 1.2 in/ft)–1 ft: 1.2 in
–2 ft: 2.4 in
–3 ft: 3.6 in
50% MADOnly 40% during pollination
Outline
• Impact of stress on yield depends on crop stage
• Water stress may occur because insufficient water is applied to match ET
– Irrigation scheduling problem
– Irrigation design problem
• Water stress may occur because part of applied water is lost to surface runoff.
Spread the water stream over a wider area to match infiltration rate of your soil
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Spri
nkl
er
& In
filt
rati
on
rat
e, i
n/h
Time after irrigation is started, hours
Portneuf silt loamKimberly, ID
first pivot span
infiltration
20' dia.
45' dia.
100' dia.
Fore and Aft Booms Spread the Application Pattern &
Reduce Runoff
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Spri
nkl
er
& In
filt
rati
on
rat
e, i
n/h
Time after irrigation is started, minutes
Portneuf silt loamKimberly, ID
last pivot span
infiltration
20' dia.
45' dia.
45' + booms (75)
100' dia.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Spri
nkl
er
& In
filt
rati
on
rat
e, i
n/h
Time after irrigation is started, minutes
Portneuf silt loamKimberly, ID
last pivot span
infiltration
20' dia.
45' dia.
45' + booms (75)
100' dia.
infiltration + 0.5 insurface storage
Reservoir Tillage
• Increases surface storage to minimize runoff
• More effective on flat fields than sloping ones
• Storage capacity
– 0-2% slopes, 0.75 inch storage
– 2-5% slopes, 0.5 inch storage
– >5% slopes, 0.25 inch storage
• “Mini ponds” tend to break down as the season progresses
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Fie
ld a
rea,
%
Ap
plic
atio
n o
r In
filt
rati
on
Rat
e, i
n/h
Distance From Pivot Point, feet
20 ft
45 ft
100 ft
sandy loam
field area
1320 ft pivot
Reduce Pivot & linear Runoff Losses By:
• Choose proper application pack
• Use fore & aft booms to spread application pattern
• Limit application per revolution
• Use reservoir tillage (dammer-diker)
Final Irrigation Considerations
Growth Stage Plant
Moisture %
Days to
maturity
Water use to
maturity
(inches)
Blister (R2) 45 10.5
Dough (R4) 80 34 7.5
Full Dent (R5) 75 24 5.0
¼ Milk Line 70 19 3.75
½ Milk Line 66 13 2.25
¾ Milk Line 63 7 1.0
Physiological
Maturity
59 0 0.0
Summary - Pivots and Linears
• Avoid excessive early and late-season irrigation but….
• Fill the soil profile early
• Pay attention to critical ET timing of corn for maximum yield
• Use faster rotation speeds or dammer-diking to reduce runoff
• You can grow good corn on 80% water with good management
• Refer to your Proceedings or UI Bulletin 881
Questions?