cee 210 environmental biology for engineers

CEE 210 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS

Lecture 2: Composition of Living Matter

Instructor: L.R. ChevalierDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringSouthern Illinois University Carbondale

Environmental Biology

for Engineers

Composition of Living Things

Objectives Investigate the composition of living matterDescribe the importance of carbohydrates,

lipids, proteins and nucleic acidExplain how DNA and RNA handle biological

information


for Engineers


Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acid


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Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acid

These form the majority of the cell

___________.They are important for structural material, energy metabolism and other metabolic functions


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Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acid

Nucleic acid is responsible for

______________


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Carbon - The essential element

6p6n

Carbon (Atomic Number 6)

Organic molecules contain carbon backbones. Every carbon atom will form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, specifically other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms.

By linking together of many smaller molecules, carbon is able to form very large polymers (macromolecules) many of which are important to human physiology.


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CarbohydratesThese carbon-based molecules are the major

source of energy for the bodyCarbohydrates are composed of carbon,

hydrogen and oxygen in a set proportion◦ ______________________

Carbohydrates are easily soluble in water due to the polar hydroxyl (OH-) groups

Ingested as sugars and starchesCarbohydrat

es

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acid


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Three types of carbohydrates _____saccharides are the simplest sugars

◦ Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most abundant (found in fruit)

◦ Also fructose, galactose, ribose _____saccharides are carbohydrates composed of

two monosaccharides linked together. ◦ Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose (table sugar)◦ Maltose is composed of glucose and glucose chains (found

in beer and malt liquor)◦ Lactose, milk sugar, is composed of glucose and galactose

_____saccharides are formed when many monosaccharides link together into long chains◦ Generally not sweet◦ Glycogen in animal cells and starch in plant cells are both

composed of thousands of glucose molecules linked together.


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Carbohydrate

Energy from the bonding of C, H, and O

Body uses the carbohydrate to generate glucose

Glucose is broken down to produce adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the fundamental unity of energy

Glucose can come from amino acids of protein if carbohydrate supply is low


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Proteins Composed of C, O, H and NUses

◦ Source of energy◦ Substrate for tissue growth and maintenance◦ Biological functions◦ Major component of bone and muscle

Formation of Proteins◦ Combination of 20 common amino acids◦ 10 are essential for humans to obtain from food,

since we cannot produce them 8 through life 2 essential during periods of rapid growth (infancy)

◦ Plants can produce all 20 amino acids

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acid


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Amino Acids

http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html



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Lipids Lipids are predominantly composed of hydrogen and carbon

atoms linked together by neutral covalent bonds. Lipids have two distinct regions

◦ Long non-polar (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon chain◦ Hydrophilic carboxylic acid group

Types of lipids◦ Fat◦ Steroids◦ Wax

The most important function of lipids is _________________ This membrane facilitates the transport of molecules in and

out of the cell Also known in layman’s term as fat

◦ Valuable food source◦ Each molecule of fatty acid can be converted into twice the number

of ATP molecules as glucose

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acid


for Engineers


On-line reference for Lipids

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13204



for Engineers


On-line reference for Carbohydrates

http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13104



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On-line reference for Proteins




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On-line Interactive: Construction of the Cell Membrane

Be prepared to answer questions in-class.

This on-line resource shows how some proteins are used in the construction of the cell membrane.




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Nucleic AcidThe molecules that

carry genetic information◦ DNA (deoxyribonucleic

acid)◦ RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Travel to the tiny world of DNA beginning with the body and ending with the atoms that make up a single DNA base◦ NOVA: Journey into DNA

by Rick Groleau

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic

acid

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html



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Biological Information Handling

http://www.biologyforengineers.org/about.php

2005 Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering Education Courseware by the National Engineering Education Delivery System (NEEDS).


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Additional Resource on Replication of DNA

http://www.visionlearning.com/library/flash_viewer.php?oid=1379&mid=63


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Codon Wheel TableInner circle signifies first nucleotide in codon, second circle signifies second nucleotide in codon, outer circle signifies third nucleotide in codon.

G U

A C

G

G

G

G

U

U

U

U

C

C

C

C

A

AA

A

CU

U

U

U

U

U

UU

U

U

U

U

U

U

UU

C

C

C

C G

C

C

C

CC

CC

CCC

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

AA

AA

A

A

A

A

A

Leucine

A

A

AA

A

A

AC

Proline

Histidine

Glutam

ine

Arg

inin

e

Isole

uci

ne

Meth

ionin

e

Thre

anin

eAspara

gineLysin

e

Serine

Arginine

Valine

Aspartic acid

Glutam

ic acid

Alanine

Glycin

e

TrypotaphaneStop

Cysteine

Stop

Tyro

sineTy

rosi

neSer

ine

Phenyl-

ala

nin

e


for Engineers


Objectives Investigate the composition of living matterDescribe the importance of carbohydrates,

lipids, proteins and nucleic acidExplain how DNA and RNA handle biological

information


for Engineers


References Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists

(Textbook)◦ Chapter 3.6 Composition of Living Things

Visionlearning◦ http://www.visionlearning.com/

Chemical Composition of the Body◦ http://www.biology-online.org/9/1_chemical_composition.

htm

Amino acid demonstration◦ http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html

Cell biology animation◦ http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html

Biomolecules: The Lipids, Wisconsin On-Line, Barbara Liang◦ http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=

AP13204 Biomolecules: The Carbohydrates, Wisconsin On-Line,

Barbara Liang◦ http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=

AP13104

http://www.visionlearning.com/

http://www.biology-online.org/9/1_chemical_composition.htm

http://www.biology-online.org/9/1_chemical_composition.htm








for Engineers


References Biomolecules: The Proteins, Wisconsin On-Line, Barbara

Liang◦ http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=

AP13304 Construction of the Cell Membrane, Wisconsin On-Line,

Barbara Liang◦ http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=

AP1101 NOVA: Journey into DNA by Rick Groleau

◦ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html Biology for Engineers

◦ http://www.biologyforengineers.org/about.php Codon Wheel Table from DNA 2.0 (adapted from)

◦ https://www.dna20.com/index.php?pageID=251 Cellupedia

◦ http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/introduction.html






http://www.biologyforengineers.org/about.php

https://www.dna20.com/index.php?pageID=251

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/introduction.html


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Sources of photographs and images in sidebar

Human brain ◦ http://www.healthnak.com/mind/

X-rays images◦ http://martingallerycharleston.com/index.html

Cold Virus (altered in Photoshop)◦ http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/

http://www.healthnak.com/mind/

http://martingallerycharleston.com/index.html

http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/


for Engineers


About the InstructorProfessor, Civil and Environmental

EngineeringFellow, American Society of Civil Engineers

(ASCE)Diplomat, Water Resources Engineering,

American Academy of Water Resources Engineering (AAWRE)

Board Certified Environmental Engineer, American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE)

Licensed Professional Engineer, State of Illinois

cee 210 environmental biology for engineers

Documents

glucose glucose

thousands of glucose

glucose chains

carbon atoms

carbon backbones

organic molecules

smaller molecules

importance of carbohydrates