CELLSThere are over 3,000,000,000,000 of me in your body!

Bacteria are also cells and there are over 60,000,000,000,000 of them in your body!

YUCK!!!

THE CELL

• The Cell- the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms– The smallest unit of an organisms that is

classified as living– The building blocks of life

DISCOVERY OF THE CELL• Robert Hooke (1665)- first named the cell when

he looked at cork through a microscope and compared them to jail cells

• Antoine van Leeuwwenhoek (1674)- first person to observe live cells (algae & bacteria)

• Theodore Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, & Rudolph Virchow (1839-1858)- authors of the – CELL THEORY

• All living things are composed of cells• Cells are the basic unit of function & structure of living

things• All cells come from pre-existing cells

• vary in size• vary in shape• measured in micrometers

3-2

A Composite Cell

• hypothetical cell• major parts

• nucleus• cytoplasm• cell membrane

3-3

ORGANELLES OF THE CELL

• Organelles- ‘little organs’- are tiny structures that carry out specialized functions within the cell.

• Nucleus is called the _______________ of the cell. It is a large __________ spot in eukaryotic cells. It _________________ all cell activity. It contains most of the ___________________ material of the cell. The large solid spot in the nucleus is the _____________________.

Control center

Nucleolus

Genetic

Coordinates Dark

NUCLEOLUS

• Nucleolus is a __________________ of

chromatin (genetic material). It

manufactures

__________________________. The

chromatin is _______________ in its

active form.

Ribosomes

DNA

Dense mass

CELL MEMBRANE

• Cell Membrane performs a number of critical functions for the ________. It regulates all that _____________ and leaves the cell. It is made up of a ___________________ bi-layer, which composes most of its surface, ______________________ which stabilizes it, and_________________________ which act as channels for entering and exiting molecules.

Enters Cell

Phospholipid

CholesterolMembrane proteins

Cell Membrane

2-4

• outer limit of cell • controls what moves in and out of cell

• selectively permeable

•phospholipid bilayer • water-soluble “heads” form surfaces• water-insoluble “tails” form interior• permeable to lipid-soluble substances

• cholesterol stabilizes the membrane

• proteins• receptors• pores, channels, carriers• enzymes• CAMS• self-markers

3-4

Cell Membrane

2-53-43-5

CYTOPLASM• Cytoplasm is the _________ - ___________

material inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus. Cytoplasm contains a large amount of _______________ and many chemicals and structures that carry out the life ______________________ in the cell. These structures that the cytoplasm contains are called _____________________. Unlike a gelatin dessert, however, cytoplasm constantly _________________ or streams.

Jello

Water

Functions

Organelles

Circulates

Like

MITOCHONDRIA• Mitochondrion is the _______________________

of the cell. It is the site of ______________ ________________. It has a ____________________ membrane. The inner membrane is where most _______________ respiration occurs. The inner membranes is _____________ with a very large surface area. These ruffles are called ___________. Mitochondria have their own ______________ and manufacture some of their own _______________.

Folded Cristae

Double Production

Powerhouse

Proteins

Cellular

Energy

Ribosomes

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- TWO TYPES

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a series of double membranes that ________ back and forth between the cell membrane and the _______________. These membranes fill the ____________________ but you cannot see them because they are very ___________________. The rough E.R. has __________________________ attached to it. This gives it its texture.

Travel

Nucleus Cytoplasm

thinRibosomes

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- TWO TYPES

• Ribosomes are small structures that manufacture __________________________ for the cell.

• Smooth E.R. ____________ ribosomes. It acts as a _______________ _________________ throughout the cytoplasm. It runs from the cell membrane to the nuclear ________________ and throughout the rest of the cell.

Membrane

System Transport Lacks

Proteins

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)

• Golgi Apparatus (Body) is responsible for packaging _________________________ for the cell. Once the proteins are produced by the ______________ on the E.R., they pass into the _______________ like cisternae that are the main part of the Golgi body. These proteins are then squeezed off into the little _________________ which drift off into the cytoplasm.

Proteins

Ribosomes Pocket

Vesicles

VACUOLES• Vacuole: They are sort of like a ___________________

bubble in the cytoplasm. Vacuoles in animal cells are considerably ________________ than those in plant cells. In animal cells, vacuoles may store food that needs to be ____________________. The cell sap vacuole in plants is much _________________ than animals. In addition to storing important substances, it also helps __________________ the plant. The ____________________of water filling the cell sap vacuole pushes out against the cell wall. This gives the wall enough strength to hold up fairly large green (non-woody) plants.

Consumed

Smaller

Clear

Larger

Support Pressure

LYSOSOME- ANIMAL ONLY• Lysosomes are called ______________________

sacks. They are produced by the ________________ body. They consist of a single membrane surrounding powerful _______________ enzymes. Those lumpy brown structures are digestive _____________. They help protect you by __________________ the bacteria that your white blood cells engulf. _______________ act as a clean up crew for the cell.

Digestive Enzymes

Suicide

Killing

Lysosomes

Golgi

CENTRIOLES- ANIMAL ONLY

• Centrioles are only found in __________________ cells. They function in cell _____________________.

Animal Division

CELL WALL- PLANT ONLY• Cell wall: Since plants don't have

______________, they need a little something extra to ____________________ them. The cell wall is made of a tough fiber called ____________________________she s:which does this job. When you combine the stiff cell wall with the outward _____________________of a full cell sap vacuole, you get enough ___________________ to hold up large plants. Tree cell walls contain other tough materials such as __________________, which make them even stronger.

Support

Cellulose

Pressure Strength

Cork

Skeletons

CHLOROPLAST- PLANT ONLY• Chloroplast: Located in plant cells are large

irregular shaped green structures called chloroplasts. They are _________________ because they contain a green pigment called ________________________. Chlorophyll ______________________ the energy of sunlight which can be used to help ______________________ food for the plant cell. This process is called ______________________________.

Photosynthetic

Chlorophyll Absorbs

Manufacture

Cytoplasmic Organelles

2-12

Endoplasmic Reticulum• connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles• transport system• rough ER

• studded with ribosomes• protein and lipid synthesis

• smooth ER• lipid synthesis• break down of drugs

Ribosomes• free floating or connected to ER• site of protein synthesis

3-8

Cytoplasmic Organelles

2-15

Golgi apparatus• group of flattened, membranous sacs• packages and modifies proteins

Mitochondria• membranous sacs with inner partitions• generate energy

3-9

2-16

Cytoplasmic OrganellesLysosomes

• enzyme-containing sacs• digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances

Vacuoles• fluid filled sacs• for food storage•Many small in animal cells•One large one in plant cells

3-10

Vesicles• membranous sacs• store substances

Plant Organelles

Animal Cell