cellular growth
DESCRIPTION
Cellular Growth. Chapter 9. Do Now. 1. How big is a cell? 2. What happens if a cell gets too big?. DO NOW Create a model of what happens when you get a cut. Use picture, words, symbols, etc. Be ready to present. Objectives. 1. SWBAT review what happens when you get a cut. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Cellular GrowthCellular Growth
Chapter 9Chapter 9
Do NowDo Now
1. How big is a cell?1. How big is a cell?
2. What happens if a cell gets too big?2. What happens if a cell gets too big?
DO NOWDO NOWCreate a model of what happens Create a model of what happens
when you get a cut.when you get a cut. Use picture, words, symbols, etc.Use picture, words, symbols, etc. Be ready to present.Be ready to present.
ObjectivesObjectives
1. SWBAT review what happens when you 1. SWBAT review what happens when you get a cut.get a cut.
2. SWBAT calculate surface area to 2. SWBAT calculate surface area to volume ratio and relate it to the cell.volume ratio and relate it to the cell.
3. SWBAT draw and label the cell cycle.3. SWBAT draw and label the cell cycle. 4. SWBAT create 4 sample cells and 4. SWBAT create 4 sample cells and
calculate out their surface area to volume calculate out their surface area to volume ratio and answer questions on it ratio and answer questions on it
9.1 Cellular Growth 9.1 Cellular Growth
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
Volume
Area
EquationsEquations
Surface Area:Surface Area:
(2 x L x W) + (2 x L x H) + (2 x H x W)(2 x L x W) + (2 x L x H) + (2 x H x W)
Area:Area:
L x W x HL x W x H
Cell Size LimitationsCell Size Limitations
Key factor that limits cell growth is ratio of Key factor that limits cell growth is ratio of surface area to volumesurface area to volume
As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.
Cell can have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling waste products.
Transport of Substances Plasma Membrane: Substances move by
diffusion or by motor proteins. Diffusion over large distances is slow and
inefficient. Small cells maintain more efficient
transport systems.
Think – Pair - ShareThink – Pair - Share
If you had three cells:If you had three cells: 3 X 2 X 23 X 2 X 2 6 x 1 X 16 x 1 X 1 3 X 6 X 13 X 6 X 1
Which cell has the largest surface area to Which cell has the largest surface area to volume ratio?volume ratio?
What benefit does this cell have?What benefit does this cell have?
Cellular Communications
The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size.
Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.
DO NOWDO NOW
Surface area : Volume :: _________ : _______Surface area : Volume :: _________ : _______(Cell Parts)(Cell Parts)
Which cell has a bigger surface area to volume Which cell has a bigger surface area to volume ratio?ratio?
2 x 3 x 22 x 3 x 2 OR OR 4 x 1 x 1 4 x 1 x 1
What benefit does this cell have?What benefit does this cell have?
The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle
Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.
It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries.
Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle
Cell CycleCell Cycle
Varies between 8 minutes and one yearVaries between 8 minutes and one year Average 12-24 hoursAverage 12-24 hours
Cell CycleCell Cycle
1. Interphase (G1, S, G2)1. Interphase (G1, S, G2)
2. Mitosis & Cytokinesis – Cell division2. Mitosis & Cytokinesis – Cell division
Do NowDo Now
1. Which stage of the cell cycle takes the 1. Which stage of the cell cycle takes the longest time?longest time?
2. Which stage of mitosis takes the longest 2. Which stage of mitosis takes the longest time?time?
3. Which stage of mitosis takes the least 3. Which stage of mitosis takes the least amount of time?amount of time?
InterphaseInterphase A. G1 Phase:A. G1 Phase:
First growth phase The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell
functions, and preparing to replicate DNA. B. S Phase:B. S Phase:
DNA is copied (DNA Replication)DNA is copied (DNA Replication) C. G2 Phase:C. G2 Phase:
Second Growth PhaseSecond Growth Phase Proteins needed for cell division are producedProteins needed for cell division are produced The cell prepares for the division of its nucleusThe cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.
Do Now Do Now
List three reasons why a cell divides.List three reasons why a cell divides.
