cemist component
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Secondary Structure• non-linear• 3 dimensional• localized to regions of an
amino acid chain• formed and stabilized by
hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions
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• Non-linear• 3 dimensional• Global, and across distinct
amino acid polymers• Formed by hydrogen
bonding, covalent bonding, hydrophobic packing and hydrophilic exposure
• Favorable, functional structures occur frequently and have been categorized
HISTORYHISTORYQuaternary Structure KOENIGSBERGCHARACTERISTICS
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Polarity
• Polarity of water molecules allows them to form hydrogen bonds with each other– Contributes to four properties of water critical to
life processes
Hydrogenbonds
+
+
H
H+
+
–
–
– –
Figure 3.2
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Cohesion
– The bonding of a high percentage of molecules to neighboring molecules
– Helps pull water up through the microscopic vessels of plants
Water conducting cells
100 µmFigure 3.3
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Cohesion
Surface tension (related to cohesion) is measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
Figure 3.4
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A universal solvent
• Is polar– Can dissolves salts
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Water as a solvent
• The different regions of the polar water molecule can interact with ionic compounds called solutes and dissolve them Negative
oxygen regions
of polar water molecules
are attracted to sodium
cations (Na+).
+
+
+
+Cl ––
–
–
–
Na+Positive
hydrogen regions of water molecules
cling to chloride anions (Cl–).
++
+
+
–
––
–
–
–Na+
Cl–
Figure 3.6