ccna1 chapter 1 - mtee.net

Module 5Semester I

CABLING

LANs & WANs

Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

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KykkosB – Regional Academy

Content

• Cabling the LAN

• Cabling the WAN


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Objectives

• Identify characteristics of Ethernet networks. • Identify straight-through, crossover, and rollover cables. • Describe the function, advantages, and disadvantages of repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, and wireless network components. • Describe the function of peer-to-peer networks. • Describe the function, advantages, and disadvantages of client-server networks. • Describe and differentiate between serial, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), digital subscriber line (DSL), and cable modem WAN connections. • Identify router serial ports, cables, and connectors. • Identify and describe the placement of equipment used in various WAN configurations.

Cabling the LANThe Physical Layer


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Networking Media Carry flow of information

Media Characteristics: Cable length Cost Ease of installation Susceptibility to interference

Media Types•Coaxial•Fiber Optic•SpaceCategory 5 unshielded twisted-pair cable (Cat 5 UTP)

A subset of physical layer

implementations for Ethernet

LANs


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Ethernet Media

Ethernet technologies can be used in a campus network in several different ways: • 10 Mbps at the user level to provide good performance.• 100 Mbps for clients or servers that require more bandwidth. • Fast or Gigabit Ethernet between backbone devices.


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Media Connectors


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RJ-45 connectors

This is the Connector

This is the Jack


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568B pin assignments – straight cable

Transmit Data

Tip +veTransmit

DataRing -ve

Receive DataTip +ve

Receive DataRing -ve


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Cross Over cable – pin assignments

568B


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Interconnecting Devices

Use straight-through cables for… •Switch to router •Switch to PC or server •Hub to PC or server

Use crossover cables for…•Switch to switch •Switch to hub •Hub to hub •Router to router •PC to PC •Router to PC

Use roll-over cables to… •Connect a terminal to a console port

LAN DevicesRepeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches


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Repeaters - Hubs

Repeaters• A repeater regenerates and retimes network signals at the bit level to

allow them to travel a longer distance • 5-4-3 Rule for 10-Mbps Ethernet should be used to limit latency • Too much latency on the LAN increases the number of latecollisions

and makes the LAN less efficient

Hubs Hubs are actually multiport repeaters Change the network topology from a linear bus to a star Three basic types:1. Passive – no boost, no clean and no power2. Active - needs power to amplify the incoming signal 3. Intelligent - microprocessor chip and diagnostic capabilities


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Bridges & Switches

Switches

• Bridges and switches operate at the Data Link layer.• Destination MAC address is looked up in the bridge table to determine whether to filter, flood, or copy the frame onto another segment.

• A switch has many ports with many network segments connected to them.• A switch chooses the port to which the destination device is connected.• Alleviates congestion in LANs by reducing the size of collision domains,

reducing traffic and increasing bandwidth.Two basic operations:1. Switching data frames. 2. Build and maintain switching tables and search for loops.

Switches operate at much higher speeds than bridges and can support new functionality, such as virtual LANs.

Bridges


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WirelessMuch less cabling RF, IR, laser, satellite, microwaves The only cabling can be to the Access Points The transmitter converts source data to EM waves The receiver converts waves back into data All devices in WLAN must have Wireless NICs

IR weaknesses: ‘Line of sight’ limitation (newer technologies combat this) Signal weakening or obstruction by people or humidity

RF technology works between rooms or even buildingsRF weaknesses:

Single frequency is subject to outside interference and obstructions Single frequency is easily monitored by others making it insecure

FHSS and DSSS are Spread Spectrum technologies which add security and immunity to noise by using multiple frequencies


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NIC

The function of a NIC is to connect a host device to the network medium

The NIC is also referred to as a network adapter NICs are considered Layer 2 devices because each NIC

carries a unique code called a MAC address


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Network Environments


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Peer-to-PeerIn a peer-to-peer network

• networked computers act as equal partners, or peers• individual users control their own resources

Peer-to-peer networks are relatively easy to install and operate

A peer-to-peer network works well with 10 or fewer computers

peer-to-peer networks do not scale well, their efficiency decreases rapidly as the number of computers on the network increases

Security is difficult to maintain


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Client/Server

In a client/server arrangement, network services are located on a dedicated computer called a server

The server is a central computer that is continuously available to respond to requests from clients for file, print, and application services

Servers are designed to handle requests from many clients simultaneously

The aggregation of resources on server systems brings greater security, simpler access and coordinated control, the server introduces a single point of failure


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Peer-to-Peer vs. Client/ServerAdvantages

Advantages of a Peer-to-Peer Network

Advantages of a Client/Server Network

Less expensive to implement Provides for better security

Does not require additional specialized network administration software

Easier to administer when the network is large due to centralized administration

Does not require a dedicated network administrator

All data can be backed up on one central location


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Peer-to-Peer vs. Client/ServerDisadvantages

Disadvantages of a Peer-to-Peer Network

Disadvantages of a Client/Server Network

Does not scale well to a large networks and administration becomes unmanageable

Requires expensive specialized network administrative and operational software

Each user must be trained to perform administrative tasks

Requires expensive, more powerful hardware for the server machine

Less secure Requires a professional administrator

All machines sharing resources negatively impacts performance

Has a single point of failure. User data is unavailable if the server is down


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WAN Connections

Serial connections are used to support WAN services such as dedicated leased lines that run Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or Frame Relay


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WAN

WANs use serial transmission

This is a process by which bits of data are sent over a single channel

This process provides reliable long distance communication and the use of a specific electromagnetic or optical frequency range

Signals transmitted over voice grade telephone lines use 3 kilohertz (kHz).


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WANSerial connections are used to support WAN services

such as dedicated leased lines that run Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or Frame Relay

ISDN offers dial-on-demand connections or dial backup services.• ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) is composed of:

Two 64 kbps bearer channels (B channels) for data

One delta channel (D channel) at 16 kbps used for signaling and other link-management tasks

• PPP is typically used to carry data over the B channels.


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Router Connections

Cisco router physical connectivity is provided by serial connections: • The first type of serial connections is a 60-pin connector• The second is a more compact ‘smart serial’ connector

The provider connector will vary depending on the type of service equipment


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DTE/DCE

When the connection is made directly to a service provider, or a device that provides signal clocking such as a channel/data service unit (CSU/DSU), the router will be a data terminal equipment (DTE) and use a DTE serial cable.

When the local router is required to provide the clocking rate it will use a data communications equipment (DCE) cable


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Router Connection Points


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Managing Routers

To initially configure the Cisco device, a management connection must be directly connected to the device

The console port allows monitoring and configuration of a Cisco hub, switch, or router

The cable used between a terminal and a console port is a rollover cable

also known as a console cable


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Console Connection

……. Continue next class, thank you

http://www.webopedia.com


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LABS

5.1.5 RJ-45 jack punch down

5.1.7 Hub & NIC purchase

5.1.10 Purchasing LAN Switches

5.1.12 Building a Peer to Peer network

5.1.13a Building a HUB based network

5.1.13b Building a Switch based network

ccna1 chapter 1 - mtee.net

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