cbalance solutions pvt. ltd energy audit report · the geographical scope of the project comprised...

ICICI Bank Energy Audit Report - October 2015

cBalance Solutions Pvt. Ltd

Energy Audit Report

for

ICICI Bank

DadarBranch, Mumbai

Prepared by: Vivek Gilani Ashoka Fellow Environmental Engineer (E.I.T) BEE Certified Energy Auditor (EA-17177) Founder / Director: cBalance Solutions Hub

Dhrumit Parikh M.Tech, Solar & Alternative Energy

In consultation with: Energetic Consulting Private Limited


Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5

2. Project Scope ........................................................................................................................... 6

3. Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 7

4. Energy Audit Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 8

4.1 Baseline Performance – Measurement ........................................................................... 8

4.1.1 Electricity Consumption ................................................................................................. 8

4.1.2 Branch Load Distribution and Load Type - Wise Consumption Pattern ....................... 12

4.1.3Energy Conservation Opportunities .............................................................................. 13

4.2 Lighting System .................................................................................................................... 13

4.2.1 Lighting System Performance Assessment ............................................................ 13

4.2.2 Lighting System Recommendations and Energy Conservation Opportunities ...... 17

4.3 HVAC-Refrigeration System ........................................................................................... 20

4.3.1 HVAC Performance Assessment ................................................................................... 20

4.3.2 Thermal Comfort Assessment ...................................................................................... 23

4.3.3 HVAC System Recommendations and Energy Conservation Opportunities ......... 24

4.3.4 Passive Design Techniques ........................................................................................... 29

4.5 UPS System .................................................................................................................... 32

5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 33

Appendix – I ................................................................................................................................... 38

Appendix – II ................................................................................................................................ 39

Appendix – III ............................................................................................................................... 40

Appendix – IV ............................................................................................................................... 40

Appendix – V ................................................................................................................................ 41


List of Tables

Table 1 GHG Emission Factors and Inventory – Energy .................................................................. 8

Table 2 Tariff Structure LT 2 b Commercial ..................................................................................... 8

Table 3 Time-of-Day (TOD) Structure .............................................................................................. 9

Table 4 Annual and Monthly Energy Use Summary ...................................................................... 11

Table 5.Power Measurement - Main Incomer Feeder .................................................................. 12

Table 6 Load (System) type Wise Consumption Pattern ............................................................... 12

Table 7 Lighting System – Illuminance Assessment ...................................................................... 14

Table 8 Lamp Efficiency Metrics .................................................................................................... 14

Table 9 Fixture-Wise Lighting Load and Energy Consumption Summary...................................... 15

Table 10 Target Lux/W/m2 as an Function of Room Index ........................................................... 16

Table 11 ILER Color Code ............................................................................................................... 16

Table 12 ILER Assessment ............................................................................................................. 17

Table 13 Energy and Cost Savings from ILER Improvement .......................................................... 18

Table 14 Energy and Cost Saving by Reducing the Lighting Fixtures ............................................ 18

Table 15 HVAC System Rated Details ............................................................................................ 20

Table 16 HVAC Result Summary .................................................................................................... 23

Table 17 Area Wise Thermal Comfort of Branch ........................................................................... 23

Table 18 Use of Direct/Indirect DX Evaporative Cooler ................................................................ 27

Table 19 Replace existing system with 5 Star AC .......................................................................... 27

Table 20 Replacing existing system with 6 Star AC ....................................................................... 27

Table 21 Cost and Energy savings with Radiant Cooling ............................................................... 29

Table 22 Energy and Cost Saving with Low E Coated Glass........................................................... 29

Table 23 Energy and Cost Saving with High Thermal Performance Glass ..................................... 30

Table 24 Energy and Cost Savings achieved by reducing Window to Wall Ratio .......................... 31

Table 25 UPS Details ...................................................................................................................... 32

Table 26 MACC Project Details ...................................................................................................... 36


List of Figures

Figure 1 Monthly Electricity Consumption .................................................................................... 10

Figure 2 Monthly Electricity Cost .................................................................................................. 11

Figure 3 Lighting Load Fixtures Type-wise Distribution ................................................................ 15

Figure 4 Occupancy Sensor ........................................................................................................... 19

Figure 5 Vacancy Sensor ................................................................................................................ 19

Figure 6 AC - Type Wise HVAC Load Distribution .......................................................................... 21

Figure 7 HVAC Energy Consumption Details ................................................................................. 22

Figure 8 Mechanical Dehumidifier Diagram .................................................................................. 25

Figure 9 Indirect Evaporative Cooling/DX ..................................................................................... 26

Figure 10 Radiant Cooling System ................................................................................................. 28

Figure 11 ICICI MACC Curve ........................................................................................................... 35


1. Introduction

cBalance Solutions Pvt. Ltd. (India) was contracted by ICICI Bank to conduct a complete

electrical and thermal energy audit as the primary step of an objective to transform their branch into a ‘green branch’ through conservation of natural resources and reducing environmental impact of their operations.

