cells organelles. cell the basic unit of structure & function in living organisms
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CellsCellsOrganelles
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CELLCELL• The basic unit of structure &
function in living organisms
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Anton Van Anton Van LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek
1632-1723 Was a merchant that ground up glass to
make lenses
•Invented microscope
•Made over 500 in his lifetime
•1st person to examine bacteria
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Van Leeuwenhoek’s Van Leeuwenhoek’s sketches of a nervesketches of a nerve
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Robert HookeRobert Hooke• 1635-1702• Used Van Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes• Named cells after looking at cork
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Robert Hooke’s CorkRobert Hooke’s Cork
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Robert BrownRobert Brown• 1773-1858
• Discovered the nucleus in plant cells (1833)
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Matthias SchleidenMatthias Schleiden
• 1804-1881
• Discovered all plants are made up of cells
(1838)
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Theodor SchwannTheodor Schwann
• 1810-1882
• Discovered that all animals are made up of cells (1839)
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Rudolph VirchowRudolph Virchow
• 1821-1902
• Proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells (1855)
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The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
The cell theory states:
A. All living things are composed of cells
B. Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things
C. All cells come from preexisting cells
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Janet PloweJanet Plowe
• Demonstrated that the cell membrane is a physical structure (1931)
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Lynn MargoulisLynn Margoulis
• Proposed that certain organelles were once free-living organisms themselves (1970)
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Parts of MicroscopeParts of Microscope
Course Focus
Arm
Nosepiece
Fine Focus
Ocular
High Power Objective
Low Power Objective
Scanning Power ObjectiveStage
Stage Clips
Diaphragm
Light (illumination)Base
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Compound light Microscope Compound light Microscope Parts & Fxn’sParts & Fxn’s
• Occular – viewing eyepiece
• Coarse adjustment – Rough focus
• Fine adjustment – Fine focus
• High power objective (400X)
• Low objective (100X)
• Scanning objective (40X)
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Compound Light Microscope Compound Light Microscope Parts & Fxn’sParts & Fxn’s
• Stage – holds slide up against stage clips
• Stage clips – holds slide down on stage
• Diaphragm – controls amount of light entering slide
• Lamp – light source This is an air bubble under the microscope!!!
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Power of magnification • The relative enlargement of the specimen
when seen through the microscope.
• The power of magnification can be calculated by multiplying the power of the eye piece lens by the power of the objective lens.
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Inversion
• The reversal of the specimen image by the microscope lenses.
• A specimen that appears upside down when being viewed is actually right-side up on the slide.
• Moving the specimen to the right causes its image to move to the left likewise, moving it down causes it to move upward.
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Working distance
• The distance between the front of the objective and the top of the cover glass on the slide.
• The higher the magnification the smaller the working distance.
• DO NOT USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT UNDER HIGH POWER!!!
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Resolution (Resolving Power)
• The shortest distance between two points or lines at which they are seen as two, rather than a single blur.
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Depth of focus
• The thickness of a specimen which may be seen in focus at one time.
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Objectives
• Our microscopes have three objectives mounted on a revolving device known as a nosepiece.
• Engraved on the objective is its power of magnification.
• The longer the objective the more power of magnification.
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Diaphragm
• A device under the stage of a microscope that can regulate the amount of light reaching a specimen.
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Power of Magnification
• Definition - The relative enlargement of the specimen when seen through the microscope.
• Power of magnification = (Power of the eyepiece lens) X (Power of the objective lens)
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Rules for Handling the Rules for Handling the Microscope Microscope
• Always carry the microscope with one hand under the base and the other grasping the arm.
• Keep both eyes open when looking through the eyepiece.
• Keep the stage clean and dry.
• Do not remove parts of the microscope.
• Use only lens paper when cleaning lenses.
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Rules for Handling the Microscope
• Always begin focusing with the lowest power objective.
• Always look from the side when changes lenses
• After completing your work, place the microscope on the lowest power objective.
• Always return the microscope where you found it & as you found it
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Modern Microscopes
Electron microscopes – capable of revealing details as much as 1000 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes. (Two types -TEM & SEM)
TEM – can explore cell structure and large protein molecules.
Downside – the specimens have to be sliced thinly
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T.E.M.T.E.M.
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Transmission Electron Microscopy T.E.M.
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Modern MicroscopesModern Microscopes
S.E.M. – Scanning electron microscopes –
specimens do not have to be cut thinly – a beam of electrons scans over the specimen.
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S.E.M.S.E.M.
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S.E.M. S.E.M. MagnificationMagnification
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Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic CellsCells