Mitosis and CytokinesisMitosis and Cytokinesis
Mitosis: Nuclear DivisionMitosis: Nuclear Division Cytokinesis: Cell DivisionCytokinesis: Cell Division
9.2 Mitotic Phase 9.2 Mitotic Phase (Cell Division)(Cell Division)
A. ProphaseA. Prophase B. MetaphaseB. Metaphase C. AnaphaseC. Anaphase D. TelophaseD. Telophase
Label and Label and order the cells order the cells from 1 – 5from 1 – 5
What are the What are the differences differences between plant between plant and animal and animal cells during cells during division? division?
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
ChromosomesChromosomes
ObjectivesObjectives
1. SWBAT draw and label the stages of 1. SWBAT draw and label the stages of mitosis.mitosis.
2. SWBAT draw and label a chromosome.2. SWBAT draw and label a chromosome. 3. SWBAT practice labeling diagrams of 3. SWBAT practice labeling diagrams of
mitosis in partners.mitosis in partners.
ChromosomesChromosomes
Chromosome-Chromosome- Tightly coiled DNATightly coiled DNA
Chromatid-Chromatid- Half a replicated ChromosomeHalf a replicated Chromosome
Chromatin-Chromatin- loosely coiled DNAloosely coiled DNA
Centromere-Centromere- Center of a chromosome- Center of a chromosome- where the sister chromatids attachwhere the sister chromatids attach
Centriole-Centriole- Organize the microtubulesOrganize the microtubules Attach to the spindle fibersAttach to the spindle fibers
Do Now – Label the Cell CycleDo Now – Label the Cell Cycle
ProphaseProphase The cell’s chromatin tightensThe cell’s chromatin tightens Sister Sister chromatidschromatids are attached are attached
at the at the centromerecentromere.. Spindle fibers form in the Spindle fibers form in the
cytoplasm.cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope seems to The nuclear envelope seems to
disappear.disappear. Spindle fibers attach to the Spindle fibers attach to the
sister chromatids.sister chromatids.
MetaphaseMetaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled along the Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.cell.
They line up in the middle of the cell.They line up in the middle of the cell.
AnaphaseAnaphase
The microtubules of the spindle apparatus The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten.begin to shorten.
The sister chromatids separate.The sister chromatids separate. The chromosomes move toward the poles The chromosomes move toward the poles
of the cell.of the cell.
TelophaseTelophase
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.begin to relax.
Two new nuclear membranes begin to Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.form and the nucleoli reappear.
The spindle apparatus disassembles.The spindle apparatus disassembles.
CytokinesisCytokinesis In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch,
the cytoplasm.the cytoplasm. In plant cells, a new structure, called a In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell platecell plate, ,
forms.forms.
Let’s review mitosis…Let’s review mitosis…
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter11/animatio437316/student_view0/chapter11/animations.htmlns.html
Think-pair-shareThink-pair-share
Try to label the parts of cell division.Try to label the parts of cell division.
Do Now – Label the Cell CycleDo Now – Label the Cell Cycle
ObjectivesObjectives
1. SWBAT identify cells in prophase, 1. SWBAT identify cells in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesiscytokinesis
2. SWBAT calculate the percent of time 2. SWBAT calculate the percent of time each cell spends in each phase. each cell spends in each phase.
Do NowDo Now Label the parts of the cell.Label the parts of the cell. What phases of mitosis?What phases of mitosis?
ObjectivesObjectives
1. 1. SWBAT brainstorm why cells have 1. 1. SWBAT brainstorm why cells have check points.check points.
2. SWBAT create a list of their 2. SWBAT create a list of their preconceptions about cancer.preconceptions about cancer.
3. SWBAT discuss treatments, causes, 3. SWBAT discuss treatments, causes, and cancer.and cancer.
4. SWBAT compare and contrast the types 4. SWBAT compare and contrast the types of stem cells and apply how they can be of stem cells and apply how they can be useful in science. useful in science.
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Normal Cell Cycle:Normal Cell Cycle:
Different Different cyclin / CDK (cyclin dependent cyclin / CDK (cyclin dependent kinases)kinases) combinations signal other activities combinations signal other activities
These includingThese including• DNA replication DNA replication • Protein synthesisProtein synthesis• Nuclear divisionNuclear division
Quality Control CheckpointsQuality Control Checkpoints
The cell cycle has built-in The cell cycle has built-in checkpointscheckpoints These monitor the cycle and can stop it if These monitor the cycle and can stop it if
something goes wrong.something goes wrong. Spindle checkpointsSpindle checkpoints also have been also have been
identified in mitosis.identified in mitosis. Ex. If not spindle fibers – will stop before Ex. If not spindle fibers – will stop before
cytokinesiscytokinesis
What can happen if there was a What can happen if there was a mutation in the cell cycle?mutation in the cell cycle?