The overarching objectives of the exercise were to:

Determine the energy and related cost conservation potential for the bank branch based on technological interventions

Determine the energy and related cost conservation potential based on architectural interventions (especially related to building envelope/Air Conditioned space insulation)

Determine the electrical energy cost reduction potential based on operational process changes (related to reorganizing the scheduling of energy consuming activities)

Establish the comparative financial feasibility of proposed alternatives on a life-cycle cost basis

Additionally, cBalance Solutions Pvt. Ltd. determined the GHG mitigation potential for the proposed alternatives to reduce the overall Carbon Footprint of ICICI Bank (Scope 1 and Scope 2 Emissions). This assessment culminates in a macro-level Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) Analysis.

MACC Curves: An enterprise-specific Marginal GHG Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) analysis is

a key component of an institutionalized Sustainability Strategy. It is designed to discover the

most cost-effective means of mitigating climate change impact through technological

interventions or modifications in management practices. It is a vital decision-support input

for planning capital expenditure on Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation, Waste Reduction

& Management etc. projects in a manner that safeguards the financial sustainability of the

Organization while achieving tangible environmental and socio-economic sustainability

benefits for the planetary ecosystem. The idea is to harvest the low-hanging fruits first,

accumulate the economic benefits from these no-regret options and then steps through

more challenging interventions. In this way, it reduces financial risk and ensures longevity of

the environmental program at large.

MACC Methodology:Costs and benefits are calculated based on real values of financial

parameters such as inflation, interest rates, cost of electricity, energy etc. and resource

conservation benefits of options reflect the enhancement in technological alternatives

available over time.


2. Project Scope

The geographical scope of the project comprised execution of one day pilot energy audit of ICICI Bank, Dadar branch (Maharashtra, India) on 16th October, 2015.

The systems studied and assessed as part of the energy audit and conservation strategy devising process included the following:

Utility Analysis

HVAC Systems

Lighting Systems

UPS System


3. Methodology

The field measurement methodology adopted included the following processes and

equipments:

MECO Clamp-On Meter: for measuring electrical parameters of individual HVAC

equipment - to establish baseline system performance.

Luxmeter: for measuring lux levels on the working planes of the workspaces and human

occupancy areas.

Anemometer: for measuring flow rate (velocity) of condenser cooling air exiting the

outdoor-units to determine the heat rejected by the individual HVAC equipment

(equivalent to delivered cooling – Tonnes of Refrigeration or TR)

Psychrometer: for measuring the dry bulb temperature (DBT) and wet bulb temperature

(WBT) of the ambient and condenser-cooling air to establish the enthalpy change across

the condensers of the outdoor units.

Measuring Tape: to measure the diameter of outdoor unit fans to convert air velocity

into mass flow rate.


4. Energy Audit Data Analysis The following color coding has been used for the data interpretation in the tables:

Color Data Interpretation

Rated or Derived Values

On-field Measured Values

Calculated Values based on Rated/Derived and On-field Measured Values

4.1 Baseline Performance – Measurement The branch consumes only grid electricity for running HVAC systems, UPS system, Lighting and

bank utilities.The annual energy consumption (October 2014 to September 2015)of the ICICI-

Dadarbranch was recorded to be 65,081 kWh. The relative and total impacts of fossil and

electrical energy consumption on the Direct and Indirect (Scope 2) GHG Emissions of the branch

are presented in the tablebelow:

Table 1GHG Emission Factors and Inventory – Energy

Energy Source GHG Emission Units GHG Emissions (MT CO2e/year)

Grid Electricity

emissions 1.19 kg CO2e/kWh 77.6

Non electricity

emissions 331.8 kg CO2e/ TR/yr 4.8

Total 82.4

The analysis indicates that the annual energy related GHG emissions for the plant are 82.4metric

tonnes of CO2e.

4.1.1 Electricity Consumption

Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) provide this branch with Grid Electricity. the

Table below

presents the details of the tariff structure of the ICICI Bank, Dadar branch. The details of Time–

of–Day (TOD) tariff incentive / disincentive structure are presented in the Table below

Table 2Tariff Structure LT 2 b Commercial

Detail of Tariff Values Units

Sectioned Load 44.94 KW

kWh charges (New tariff w.e.f. 01.04.2015) 10.3 INR/Unit

kWh charges (Old tariff up to 31.03.2015) 9.3 INR/Unit

Contract Demand 56.18 KVA

Fixed Demand Tariff 200.00 KVA/month


Table 3Time-of-Day (TOD) Structure

Details TOD (0600 Hrs to 0900 Hrs)

TOD (0900 Hrs to 1200 Hrs)




Incentive / Disincentive (INR/ kWh)

0.00 0.50 0.00 1.00 -0.75

Baseline electrical energy consumption was determined through a review of the electricity bills

paid by the facility over a period of 12 months (October 2014 to September 2015). The

electricity bill spanned different Time-of-Day (TOD) Tariff regimes implemented by the utility

provider. Figure 1 below shows the monthly electricity consumption in kWh. The maximum

electricity consumption, recorded in October 2014 was identified to be7,461 kWh.The minimum

electricity consumption, recorded in March 2015 was identified to be 3,991kWh.The average

monthly consumption valueof5,423 kWh per month is taken as the present energy benchmark

and the goal of the energy conservation process.The ultimate desired outcome of the energy

audit process is to identify possibilities for reducing this benchmark energy consumption to the

greatest extent feasible. Figure 2 depictsthe monthly electricity charges that are paid to BEST.

