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Cellular Communication Systems

Graduate course in Computer Science Integrated Communication Systems (ICS) Group

http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics-> Teaching -> Master studies -> Cellular Communication Systems

Winter Semester

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim (lecturers)Mehdi Harounabadi (seminars)

http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics

Cellular Communication Systems 2Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2017

Course Motivation – Why is this important?

Still dramatic increase in mobile communications Domination of Internet traffic, transition from voice to data services Transition towards pseudo flat rates Convergence of the Telecommunication world and the Internet world

⇒ Transition from circuit-switched to packet-switching technology⇒ Mobile/Wireless Internet⇒ New applications and services

New services and challenges streaming: broadcast vs. unicast machine-to-machine communications: scalability and overhead device-to-device communications low latency, high reliability IoT: energy, scalability and overhead


Course Contents

• Review of the basics of mobile communications• Overview on GSM, GPRS and EDGE• UMTS (3G) networks, including

• network architecture and network elements• CDMA and radio resource management• protocols and procedures• High-speed Packet Data (HSPA),

• LTE and LTE-Advanced• Long-term Evolution (LTE) and System Architecture Evolution (SAE)• OFDM and RRM• protocols and procedures• IMS, VoLTE, D2D• Self-organization

• 5G (concepts, architecture, network elements, SON)Focus on network aspects rather than radio details


Course Objectives

Understand how mobile networks work

Be able to navigate and understand 3GPP standards

Understand why UMTS and LTE has been defined the way it is

Understand the evolution path from 2G to 5G

=> Acquire a reasonable deep understanding of a highly complex

system

=> Understanding of the system from the system architect´s view

or: abstract from the details to understand the story as a whole


Working Method

Study of real Telco systems with their specific problems Identify and solve the identified problems instead of a general study

of abstract problems Lots of discussion (hopefully) Individual studies

Assignment of a paper to each student Deep understanding of the paper Preparation of a presentation Final presentations: December 17-21, 2018

Exam Oral exam (20 min, please register at ICS office in Z1031) Grading scheme: 80% oral exam, 20% individual studies

50% correct answers required to pass oral exam


Organisational Stuff

Lecture: first half of semester (4 hrs per week)Individual studies: second half of semester (term paper and presentations)

Course prerequisites: Basics of Communication Systems and Protocols (mandatory) Basics of Mobile Communication Networks, e.g. Advanced Mobile

Communication Networks course (highly recommended)

Slides and additional information are provided athttp://www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics-> Teaching -> Master Studies -> Cellular Communication Systems

Instructor contacts:Andreas Mitschele-Thiel Jens MückenheimEmail: [email protected] Email: [email protected]: 03677-69 2819/2829 Phone: 03461-46 2925

Course budget: appr. 30 hours of classes

http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Course Schedule (tentative)

Red topics are provided by Jens Mückenheim

Topic Date 1 Introduction 11-Oct-182 Basics of Wireless Transmissions3 2G: GSM and GSM Evolution 18-Oct-184 UMTS Architecture9 Wideband CDMA Principles 25-Oct-18

10 Radio Resource Management5 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 1-Nov-18

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)6 UTRAN Procedures 7 Numbering, Addressing and Location Identities8 UE Modes, Mobility and Comm. Management (Overview)11 High-Speed Packet-Access (HSPA) 8-Nov-1812 High-Speed Packet-Access (EDCH)13 UMTS-Evolution (HSPA+)14 LTE/SAE (Arch., Nw Elements, Protocols, States, Procedures) 15-Nov-1815 OFDM Principles 22-Nov-18

LTE Radio Ressource ManagementLTE Advanced5G Radio

16 New Apps, D2D, eMBMS, V2X, M2M, VoLTE 29-Nov-1817 Self-organization in LTE (Architecture and Use Cases)18 5G Concepts, Architecture and Protocols19 5G Radio and Advances in SON (HR, Big Data)

Introduction

Mobile Business and Services Market Expectations UMTS Services and Applications

Technical Trends From 2G to 4G


First Mobile Radio (1924) – How it began...


Business: Revenue for Mobile Operators (total) in Germany

Total revenue

Average revenue per user (ARPU)

[US$m] [US$] [%]Total Mobile Revenues $27,559 $25.33 100.0%Voice Revenue $21,417 $19.68 77.7%Data Revenue $6,142 $5.64 22.3%Messaging Revenue $4,704 $4.32 17.1%SMS $4,026 $3.70 14.6%MMS $260 $0.24 0.9%Email $399 $0.37 1.4%Other Messaging $19 $0.02 0.1%Non-Messaging Revenue $1,438 $1.32 5.2%Ringtones $332 $0.31 1.2%Graphics/Images $162 $0.15 0.6%Games $263 $0.24 1.0%Information Services $163 $0.15 0.6%Music $59 $0.05 0.2%Video $88 $0.08 0.3%Mobile Data/Remote Access $371 $0.34 1.3%