Write down 5 things you know Write down 5 things you know about cancer.about cancer.
http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/cancerhttp://www.who.int/features/factfiles/cancer/01_en.html/01_en.html
Abnormal Cell Cycle: CancerAbnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer
CancerCancer is the uncontrolled growth and is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.division of cells.
Cancer cells can kill an organism by Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.loss of tissue function.
Causes of CancerCauses of Cancer
Changes that alter growth and division of Changes that alter growth and division of cells are due to cells are due to mutationsmutations. .
Changes in DNA lead to changes in Changes in DNA lead to changes in ____________.____________.
CarcinogenCarcinogen is a substance or agent that is a substance or agent that is known to cause canceris known to cause cancer
Types of CarcinogensTypes of Carcinogens
TobaccoTobacco Radiation (UV and X Rays)Radiation (UV and X Rays) AsbestosAsbestos
FDA regulates what you eat and drink is safe FDA regulates what you eat and drink is safe and makes sure there are warning on and makes sure there are warning on carcinogen productscarcinogen products
Do NowDo Now
Explain the purpose of spindle checkpoints in the cell.
ObjectivesObjectives
1. SWBAT define apoptosis and stem 1. SWBAT define apoptosis and stem cells.cells.
2. SWBAT identify cells in prophase, 2. SWBAT identify cells in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesiscytokinesis
3. SWBAT calculate the percent of time 3. SWBAT calculate the percent of time each cell spends in each phase.each cell spends in each phase.
Cancer GeneticsCancer Genetics
Multiple changes in DNA are needed to Multiple changes in DNA are needed to cause cancercause cancer
Cancer increase with ageCancer increase with age Certain cancers are inherited in certain Certain cancers are inherited in certain
families (chances to have it)families (chances to have it)
ApoptosisApoptosis
Programmed cell deathProgrammed cell death Cells going through apoptosis actually Cells going through apoptosis actually
shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.shrink and shrivel in a controlled process. Ex. Leave in FallEx. Leave in Fall Ex. Webbed Fingers/ToesEx. Webbed Fingers/Toes DNA Damaged CellsDNA Damaged Cells
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjjHKDn12http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjjHKDn12qIqI
Stem CellsStem Cells
Unspecialized cells that can develop into Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right specialized cells when under the right conditionsconditions
Stem Cells (Cont.)Stem Cells (Cont.)
Embryonic Stem CellsEmbryonic Stem Cells Adult Stem CellsAdult Stem CellsAfter fertilization, the After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 there are about 100–150 cells.cells.
Found in various tissues Found in various tissues in the body and might be in the body and might be used to maintain and repair used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissuethe same kind of tissue
These cells have not These cells have not become specialized.become specialized.
Less controversial Less controversial because the adult stem because the adult stem cells can be obtained with cells can be obtained with the consent of their donorthe consent of their donor
http://www.stemcellresearchfacts.com/definition.html
VideoVideo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27skh7http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27skh7prkN0&feature=relatedprkN0&feature=related
Think – Pair - ShareThink – Pair - Share
Why do we care about stem cells?Why do we care about stem cells?
How are they used in the field of scientific How are they used in the field of scientific research?research?
As tax payers in NJ, do we allocate our tax As tax payers in NJ, do we allocate our tax money for this research?? (What do you money for this research?? (What do you think?)think?)
Quiz is on…Quiz is on… Cell Cycle Cell Cycle
Interphase (G1, S, G2)Interphase (G1, S, G2) Mitosis (PMAT)Mitosis (PMAT) CytokinesisCytokinesis
Phases of MitosisPhases of Mitosis Cell Regulation (CDK, Checkpoints, and cyclins)Cell Regulation (CDK, Checkpoints, and cyclins) CancerCancer Stem CellsStem Cells ApoptosisApoptosis Cell Volume VS. Surface Area RatioCell Volume VS. Surface Area Ratio
As a review….As a review….
Draw out the stages of mitosis using Draw out the stages of mitosis using colored pencils of a cell with 6 colored pencils of a cell with 6 chromosomes.chromosomes.