The maximum monthly electricity charge of INR 86,852 was paid in September 2015. The

minimum monthly electricity charge of INR 54,441was paid inApril2015. The average monthly

electricity charge was calculated to be INR 77,600. The normalized average electricity charge for

the manufacturing unit was calculated by dividing the total annual electricity cost (energy

charges only) with the total energy (in kWh) used. This was calculated to be INR 10.37 per kWh

and was used as the basis of all energy cost saving modeling activities conducted for the project.

It is to be noted that the total annual electrical energy cost (including fixed charges, demand

charges etc.) was INR 9,31,202 and the resultant gross electricity cost per kWh was therefore

INR 14.31 per kWh. This value however has only academic significance with respect to energy

savings calculation, as it does not truly; specifically address the energy cost but rather the total

cost of supply. The above analysis is summarized in Table 4, provided below. Other relevant

details of the energy bills are presented in Appendix – I.


Figure 1Monthly Electricity Consumption

7,461.0

7,140.0

6,204.0

5,185.0

4,399.0

3,991.04,114.0

4,831.0

5,713.0

5,373.0 5,471.05,199.0

-

1,000.00

2,000.00

3,000.00

4,000.00

5,000.00

6,000.00

7,000.00

8,000.00

Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15

Ener

gy C

on

sum

pti

on

(kW

h)

Month

ICICI Bank - Monthly Energy Consumption (kWh)


Figure 2Monthly Electricity Cost

Table 4Annual and Monthly Energy Use Summary

Details All Charges Included

Only Energy Charges

Unit

Avg. Monthly Energy Consumption 5,423 kWh/month

Annual Energy Consumption 65,081 kWh/year

Avg. Monthly Demand 22 kVA

Avg. Monthly Load 22 kW

Avg. Monthly Excess Demand 0 KVA

Avg. Monthly Excess Demand Charges 0 INR/month

Annual Excess Demand Charge 0 INR/year

Avg. Specific Energy Cost 14.31 10.37 INR/kWh

Avg. Monthly Energy Cost 77,600 56,230 INR/month

Annual Energy Cost 931,202 674,766 INR/year

54,441.4

77,077.181,728.7 81,442.8

84,059.0

86,852.2

-

10,000.0

20,000.0

30,000.0

40,000.0

50,000.0

60,000.0

70,000.0

80,000.0

90,000.0

100,000.0

Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15

En

erg

y C

ost

(IN

R)

Months

ICICI Bank - Energy Cost (INR/month)


4.1.2 Branch Load Distribution andLoad Type - Wise Consumption Pattern

While it was essential to understandthe cumulative energy consumption of the branch, it was of

even greater importanceto dissect this total energy consumption across energy consuming

systems and sub-systems, to identify the key energy consuming hotspots in order to be able to

integrate them into an energy conservation plan for the branch.

The energy and average power measurement results for the main feeder are shown in Table

5.Power Measurement - Main Incomer Feeder.

Table 5.Power Measurement - Main Incomer Feeder

Sr.No Area Phase Phase Voltage (V)

PhaseCurrent (I)

Power Factor

Power Consumption (kW)

1 Entire Premises _Main Incomer R – Phase 213 23 1 4.9

2 Entire Premises _Main Incomer Y- Phase 209 26 1 5.5

3 Entire Premises _Main Incomer B - Phase 206 39 1 8.0

Total 18.5

Based on the above line current measurements, it can be concluded that the load distribution

across the phases was unbalanced, possibly due to unevenly distributed single phase loadsin the

3-phase system.

The major sources of energy demand studied during the Energy Audit were identified to be the

HVAC, Lighting and UPS systems. Power consumption was measured using field audit equipment

and represents the primary field data. The results of the load study are tabulated below in

descending order of magnitude of power consumption. The overarching conclusion of the

analysis is that the HVAC-Refrigeration Load is by the far the most critical component of the

branch’s electrical energy consumption (accounting for approximately 78% of the load).

Table 6 Load (System) type Wise Consumption Pattern

Sr.No Equipment Power Consumption (kW) Load (%) Cumulative Load (%)

1 HVAC Systems 14.3 78 78

2 Others 2.4 13 91

3 Lighting Systems 1.1 6 96

4 UPS 0.6 4 100

Total 18.5 100


4.1.3 Energy Conservation Opportunities

4.1.3.1 Load Management

To decrease the effects of unbalance, several actions can be taken, with different degrees of

technical complexity1.A primary modification that must receive immediate attention is the

redistribution of single-phase loads to achieve a balanced 3-phase system. Mitigation

techniques that use special transformers, such as Scott- and Steinmetz transformers, or ‘Static

Var Compensators’, which modify system parameters to allow addition of single-phase loads

while emulating characteristics of a three-phase load, can be deployed. These techniques are

described in detail in Appendix III of the report.

