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Govt. Girls. Sen. Sec. School,Govt. Girls. Sen. Sec. School,

Hargobindpur (Ludhiana)Hargobindpur (Ludhiana)

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STRUCTURE OF CELLSTRUCTURE OF CELL

DefinitionDefinition::-- TheThe cellcell cancan bebe defineddefined asasthethe functionalfunctional && structuralstructural unitunit ofof lifelife.. AllAll thethe

livingliving organismsorganisms whichwhich wewe seesee areareessentiallyessentially complexcomplex structurestructure mademade upup ofof

numerousnumerous coco--ordinatedordinated compartmentscompartments

usuallyusually calledcalled asas cellscells.. CellCell isis thethe basicbasic unitunit

ofof lifelife ofof allall livingliving organismorganism..

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STRUCTURE OF CELLSTRUCTURE OF CELL

DiscoveryDiscovery::-- CellCell waswas discovereddiscovered bybyRobertRobert HookHook inin 16651665.. HeHe waswas firstfirst toto useuse thethe

termterm cellcell whilewhile describingdescribing hishis findingsfindings onon thinthinslicesslices ofof corkcork.. HeHe noticednoticed thatthat corkcork waswascomposedcomposed of of honeyhoney--combcomb likelikecompartmentscompartments inin cellscells.. InIn 16741674,, AntonyAntony VanVan

LeuwenhookLeuwenhook waswas thethe firstfirst scientistscientist whowho sawsawbacteria,bacteria, protozoa,protozoa, andand bloodblood cellscells withwith hishisownown preparedprepared microscopemicroscope..

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TYPES OF CELLSTYPES OF CELLS

1.1. ProkaryoticProkaryotic CellCell::-- InIn thesethese typestypes ofof cells,cells, thethegeneticgenetic materialmaterial isis notnot properlyproperly organizedorganized..DNADNA isis notnot coveredcovered withwith nuclearnuclear membranemembrane..

TheseThese lacklack distinctdistinct nucleusnucleus.. ee..gg.. blueblue greengreenalgae,algae, redred bloodblood corpusclescorpuscles etcetc..

2.2. EukaryoticEukaryotic CellCell::-- InIn thesethese cellscells geneticgenetic

materialmaterial isis insideinside thethe nuclearnuclear membranemembrane andandthesethese havehave aa distinctdistinct nucleusnucleus.. ManyMany otherotherorganellesorganelles areare alsoalso coveredcovered withwith membranesmembranes..ee..gg.. mitochondria,mitochondria, chloroplast,chloroplast, lysosomeslysosomes etcetc..

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COMPARISON OF CELLSCOMPARISON OF CELLS

Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell

1.1. InIn sizesize thesethese cellscells areare

veryvery smallsmall..

2.2. ThereThere isis onlyonly oneoneChromosomeChromosome..

3.3. NoNo NucleolusNucleolus inin thisthis cellcell

isis availableavailable..

4.4. ThereThere areare nono OrganellesOrganelles&& membranemembrane inin thesethese

cellscells..

Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell

1.1. InIn sizesize thesethese cellscells areare

bigbig..

2.2. ThereThere areare manymanyChromosomesChromosomes inin thisthis..

3.3. NucleolusNucleolus inin thisthis cellcell isis

availableavailable..

4.4. ThereThere areare OrganellesOrganelles &&membranemembrane inin thesethese cellscells..

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COMPONENTS OF CELLCOMPONENTS OF CELL

1.1. CellCell MembraneMembrane

2.2. Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane

3.3. EndoplasmicEndoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

4.4. MitochondriaMitochondria5.5. ChloroplastsChloroplasts

6.6. RibosomesRibosomes

7.7. LysosomesLysosomes

8.8. VocuolesVocuoles9.9. NucleusNucleus

10.10. Choromosomal MaterialChoromosomal Material

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CELL MEMBRANECELL MEMBRANE

TheThe plasmaplasma membranemembrane andand allall thethe membranesmembranes

coveringcovering variousvarious cellcell organellesorganelles presentpresent insideinside

thethe cellcell havehave samesame ultrastructureultrastructure andand allall areare

collectivelycollectively calledcalled biobio--membranesmembranes becausebecause thesetheseplayplay vitalvital functionsfunctions forfor thethe livingliving cellcell.. ItIt isis presentpresent

inin bothboth ProkaryoticProkaryotic CellsCells andand EukaryoticEukaryotic CellsCells.. AA

peculiarpeculiar propertyproperty ofof plasmaplasma membranemembrane isis itsits semisemi

permeablepermeable naturenature.. ItsIts primaryprimary functionfunction isis totoregulateregulate thethe exchangeexchange ofof materialsmaterials betweenbetween thethe

cytoplasmcytoplasm andand extraextra cellularcellular fluidfluid..

