ccna intro class
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction class
CCNA-Cisco Certified Network
Associate
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What is a computer
An electronic device for the storage and processing of information
A device or system that is capable of carrying out asequence of operations in defined manner
Any device capable of processing information toproduce a desired result. No matter how large or smallthey are, computers typically perform their work inthree well-defined steps: (1) accepting input, (2)
processing the input according to predefined rules(programs), and (3) producing output
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Components of a computer
Input device
Processing Unit
Memory Unit
Storage unit
Output device
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Boot up process
The first step of POST (Power On Self Test) is thetesting of the Power Supply to ensure that it isturned on and that it releases its reset signal
CPU must exit the reset status mode and
thereafter be able to execute instructions BIOS must be readable BIOS checksum must be valid, meaning that it
must be readable
CMOS ( Complementary metal oxidesemiconductor )be accessible for reading
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Boot up process
CMOS checksum must be valid, meaning that it mustbe readable
CPU must be able to read all forms of memory such asthe memory controller, memory bus, and memorymodule
The first 64KB of memory must be operational andhave the capability to be read and written to and from,and capable of containing the POST code
I/O bus / controller must be accessible
I/O bus must be able to write / read from the video
subsystem and be able to read all video RAM
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Trouble shooting using Beep codes
1 Beep: DRAM refresh failure
2 Beeps: Parity circuit failure
3 Beeps: Base 64K RAM failure
4 Beeps: System timer failure
5 Beeps: Processor failure 6 Beeps: Keyboard controller
7 Beeps: Virtual mode exception error
8 Beeps: Display memory read/write failure
9 Beeps: ROM BIOS checksum failure 10 Beeps: CMOS shutdown register read/write error
11 Beeps: Cache memory error
Continuous Beeping: Memory or video problem
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Topology in Network Design
The way in which the devices are connected in thenetwork.
Network topologies are categorized into the following
basic types: bus
star
tree
mesh
ring
FDDI
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Bus Topology
Bus networks use a commonbackbone to connect all devices.
A single cable, the backbonefunctions as a sharedcommunication medium, thatdevices attach or tap into with aninterface connector .
A device wanting to communicate with another device on thenetwork sends a broadcast messageonto the wire that all other devicessee, but only the intended recipient
actually accepts and processes themessage.
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Mesh Topology
Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes . Unlikeeach of the previous topologies, messages sent on amesh network can take any of several possible pathsfrom source to destination. # ( All the routes are openfor all the devices to communicate because each deviceis connected to all the devices in the network. But asthis N/W uses more cabling it is costly).
(Recall that in a ring, although two cable paths exist,messages can only travel in one direction.)
Some WANs, like the Internet, employ mesh routing.
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Basic Networking Concepts
Network occurs any time you connect two ormore computers together so that they can shareresources
A network is any collection of independentcomputers or devices that communicate withone another over a shared network medium.
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Area Networks
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Storage Area Network (SAN)
System Area Network (SAN)
Server Area Network (SAN)
Small Area Network (SAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Desk Area Network (DAN)
Controller Area Network (CAN)
Cluster Area Network (CAN)
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MAN
A MAN is a relatively new class of network, it serves a role similar to an ISP,but for corporate users with large LANs.
There are three important features which discriminate MANs from LANs or WANs: The network size falls intermediate between LAN and WAN. A MAN typically
covers an area of between 5 and 50 km diameter. Many MAN cover an area the
size of a city, although in some cases MAN may be as small as a group of buildings or as large as the North of Scotland.
A MAN is not generally owned by a single organization. The MAN, itscommunications links and equipment are generally owned by either a consortiumof users or by a single network provider who sells the service to the users. Thislevel of service provided to each user must therefore be negotiated with the MANoperator, and some performance guarantees are normally specified. #(eg: city
cable operator) A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of regional resources.
It is also frequently used to provide a shared connection to other networks using alink to a WAN
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Internet
The Internet is a system of linked networks that are worldwide inscope and facilitate data communication services such as remotelogin, file transfer, electronic mail, the World Wide Web andnewsgroups.
Internet has become a communications highway for millions of users.
The Internet was initially restricted to military and academicinstitutions, but now it is a full-fledged conduit for any and allforms of information and commerce.
Internet websites now provide personal, educational, politicaland economic resources to every corner of the planet.
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Networking Devices
Hubs
Switches
Bridges
Routers
Gateways
CSUs/DSUs
Modems
Network Interface cards
ISDN Terminal Adapters
Wireless Access Point
Firewalls
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Hubs
Hubs are simple network devices, and theirsimplicity is reflected in their low cost. Smallhubs with four or five ports (often referred to as workgroup hubs) with the requisite cables, they provide everything needed to create a small
network. Hubs with more ports are available for networks
that require greater capacity.
Computers connect to a hub via a length of twisted-pair cabling. In addition to ports for
connecting computers, (even an inexpensivehub generally has a port designated as an uplink port that enables the hub to be connected toanother hub to create larger networks.
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Thank you
F.Hina B.E.
IT Architect
D ll D S