4.1.3.2 Reduce Contract Demand

The average recorded demand per month was identified to be 22kVA. When compared with the

contracted/sanctioned demand of 56.18 kVA, the contracted demand could be reduced by 50%.

4.2 Lighting System

4.2.1 Lighting System Performance Assessment

The lighting load across the facility is estimated to be 1.04kW, which represents approximately

4% of the averagemonthly electrical load of the branch. Lighting is an essential service required

by occupants of indoor and outdoor spaces and is designed to perform a functional and an

aesthetic role, as per specific requirements that are addressed during the lighting system design

phase. The intensity levels (lux, lumens per m2) required by the occupants vary with application

and area of usage. There are recommendations provided by the Indian Standard IS 3646:1992 to

evaluate the efficacy of the lighting installed in spaces as a function of use cases. Extensive field

measurements with Lux Meters were carried out throughout the indoor spaces of the branch

and these measurements are tabulated in Appendix – II. The measured lux values were

compared with the recommended lux values2 and the resulting comparison for lux levels are

presented in the Table below for indoor areas of the facility.

1 Power Quality Application Guide 5.1.3 Voltage Disturbances Introduction to Unbalance 2 Indian Standard: IS 3646:1992 – Code of Practice for Interior Illumination Part – 1 General Requirements And Recommendations for Working Interiors (First Revision). Table -1 Recommended Illumination (Clause 4.2.2.2)


Table 7Lighting System – Illuminance Assessment

Sr.No Sub Area Name Average Lux Level Lux Illumination Assessment

1 Branch Entry 256 Not Acceptable

2 CSE Desk 231 Acceptable

3 Cash Counter & Loan Service 138 Acceptable

4 Branch Manager 200 Acceptable

5 Deputy Branch Manager 157 Acceptable

6 Meeting Room 207 Acceptable

7 Back Office 224 Not Acceptable

8 Storage 158 Not Acceptable

9 Corridor in Front of Back Office 182 Not Acceptable

10 Corridor near Pantry Area 79 Not Acceptable

11 Pantry Area 156 Not Acceptable

12 UPSRoom 14 Acceptable

13 Locker Room 134 Not Acceptable

14 Toilet 107 Not Acceptable

15 ATM 146 Acceptable

Lighting technology advancement since the advent of CFL, LED bulbs provide opportunities for

significant energy savings through equipment replacement. A listing of high-energy efficiency

lighting devices and their respective efficiency attributes (lumens/watt) is provided inTable 8

below.

Table 8Lamp Efficiency Metrics

Fixture Type Luminous Efficiency (lum/W)

CFL 60

FTL 54

GLS Lamp 14

Halogen 21

LED 85

Metal Halide Lamps 46

PL Lamp 60

T5 Tube 72

T8 Tube 81

HPMV 50

A summary of the lighting fixture types that comprise the lighting type and their respective

loads, and consequent energy consumption are presented in the Table 9, providedbelow.


Table 9Fixture-Wise Lighting Load and Energy Consumption Summary

Fixture Type Application Qty Load(kW) Energy Consumption(kWh/yr)

Energy Cost(INR/yr)

CFL Indoor Lighting 6 0.11 300 3,110

LED Indoor Lighting 52 0.94 2,600 26,957

Total 58 1.04 2,900 30,067

The assessment indicates that the facility has 58 lighting fixtures leading to an annual energy consumption of approximately 2,900 kWh and leading to an energy cost of INR 30,067 per year. In terms of the annual energy consumption and annual energy cost, the identified figure represents approximately 4% of the total kWh per year consumed and energy bill paid by the ICICI Dadar Branch. The figure below shows the fixture type wise lighting load distribution. It has been observed that LED light contributes for 89.7% load of the entire lighting system.

Figure 3Lighting Load Fixtures Type-wise Distribution

A vital parameter for assessing the effectiveness of Lighting Systems is, the Installed Load

Efficacy Ratios [ILER]; a ratio of the average maintained illuminance, provided on a horizontal

workingplane per circuit watt with the general lighting of an interior to a recommended target

level. It is a dimensionless quantity comprised of a ratio of two quantities (lux per watt per

square meter, lux/W/m²). It is defined by the following mathematical relationship, which

necessitates the calculation of another dimensionless quantity, the Room Index which quantifies

the relative shape of a given room and incorporates the impact of the mounting height of

lighting fixtures.

CFL10.3%

LED89.7%

ICICI Energy Audit - Fixture Type Wise Lighting Load Distribution

CFL

LED

Total Lighting Load = 1.044 kW


𝐼𝐿𝐸𝑅 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑥/𝑊/𝑚2

𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑙𝑢𝑥/𝑊/𝑚2

𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 (𝑅𝐼) = 𝐿 × 𝑊

𝐻𝑚 × (𝐿 + 𝑊)

Where, L = length of the room interior (m), W = width of the room interior (m), and Hm = mounting height of the fixture (m) In the ILER calculation procedure presented above, the ‘Target’ lux/W/m2 is determined

according to the following table as a function of the Room Index.

