cells and cellular transport. cell history hooke - is the scientist who 1st coined the term...
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Schleiden Schwann VirchowTRANSCRIPT
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Cells and Cellular Transport
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Cell History• Hooke - is the scientist who 1st coined the term
“cell” – in the 1660’s he observed cork from a tree stem (they reminded him of the rooms monks lived in)
• Schleiden looked at plant cells & Schwann looked at animal cells. They both observed that cells make up all parts of an organism.
• Along with Virchow they formulated the Cell Theory.
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Schleiden Schwann Virchow
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The Cell Theory• 1. All living things are composed of
cells• 2. Cells are the basic units of
structure and function in living things
• 3. New cells are produced from existing cells
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Cell Size• The surface area of the cell does not
increase at the same rate as the volume. Because of this, cells typically stay small & will divide rather than getting larger.
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Cell OrganizationProkaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
• There are 2 basic types of cells:– Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic Cells: –NO TRUE NUCLEUS–No membrane bound organelles– Bacteria
• Eukaryotic Cells:–Has a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear
membrane– Plant and Animal Cells
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Cell OrganizationPlants vs. Animals
• Plant Cells– Cell wall– Chloroplast– Contain larger vacuoles
• Animal Cells– centrioles
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Parts of the Cell• 1. Nucleus - control center of the
cell – controls most of the activities of the cell ; also transmits hereditary information & contains DNA. The nucleus holds chromosomes (threadlike) that are seen only when the cell is dividing & chromatin (granular) when the cell isn’t dividing.
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• 2. Nucleoli - these are found in the nucleus – where the assembly of ribosomes begins.
• 3. Nuclear envelope - double membrane - this surrounds the nucleus & acts as a boundary between the nucleus & the cytoplasm – it contains pores that allow substances to pass
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• 4. Cell membrane - this acts as the outer boundary of the cell & contains phospholipids & proteins - it is very important because it regulates what enters & leaves the cell
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The Cell Membrane• The main purpose of the cell
membrane is to regulate the movement of materials into and out of the cell.
• Semi-permeable: meaning that only certain substances can go through
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The Cell Membrane cont. • The cell membrane is
composed of a phospho-lipid bilayer = 2 layers of lipids
• Each layer consist of:– Phosphate group attached
to 2 fatty acid tails– Phosphate heads make up
the outside while the fatty acid tails are composed toward the inside
– Proteins are embedded within the bilayer to help transport substances into and out of the cell.
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• 5. Cell wall - this is found in plants, algae, fungi, & bacteria- it protects & supports the cell – it lies outside of the cell membrane & allows water & gases to pass through – plant cell walls are made of cellulose
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• 6. Cytoplasm - is the jellylike layer of the cell – it contains the organelles & moves materials throughout the cell in a process called cytoplasmic streaming
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• 7. Endoplasmic reticulum - this is a series of canals or channels that winds through the cytoplasm – it acts as the cell’s internal transport & connects with the nuclear envelope; there are 2 types – (1) smooth ER- this builds lipids for the plasma membrane, (2) Rough ER - has ribosomes attached - Protein synthesis
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• 8. Ribosomes- the sites of protein synthesis; 2 types (1) Free - makes protein to be used in the cell, (2) Bound - make protein to be transported out of the cell
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• 9. Golgi Bodies - these pinch off from the ER – they are stacks of membranes that look like tiny flattened balloons – they are areas for storage & packaging of chemicals – enzymes in this apparatus attach carbohydrates & lipids to proteins
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• 10. Mitochondria - the cell’s powerhouse – they produce the energy for the cell – they have many folds on the inside called cristae that increase surface area for more energy
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• 11. Plastids - are found only in plants – some store food, others have pigments – 3 types: (1) Leucoplasts - colorless – store starches in roots & stems (2) Chromoplasts - they are orange & yellow – beta carotene (3) Chloroplasts - these are green & the sites for photosynthesis
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• 12. Vacuoles - bubblelike storage structures that store water, liquids, wastes, & foods – these hold plants erect & firm
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• 13. Lysosomes - these are membrane-bound organelles that are formed in Golgi bodies – they are loaded with enzymes that digest large particles found in the cell – also break down old organelles
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• 14. Microtubules - hollow cylinders of protein that support & shape the cell – found in the cytoskeleton, spindle fibers, centrioles, basal bodies , cilia, & flagella
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• 15. Spindle fibers - appear during cell division & move chromosomes through the cytoplasm
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• 16. Centrioles - small dark bodies located outside the nucleus – they are active during cell division
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• 17. Cilia - short, threadlike structures used for movement – they are numerous & hairlike
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• 18. Flagella - long, whiplike structures used for movement – usually only 1 per cell
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• 19. Cytoskeleton - network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape – also involved in cell movement - these are made of:a) microtubules - hollow tubes of protein – maintain cell shape & serve as “tracks” along which organelles are moved (used to make cilia & flagella)b) microfilaments - long, thin fibers that function in the movement & support of the cell – tough, flexible framework that supports the cell
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Cellular Transport• Passive Transport:
does NOT require energy– Molecules move from
an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• 1. Diffusion: substances move directly through the cell membrane
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Cellular Transport cont. • 2. Facilitated
Diffusion: uses channel proteins to move a substance through the cell membrane
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Cellular Transport cont. • 3. Osmosis: The
movement of WATER from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration– Can occur in either
direction
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Cellular TransportOsmosis
• Solution Concentrations:–Hypotonic: solution has lower concentration of
solute---higher concentration of water• Cell Swells
–Hypertonic: solution has a higher concentration of dissolved solute---lower concentration of water• Cell Shrinks
– Isotonic: net concentration of dissolved solutes are the same inside and outside of the cell.• Cell remains the same
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Cell Transport• Active Transport: Requires energy–Movement of substances from an area
of low concentration to an area of high concentration
– Occurs against the concentration gradient
• 1. Exocytosis: removes materials from the cell
• 2. Endocytosis: Brings materials into the cell