German Mobile Operators‘ Revenues, estimates for 2007:more than 27 B$ = 21 B€

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Growth in Mobile Data

See http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html for details

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html


Growth in Mobile Data by Devices

See http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html for details

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html


Worldwide Number of Subscribers by Technology

Region Q2 2006 Q2 2007 Q2 2007 (%)

World

Total 2,431,732,781 2,948,357,080 100.0%

GSM 2G 1,934,109,924 2,377,790,703 80.6%

UMTS (WCDMA) 3G 70,242,769 131,240,644 4.5%

UMTS/HSPA 3G 259,396 4,987,178 0.2%

TDMA 2G 31,491,377 12,126,883 0.4%

PDC 2G 39,319,525 23,481,602 0.8%

iDEN 2G 25,321,560 27,078,771 0.9%

Analog 1G 4,467,113 2,021,415 0.1%

cdmaOne 2G 29,466,577 15,551,230 0.5%

CDMA2000 1X 3G 260,661,808 288,503,817 9.8%

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 3G 36,394,017 65,405,731 2.2%

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A 3G - 171,311 0.0%

The Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) states that, as of November 2006, GSM/UMTS services are available in 134 networks in 59 countries,

with 85% of mobile subscriptions worldwide = more than 2.5 billion(source: www.gsacom.com).

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http://www.gsacom.com/


Services:- Traditional Voice- Teleservices like and Fax, SMS, MMS messaging- Wide-band Data for Multimedia and Wireless Internet:

via dedicated access (Basic Release99)up to 144 kb/s for high speed mobiles up to 384 kb/s for low speed mobilesup to 2 Mb/s for portable/fixed users

via high-speed packet access (HSPA, Release5, 6&7)up to 7.2-14.4/28.8 Mbit/s downloadup to 5.7/11.5 Mbit/s upload

Spectral Efficiency: High Mobility & Roaming: Worldwide Compatibility: with 2G systems, especially GSM Physical characteristics:

Wideband (W-)CDMA system with 5MHz bandwidth, 3.84 Mchps around 2000 MHz (EU), 1900 MHz (US), 1700 MHz (Japan)

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System


Drivers for UMTS

GSM (2nd generation): Optimized for circuit-switched voice High delay (180 ms round-trip) Small band, inflexible assignment of

data rates Low data rates

Suboptimal use of radio resources(spectral efficiency)

Complicated RF planning(layout of frequency usage)

Standard set by Europe

Globally available, but not planned as such

UMTS (3rd generation): Focus on packet-switched data Lower latency Flexible assignment of spectrum

with variable data rates Higher data rates for multimedia

services Higher capacity of radio system

Simplified RF engineering (nofrequency planning)

Worldwide agreed standard

Worldwide roaming by design


2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS

GSMRAN

Base stationBase stationcontroller

Base station

Base station

MSC

ISDN

GSM Core (Circuit switched)

HLRAuCEIR

GMSC

ATM based transport

GSM



GPRS Core (Packet Switched)

SGSN

GGSN

Inter-net

GSMRAN


Base station

Base station

MSC

ISDN


HLRAuCEIR

GMSC

ATM based transport

GSM+GPRS



GPRS Core (Packet Switched)

SGSN

GGSN

Inter-net

GSMRAN


Base station

Base station

UTRAN

Radio networkcontroller

Base station Base station

Base station

MSC

ISDN


HLRAuCEIR

GMSC

ATM based transport

GSM+GPRS+UMTS R99



GPRS Core (PacketSwitched)

SGSN

GGSN

Inter-net

GSMRAN


Base station

Base station

UTRAN

Radio networkcontroller

Base station Base station

Base station

IP based transport

3G Core

GERAN

GERAN+UMTS R5 + IMS

HSS IMS


IP-based Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

PSTN

PDN

MediaGateway

MGWControl

SessionControl

Services

CommonMultimedia

Service Network (IMS)

AccessProxy

BTS BSC/RNC MSC/SGSN/GGSNUEUE

GSM/GPRS RAN(GERAN)

CommonIP

CoreNetwork

NodeB RNC SGSN/GGSN IP Router

UEUE

UMTS/HSPA RAN

UEUE

802.11 WiFi802.16 WiMax

AG

Service and Core Architecture is “Access Agnostic”

AGFW GGSN

PDNRANSGSN

Access GatewayFirewallGateway GPRS Serving NodePacket Data NetworkRadio Access NetworkServing GPRS Serving NodeFWUESIP phone

Cable, ethernet, DSL, etc

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4G: LTE, LTE-Advanced

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

S-GW PDN-GW

Internet

Evolved-UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

eNBeNB

eNB

HSS IMS

XRNC


4G: Integration of GERAN, UMTS and LTE


Summary of the Evolution Path (3GPP)1G: Analog systems

2G (GSM): global digital personal communication system FDMA, TDMA, FDD circuit-switched voice (voice service) SMS global roaming

2G+ (GSM+GPRS+EDGE): introduction of packet-switched data IP to the terminal; ATM transport in the network multiplexing of packet-switched data on traffic channels of radio link IP tunneling in the packet-switched core network SS7 signaling, AAA, mobility management best effort data only (no QoS) EDGE: enhanced radio efficiency (adaptive modulation) GERAN: generalized access network, to connect to 3G core networks

3G (UMTS): packet-switched data

...