Table 10 Target Lux/W/m2 as an Function of Room Index

Room Index

Commercial Lighting (Offices, Retail Stores etc) Std or good colour rending (Ra: 40-85)

Industrial Lighting (Manufacturing areas, workshops) Std or good colour rending (Ra: 40-85)

Industrial Lighting where Std or good colour rending is not essential (Ra: 20-40)

Avg. Target Lux/W/m²

1.00 33 33 52 42.5

1.25 36 36 55 45.5

1.5 39 39 58 48.5

2 42 42 61 51.5

2.5 44 44 64 54

3 46 46 65 55.5

4 48 48 66 57

5 49 49 67 58

Table 11 ILER Color Code

ILER Assessment Color Code

0.75 or over Satisfactory

0.51 - 0.74 Review Suggested

0.5 or less Urgent Action Required

ILER values were calculated for major indoor areas of the facility and are presented in the Table

below along with recommended values for ILER3. The Table also indicates a priority list of areas

that need immediate attention in order to achieve immediate energy and cost reduction.

3 Guidebook for National Certification Examination for Energy Managers and Energy Auditors, Bureau of Energy ,Energy Performance Assessment For Equipment & Utility Systems, Chapter 14,Buildings and Commercial Establishments, Table 14.6


Table 12ILER Assessment

Area Name ILER Assessment

Branch Entry 1.17 Satisfactory

CSE Desk 1.01 Satisfactory

Cash Counter & Loan Service 0.60 Review Suggested

Branch Manager 0.77 Satisfactory

Deputy Branch Manager 1.22 Satisfactory

Meeting Room 0.88 Satisfactory

Back Office 0.83 Satisfactory

Storage 0.36 Urgent Action Required

Corridor in-front of Back Office 1.93 Satisfactory

Corridor near Pantry Area 0.60 Review Suggested

Pantry Area 1.34 Satisfactory

UPS Room 0.03 Urgent Action Required

Locker Room 0.96 Satisfactory

Toilet 0.43 Urgent Action Required

ATM 0.75 Satisfactory

4.2.2 Lighting System Recommendations and Energy Conservation Opportunities

4.2.2.1 ILER Improvement

ILER Ratios of 0.75 and above are desired and are considered satisfactory, while values within

the range of 0.51 to 0.74 represent areas wherein improvement of lighting efficiency through

the following measures can be considered:

Higher Lumens/watt fixtures through more efficient technologies.

Increasing the height of the fixtures from the working plan height.

Improved maintenance and cleaning of luminaries and room walls to reduce impact

of dust and dirt accumulation leading to illuminations losses

Wall repainting

Reducing lux levels (by eliminating a fraction of the installed fixtures) if higher than

required or by recommendingilluminancelevel, which is prevalent.

ILER values lower than 0.5 should serve as an alarm for immediate action to improve lighting

efficiency according to the measures above. The ILER values which are generally much lower

than 0.5 in most areas require immediate attention. The potential energy and associated cost

savings from improving ILER values can be estimated by comparing the energy requirement in

the current situation relative to the energy requirement for a perfect scenario with ILER equal to

1.0. The savings estimate for the branch is presented in Table 13and indicates a total energy

savings potential of approximatelyINR 5,579 through an improvement in the ILER values across

the Branch.


Table 13Energy and Cost Savings from ILER Improvement

Area Energy Saving (kWh/yr) Cost Saving (INR/yr) GHG Savings (MT CO₂e/yr)

Cash Counter &Loan Service 40 411 0.05

Branch Manager 46 481 0.06

Meeting Room 24 253 0.03

Back Office 34 350 0.04

Storage 63 658 0.08

Corridor near Pantry Area 20 206 0.02

UPS Room 193 1,998 0.23

Locker Room 8 85 0.01

Toilet 85 882 0.10

ATM 25 256 0.03

Total 538 5,579 0.59

4.2.2.2 Reduce Excess Illuminance

As indicated in the illuminance assessment earlier, some of the Indoor areas of the branch are provided with excess lighting that greatly supersedes the standard lux requirements. The most prominent of these areas are the Branch Entry, Locker Room, Toilet, and Corridor near the back office. The analysis conducted to ascertain potential energy conservation benefits of eliminating excess lighting fixtures led to the conclusion that aligning lux levels across the Branch with standard lux levels could yield energy savings of 576kWh per year and an annual cost saving of approximately INR 5,974,without any capital investment.