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CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

ItIt isis anan amorphous,amorphous, translucent,translucent,

homogeneous,homogeneous, colloidalcolloidal groundground substancesubstance

lyinglying betweenbetween thethe plasmaplasma membranemembrane andandthethe nucleusnucleus.. ItIt isis differentiateddifferentiated intointo twotwo

partsparts

1.1. CytoplasmicCytoplasmic MatrixMatrix

2.2. CytoplasmicCytoplasmic StructuresStructures

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FUNCTIONS OF CYTOPLASMFUNCTIONS OF CYTOPLASM

1.1. ItIt providesprovides rawraw materialmaterial toto variousvarious cellcell--organellesorganellesforfor therethere functioningfunctioning..

2.2. ItIt helpshelps inin exchangeexchange ofof materialmaterial betweenbetween variousvarious

cellcell--organellesorganelles andand alsoalso withwith ECFECF..3.3. ItIt isis thethe sitesite ofof biosynthesisbiosynthesis ofof organicorganic

biomoleculesbiomolecules likelike fats,fats, nucleotides,nucleotides, proteinsproteins etcetc..

4.4. ItIt isis thethe sitesite ofof manymany cataboliccatabolic pathpath waysways ee..gg..

glycolysisglycolysis..5.5. ItIt helpshelps inin distributiondistribution ofof variousvarious materialsmaterials insideinside

thethe cellcell..

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

ItIt isis aa wellwell developeddeveloped networknetwork ofof

interconnectedinterconnected cisternae,cisternae, tubulestubules andandvesiclesvesicles presentpresent throughoutthroughout thethe cytoplasmcytoplasm

speciallyspecially inin thethe endoplasmendoplasm..

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FUNCTIONS OF ENDOPLASMICFUNCTIONS OF ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUMRETICULUM1.1. ItIt actsacts asas cellcell circulatorycirculatory systemsystem andand helpshelps

inin transportationtransportation ofof materialsmaterials..

2.2. ItIt helpshelps inin formationformation ofof primaryprimary lysosomeslysosomes..3.3. ItIt alsoalso helpshelps inin synthesissynthesis ofof nuclearnuclear

envelopenvelop..

4.4. ItIt helpshelps inin transfertransfer ofof geneticgenetic informationinformation..5.5. ItIt helpshelps inin storagestorage ofof syntheticsynthetic productsproducts

likelike glycogenglycogen..

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RIBOSOMESRIBOSOMES

TheseThese areare thethe smallestsmallest knownknown ribonucleoribonucleo--

proteinprotein particlesparticles attachedattached eithereither onon RERRER oror

floatingfloating freelyfreely inin thethe cytoplasmcytoplasm andand areare thethesitessites ofof proteinprotein synthesissynthesis..

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1.1. TheseThese areare calledcalled proteinprotein factoriesfactories

becausebecause thesethese areare thethe sitessites ofof proteinprotein

synthesizesynthesize..

2.2. TheseThese alsoalso storestore rRNAsrRNAs..

3.3. FreeFree ribosomesribosomes produceproduce nonnon--secretorysecretory

proteinsproteins..

4.4. BoundBound ribosomesribosomes onon RERRER synthesizesynthesize

secretorysecretory proteinsproteins

FUNCTIONS OF RIBOSOMESFUNCTIONS OF RIBOSOMES

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MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIA

TheseThese areare particularlyparticularly inin thethe shapeshape ofof

sausagesausage butbut maymay bebe rodrod shaped,shaped, flatflat etcetc..

EachEach mitochondrionmitochondrion hashas twotwo membranes,membranes,oneone outerouter planeplane membranemembrane andand innerinner

membranemembrane havinghaving cristaecristae.. TheThe matrixmatrix ofof

mitochondriamitochondria containscontains lipids,lipids, proteinsproteins roundround

DNADNA andand RNARNA ..

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1.1. TheseThese areare calledcalled powerpower househouse ofof thethe cellcellbecausebecause thesethese produceproduce energyenergy byby oxidationoxidation ofoffoodfood..

2.2. ManyMany aminoamino acidsacids areare alsoalso synthesizedsynthesized ininmitochondriamitochondria..

3.3. ItIt alsoalso regulatesregulates thethe calciumcalcium ionion concentrationconcentrationinsideinside thethe cellcell..

4.4. IntermediateIntermediate productsproducts ofof cellcell respirationrespiration areareusedused inin formationformation ofof steroidssteroids cytochromes,cytochromes,chlorophyllchlorophyll etcetc..

FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIAFUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA

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NAME OF STUDENTSNAME OF STUDENTS

1.1. Gagandeep KaurGagandeep Kaur

2.2. Satwinder KaurSatwinder Kaur3.3. Simerjeet KuarSimerjeet Kuar

4.4. Jaskaran KaurJaskaran Kaur

5.5. Harjeet KaurHarjeet Kaur

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BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

1.1. Text Book Of 9Text Book Of 9thth Class (Science)Class (Science)

2.2. Text Book Of 10+1 Class (Biology)Text Book Of 10+1 Class (Biology)