1

CELLS

2

LIFE IS CELLULAR

OBJECTIVES: 7.1

Explain what the cell theory is.

Describe how researchers explore the living cell.

Distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

3

Robert Hooke

In 1665, Robert _____ used an early compound microscope to look at a thin slice of ____ (plant material).

4

Under the microscope, cork seemed to be made of thousands of tiny empty chambers.

Hooke called these chambers “____” because they reminded him of a monastery’s tiny rooms, which were called cells.

5

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

__________ used a single-lens microscope to observe pond water and other things.

He found a world of tiny living organisms, that seemed to be everywhere (he called them _________).

6

Matthias Schleiden

_____ concluded that all plants are made of cells.

7

Schwann

_______ concluded that all animal are made up of cells

8

Virchow

______ concluded that cells could only be produced by the division of living cells.

9

The _____ _____(a fundamental concept of biology) states:

1. All _____ things are composed of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

3. New cells are produced from ______ cells.

10

There are two types of cells:

1. _________ (bacteria) – are cells that do not contain a nucleus, their genetic material is free floating.a. pro means beforeb. karyon means kernel or nucleus

2. ________ – are cells that have their genetic material contained with a nucleus (membrane bound organelle) to keep it separated from the rest of the cell.a. eu means true

11

EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE

OBJECTIVE: 7.2

Describe the functions of the cell nucleus.

Describe the functions of the major cell organelles.

Identify the main roles of the cytoskeleton.

12

Animal cell

Plant cell

13

________ (little organs) are specialized structures in the cell.

_________ is the portion that is outside the nucleus, both work together in the business of life.

The nucleus contains nearly all the cell’s ____ and with the coded instructions for making _______ and other important molecules.

The ______ is surrounded by the nuclear _______.

14

The nuclear envelope is composed of two membrane and is dotted with _____ which allows material to move in and out of the nucleus.

_______ (DNA bound to protein) is that granular material seen in the nucleus.

When a cell divides chromatin condenses and forms __________ (contains genetic info).

________ is a small, dense region where the assembly of ________ begins.

15

Proteins are assembled on _______ (small particles of ____ and ______ found throughout the cytoplasm.

___________ ______ (ER) is the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.

The _____endoplasmic reticulum is involved in _______ synthesis (put together) by chemically modifying them.

16

The smooth ER (has no ribosomes) has a collection of _______ that perform specialized task, such as the synthesis of membrane ____ (fats) and the detoxification of drugs.

_____ ________ receives the protein from the RER, where it modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other material for storage in the cell or for export (outside the cell)..

_______ are filled with enzymes that digest lipids, carbs, and junk that accumulates in the cell.

17

________ stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbs (found in both plants and animals).

Many plants contains only a _____ large vacuole filled with liquid (supports the plant).

Vacuoles pump excess water out of the cell thereby maintaining _______ (a controlled, constant internal environment).

18

__________ (powerhouse of the cell) convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use (has its own _____).

__________ captures energy from sunlight and converts it in to chemical energy in a process called _________ (contains cholorophyll and also has its own DNA).

Be sure to read organelle DNA on page 180.

19

__________ is a network of protein (two types) filaments that helps the cell to keep its shape and is involved in movement.

1. ____________ are threadlike structures made of _____ (a protein).

2. ________ are hallow structures made of ______ (a protein).a. Important in cell division by forming

______ in animal cells.b. Help build _____ and ______ (for

movement).

20

CELL BOUNDRIES

OBJECTIVES: 7.3

Identify the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall.

Describe what happens during diffusion.

Explain the processes of osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.

21

The cell ________ regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.

Lipid _____ (aka bilipid layer) forms the cell membrane (hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails).

22

Most cell membranes contain ______ molecules that are embedded in the lipid bilayer.

Some of these proteins help move material across the membrane.

Cell _____ (only in plants) is to provide support and protection for the cell.

__________ – is the mass of _______ (that which gets dissolved in a given volume of _______ (that which does the dissolving.

23

Particles move constantly in a solution.

As they move, they go from areas of high to low concentration (________).

High concentration

Low concentration

24

________ is reached when the solute concentration is the same throughout the solution.

Before diffusion equilibrium

25

_______ depends upon the random movement of molecules, so it does without requiring energy.

________ is a special type of diffusion, it is the movement of water through a selectively ________ membrane.

Water goes from areas of high (_______) concentration to areas of low (_________) concentration until it reaches equilibrium (________).

26

______ (to make easier) diffusion is the movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels. ______ ____is when energy is used to move material from an area of lower concentration to areas of higher concentrations.

________ is the process of taking material into the cell by means of enfolding, or pockets, of the cell membrane (two types).

27

1. __________ (cell eating) is where extensions of cytoplasm is extended and surrounds a particle and packages it in a food vacuole.

2. ________ (cell drinking) is where tiny pockets form along the cell membrane and fills with liquids, and then pinches of to form a vacuole.

_________(using the bathroom) material moves to and fuses to the membrane and then releases the material outside the cell.

28

THE DIVERSITY OF CELLULAR LIFE

OBJECTIVES: 7.4

Describe cell specialization.

Identity the organization levels in multicellular organisms.

29

Cell _________ is where cells develop throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different task (ex. Red blood cells, pancreas cells, skeletal muscle cell).

30

The levels of multicellular organisms starts with individual _____.

Cardiac cell

31

Similar cells are group into units called _____.

Cardiac tissue

32

_____ are many groups of tissues that are working together

organ

33

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function is called an ____ _____.

Organ system