Table 14 Energy and Cost Saving by Reducing the Lighting Fixtures

Area Power Reduction (kW)

Energy Savings by Reducing Fixtures (kWh/yr)

Demand Reduction (kVA)

Cost Savings - Energy (INR/yr)

GHG Savings (MT CO₂e/yr)

Branch Entry 0.07 186 0.07 1,931 0.22

Back office 0.01 22 0.01 223 0.03

Storage 0.02 68 0.02 709 0.08

Corridor (in front of Back Office) 0.03 73 0.03 752 0.09

Corridor (near pantry area) 0.01 18 0.01 190 0.02

Pantry Area 0.00 4 0.00 41 0.00

Locker Room 0.05 126 0.05 1,302 0.15

Toilet 0.03 80 0.03 826 0.10

Total 0.21 576

5,974 0.69

4.2.2.3 Use of Occupancy/Vacancy Sensors4

Occupancy/Vacancy sensors function by switching the lights ON and OFF based on the occupancy of the room and are a smart and easy way to save energy in commercial applications.Energy consumption from building interiors and exteriors that do not require continual lighting and cooling due to infrequent occupancy (eg. stairwell and compound lighting in buildings and fan/light operation in toilets and elevators in commercial and residential premises) can be significantly diminished by use of Occupancy/Vacancy sensors to control HVAC and lighting fixtures. As in illustration, incorporating these sensors in tubelights, used 12 hours

4LUTRON – Occupancy/Vacancy Sensor Design and Application Guide, Page no - 4


per day (approximate usage in stairwell lighting applications), can mitigate energy consumption by approximately 160 kWh per fixture. This alternative is even more viable when multiple fittings can be sensed and controlled by a single sensor. The types of technology used in these sensors are defined below:

1. Passive Infrared (PIR): Detects change in temperature when someone enters the

room. They are suited for small and enclosed spaces with high level of occupant motion.

2. Ultrasonic Technology: Sensors using this technology sense the occupancy ofa room by bouncing the ultrasonic waves off an object in space and detects frequency shift in emitted and reflected sound waves. This technology is suitable for applications requiring minute detection of motion.

3. Dual Technology: Use both PIR and Ultrasonic technology.Both technologies within the sensor must detect someone in a room in order to turn the lights on, but only one of the technologies needs to continually sense the person in order for the lights to stay on. Dual-technology sensors are self-adaptive to automatically adjust sensitivity and timing.

Occupancy sensors: Occupancy sensors automatically turn lights on and off when occupants enter or leave a room and operate without direct human intervention in the form of operating lighting controls such as light switches.

Figure 4 Occupancy Sensor

Vacancy sensors: A vacancy sensor also turn lights off when occupants leave a room but differ from Occupancy sensors in that they require manual turning on if lighting is required upon entering the space. They maximize energy savings from the sensor because turning lights on when occupants walk into a room might not be an imperative.

Figure 5 Vacancy Sensor

Use of Cord / Pull Switches Chord switches can be wired up to individual fittings easily and are a low capital cost alternative.


4.3 HVAC-Refrigeration System

4.3.1 HVAC Performance Assessment

The Table below provides an estimate of the operational performance of the Split and Ductable

Unit ACs audited at the Branch. The branch possesses 3 Split and 3 Ductable Units comprising

mainly 1.8 TR and 3 TR ACs The assessment conducted indicates that the total rated ACs

capacity at the branch is 14.4 TR and the corresponding rated power consumption is 18.7 kW.

Table 15 HVAC System Rated Details

AC Type Brand/Model Qty AC_TAG No Rated Power Consumption (kW)

Rated TR/Unit

Rated EER

Rated Star Rating

Split Hitachi - RAU022HQD 1 SAC_01 1.85 1.80 3.41 5 Star

Split Blue Star_ 2HW24RA 1 SAC_02 2.56 1.80 2.55 2 Star

Split Blue Star 2HW24RA 1 SAC_03 2.56 1.80 2.55 2 Star

Ductable Hitachi Packaged AC 1 DAC_01 3.90 3.00 2.68 1 Star



Total 18.7 14.40 2.745

The total installed load is 14.4 TR, which represents the most critical component of the energy

management and conservation plan that emerges as the outcome of this Energy Audit.It is

observed from Figure 6that Ductable ACs contribute 62.5% and Spit ACs contribute 37.5% to the

total rated cooling capacity.

5Weighted avg. EER based on rated equipment TR


Figure 6 AC - Type Wise HVAC Load Distribution

Split AC37.5%

Ductable AC62.5%

ICICI Energy Audit - AC Type Wise HVAC Load Distribution

Split

Ductable

Total Cooling Capacity = 14.4 TR


Figure 7HVAC Energy Consumption Details

The measurements presented in the Table below indicate that the system consumes an

estimated 2,97,910 kWh/year. The key efficiency parameter for ACs is the Energy Efficiency

Ratio (EER) Efficiency. Power and delivered TR measurements were used to derive the delivered

EER which serves as a means to compare in-operation energy efficiency of the system relative to

the rated energy efficiency.