Summary of the Evolution Path (cont’d)2G (GSM): global digital personal communication system

2G+ (GSM+GPRS+EDGE): introduction of packet-switched data

3G (UMTS): packet-switched data CDMA-FDD/TDD predominantly data communication focus on services and content all IP transport (3GPP R4): mobile, radio access network, core network SS7 signaling: AAA, mobility management, etc. QoS support seamless service (global roaming) Enhanced packet data performance: HSDPA+HSUPA HSPA Common IP-based service architecture (IMS)4G: Integration of various radio technologies (satellite, broadcast, cellular, WLAN,

BAN) use of the ‘optimal’ radio link (w.r.t. spectral efficiency, delay, throughput,

error rate, emission) IETF protocols for everything (all IP for transport and control)


3GPP Standards Releases (summary from/links to Wikipedia, 2017)

Version Released InfoRelease 99 2000 Q1 Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating a CDMA air

interfaceRelease 4 2001 Q2 Originally called the Release 2000 - added features including an all-IP

Core NetworkRelease 5 2002 Q1 Introduced IMS and HSDPARelease 6 2004 Q4 Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks and adds HSUPA,

MBMS, enhancements to IMS such as Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC), GAN (UMA)

Release 7 2007 Q4 Focuses on decreasing latency, QoS and improvements to real-time applications like VoIP. This specification also focuses on HSPA+(High Speed Packet Access Evolution), SIM high-speed protocol and contactless front-end interface (Near Field Communication enabling operators to deliver contactless services like Mobile Payments), EDGE Evolution.

Release 8 2008 Q4 LTE (E-UTRA), All-IP Network (SAE). Release 8 constitutes a refactoring of UMTS as an entirely IP based fourth-generation network.

Release 9 2009 Q4 SAES Enhancements, WiMAX and LTE/UMTS Interoperability. Dual-Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual-Cell HSUPA.

Release 10 2011 Q1 LTE Advanced fulfilling IMT Advanced 4G requirements. Backwards compatible with release 8 (LTE). Multi-Cell HSDPA (4 carriers).

Release 11 2012 Q3 Advanced IP Interconnection of Services. Service layer interconnectionbetween national operators/carriers as well as third party applicationproviders.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Uplink_Packet_Access

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Service

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_to_Talk_over_Cellular

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_Access_Network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA+

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Module

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Payment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advanced

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT_Advanced

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interconnection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_layer


3GPP Standards Releases (summary from/links to Wikipedia, 2017)

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Release 12 2015 Q1 Enhanced Small Cells (higher order modulation, dual connectivity, cell discovery, self configuration), Carrier Aggregation (2 uplink carriers, 3 downlink carriers, FDD/TDD carrier aggregation), MIMO (3D channel modeling, elevationbeamforming, massive MIMO), New and Enhanced Services (cost and range of MTC, D2D communication, eMBMSenhancements)

Release 13 2016 Q1 LTE in unlicensed, LTE enhancements for Machine-Type Communication. Elevation Beamforming / Full-Dimension MIMO, Indoor positioning. LTE-Advanced Pro.

Release 14 June 2017 Energy Efficiency, Location Services (LCS), Mission Critical Data over LTE, Mission Critical Video over LTE, Flexible Mobile Service Steering (FMSS), Multimedia Broadcast Supplement for Public Warning System (MBSP), enhancement for TV service, massive Internet of Things, Cell Broadcast Service (CBS)

Release 15 Sept. 2018 Support for 5G Vehicle-to-x service, IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem (IMS), Future Railway Mobile Communication System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE-U

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE-Advanced_Pro


Important ReadingsBooks: Kaaranen, Ahtiainen, Laitinen, Naghian, Niemi: UMTS Networks – Architecture, Mobility and

Services. 2nd edition, Wiley, 2005 Holma, Toskala: WCDMA for UMTS. 4th edition, Wiley, 2007 Holma, Toskala: LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced, 2011 Dahlman, Parkval, Sköld: 4G: LTE-Advanced Pro and the Road to 5G, Third Edition,

Elsevier, 2016Important Documents for UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA: 21.101 to 21.104: List of standards for Release 3 (R99), 4, 5 and 6, respectively 21.905: vocabulary for 3GPP specifications 23.002: UMTS network architecture (core network and access network entities) 23.060: GPRS architecture 25.401: UTRAN overview 25.301: Radio link protocols (UTRA) 25.931: UTRAN proceduresImportant Documents for LTE: 21.201: List of standards for EPS based 3GPP system (different versions for different releases) 23.401: GPRS enhancements for E-UTRAN 36.401: E-UTRAN Architecture description 36.300: E-UTRA & E-UTRAN 36.201: PHY general description 36.321: MAC 36.322: RLC 36.323: PDCP 36.331: RRC(all documents are available at www.3gpp.org)

http://www.3gpp.org