The overarching conclusions drawn from the HVAC baseline measurements are:

- the delivered TR (8.5 TR) is notably lower than the rated TR (14.4 TR) of the system;

delivered TR was seen to be 41 % lower than rated TR

- the weighted-average delivered EER (2.28) is substantially lower than the weighted-

average rated EER (2.74); operational EER is approximately 17% lower than rated EER

- the estimated energy consumption due to this depleted EER6 is approximately 20% higher

than if the equipment operated at rated EER.

- the average EER of the 1.8 TR Split ACs is relatively higher at 2.27 while the average EER

of Ductable ACs is generally lower than 1.95.

The above analysis indicates a clear opportunity for energy savings from the replacement of the

1.8 TR Split and 3 TR Ductable ACs. To clarify this potential, the % ‘inefficient’ and ‘efficient’ AC

capacity across small and large ACs was calculated. ‘Efficient’ ACs were defined as those with a

6Calculated by comparison of inverse of rated and delivered EERs (i.e. energy consumption)

3,058.0

4,950.04,554.0

4,620.0

6,974.07,370.0

3.1

1.4

2.3

1.4

1.6

2.8

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

0.0

1,000.0

2,000.0

3,000.0

4,000.0

5,000.0

6,000.0

7,000.0

8,000.0

SAC_01 SAC_02 SAC_03 DAC_01 DAC_02 DAC_03

De

live

red

EE

R

Ene

rgy

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n (

kWh

/ye

ar)

ICICI Energy Audit - HVAC Energy Consumption Summary

Measured Energy Consumption (kWh/yr.) Delivered EER


field-measured EER that would qualify for at least a BEE 3-Star Rating (EER of 2.9 to 3.1). Those

with lower field-measured EERs were classified as ‘Inefficient’. The conclusion of this

assessment is provided in the Tables below. The analysis indicates that the percentage of

inefficient equipment is approximately 84% while efficient capacity is only 16 %7.

Table 16 HVAC Result Summary

Location AC _Tag No

Cooling Delivered (TR)

Delivered EER

Star Ratings

Classification Energy Consumption (kWh/yr.)

Operational Cost (INR/yr.)

Cashier SAC_01 1.22 3.09 3 Star Efficient 3,058 31,706

UPS Room SAC_02 0.90 1.40 No Star Inefficient 4,950 51,322

Storage Room SAC_03 1.38 2.34 No Star Inefficient 4,554 47,216

Entrance DAC_01 0.86 1.44 No Star Inefficient 4,620 47,901

Near Cash Machine

DAC_02 1.46 1.62 No Star Inefficient 6,974 72,307

Pantry Room DAC_03 2.68 2.81 2 Star Inefficient 7,370 76,413

Total 8.5 2.288

31,526 3,26,864

4.3.2 Thermal ComfortAssessment

Technical literature related to HVAC system design indicates that a temperature band of 24 ⁰C –

28 ⁰C with a relative humidity of 55% is the most appropriate combination for human comfort.

Furthermore, research by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) specifies that an indoor

temperature range of 260C±20C and Relative humidity of 50%-60% is an ideal for thermal

comfort for Indians9. These criteria were used to assessment thermal comfort performance of all

comfort cooled areas of the facility and the resulting analysis is presented in the Table below.

Table 17 Area Wise Thermal Comfort of Branch

Sub Area Temperature (Deg C) Humidity (%) Thermal Comfort

Branch Entry and lobby area 27.1 67 Not Acceptable

Branch manager 24.5 66 Not Acceptable

Deputy branch manager 24.5 59 Acceptable

Meeting room 24.5 64 Not Acceptable

Back office 25.5 65 Not Acceptable

Corridor in front of back office 26 69 Not Acceptable

Corridor near pantry area 25.8 79 Not Acceptable

Pantry area 26.5 76 Not Acceptable

UPS Room 25 80 Not Acceptable

Toilet 25 70 Not Acceptable

7% efficient and inefficient equipment calculated based on delivered TR ratios 8Weighted avg. EER based on delivered equipment TR 9Indian Green Building Council – Green Interiors Rating System – Version -1 Indoor Environment IE Credit 3 Thermal Comfort : Page 61


From the above Table, itis observed that except for the Deputy Branch Manager Cabin, all other

areas of the Branch did not meet acceptable thermal comfort standards. Relative Humidity

exceeded 60% in most areas with the highest recorded RH being 80%. The assessments make it

abundantly clear that the HVAC system requires immediate redressing to achieve thermal

comfort by achieving greater higher dehumidification through the evaporator cooling coil or

reducing humidity levels in the cooled space through other means.

4.3.3 HVAC System Recommendations and Energy Conservation Opportunities

4.3.3.1 Improve Thermal Comfort – Maintenance of HVAC systems

The unacceptably high humidity levels are an outcome of compromised cooling capacity. As noted earlier, HVAC system’s delivered cooling capacity was 8.5 as compared to the rated cooling capacity of 14.5 TR. This implies improper maintenance of the HVAC system which must be treated as an exigency.

It recommended that the air conditioning system condensate capture and drainage systems be inspected to ensure proper functioning. Constrained flow of condensate in away from the air handler and inadequate draining of the blower compartment can wet adjacent ductwork causing generation of rust and mold in the ducts.

It is conceivable that the air conditioning compressor unit is oversized (higher than

required BTU/hr. rating) and leads to excessively rapid sensible cooling of the airat low

air flowrate across the cooling coil such that the set-point temperature condition (for

sensible dry-bulb temperature) is met while achieving grossly unsatisfactory humidity

removal. Inspecting and possible downsizing of compressor capacity might be warranted

post investigation and diagnosis.

4.3.3.2 Improve Thermal Comfort – Use of Direct Mechanical Dehumidifiers

Humidity control in an air-conditioned space is achieved by controlling the amount of water vapor present in the air. When relative humidity at the desired temperature set point is too high to permit thermal comfort, dehumidification is required to reduce the amount of water vapor in the air.

Direct Mechanical dehumidifiers (or active dehumidifiers), can be used to perform humidity control in such spaces. These systems are essentially air conditioners with both the hot and cold coils working in the same box. A fan draws the room's air over the cold coil of the AC to condense the moisture, which is often collected in a bucket. Dry air then passes through the hot coil to heat it back up to its original temperature. Therefore, mechanical dehumidifiers slightly raise the air temperature, as opposed to air conditioners, which cool the air by dehumidifying it.


Figure 8 Mechanical Dehumidifier Diagram

4.3.3.3 Direct-Indirect (DX Hybrid) Evaporative System

An evaporative cooler produces effective cooling by combining a natural process - water evaporation - with a simple, reliable air-moving system. In the Direct Evaporative cooler type, the fresh air from outside is pulled through moist pads where it is cooled by evaporation and circulated through a house or a building by a large blower. As this happens, the temperature of the outside air is lowered by 30 degrees. This technology can provide significant savings relative to conventional electric compressor-based AC systems in areas with low humidity.

In indirect evaporative cooling, a secondary (scavenger) air stream is cooled by water. The cooled secondary air stream goes through a heat exchanger, where it cools the primary air stream. A blower then circulates the cooled primary air stream. Indirect evaporative cooling does not add moisture to the primary air stream. Furthermore, this system drastically improves the air quality for the occupational health of the office staff, since these systems do not re-circulate the air, as an air conditioning system would. Incidences of building-sickness with these systems will be largely eliminated, which would further improve the overall workforce’s productivity.

An Indirect/Direct evaporative cooling system provides cooler air than either process by itself. In certain climates, this combined process alone provides true comfort cooling. In this system, the external air stream is cooled with indirect evaporative cooling, and then further cooled with direct evaporative cooling. Once the temperature of the external air is reduced in the evaporative heat exchanger, its ability to hold water also reduces along with the temperature. Hence, the relative humidity of the interior air supply is lower than that of any direct evaporative cooling system.


Figure 9 Indirect Evaporative Cooling/DX

The facility is located in a warm and humid climatic zone characterized by many months of high humidity. It is therefore suggested thata Direct/Indirect Hybrid DX system be deployed to achieve substantive energy conservation while also meeting the challenging thermal comfort requirements encountered at the facility. The recommended system is a two-stage hybrid system which combines a indirect evaporative cooling unit (first stage) with a conventional DX or chilled water coil in the second stage. The system wouldoperate in a largely evaporative mode most of the year and employ the DX cooling system for months wherein humidity control requirements exceed the dehumidification potential of the indirect evaporative cooling process.

The analysis presented below indicates that implementation of this alternative could yield energy savings of 34,177kWh/yr(59% over BAU energy consumption) and associated operational cost savings of INR 3,54,346/yr. The implementation cost would be approximately INR 9,27,201 witha payback period of 3.73 years.

4.3.3.4 Replacement with Highly Efficient 5 Star/6 Star ACs

All ACs that are functioning at a EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) of less than 3 Star and/or are more

than 5 years old are recommended for immediate replacement by Godrej EON Natural

Refrigerant (R290) ACs if the distance between the indoor and outdoor units is less than 20 ft. or

else can be replaced by R-32 Refrigerant-based 5 Star-rated ACs.

Natural Refrigerant ACs present significantly competitive life-cycle energy, cost and carbon

footprint characteristics for commercial consumers in India relative to the business-as-usual

Window or Split-ACs (of 2 to 3 BEE Star Rating) using conventional HCFC or HFC refrigerants (f-

gases). Commonly encountered HCFCs (R22, R124, R141b, R142b) have GWPs ranging from 470

to 1,800. The refrigerant industry seeks to replace R22 and other HCFCs with HFCsthe have very

low Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) but still have very high GWPs ranging from 650 to 1,300.

Globally, Natural Refrigerants such as Hydrocarbons (R290 or Propane) have been identified to

be the best alternatives. This class of refrigerants has zero ODP and a negligible GWP of 3.3; they

are also cheaper and more energy efficient than their conventional f-gas counterparts.

The analysis presented below indicates that implementation of this alternative could yield energy savings of 25,421kWh/yr (44% over BAU energy consumption) and associated operational cost savings of INR 2,71,049/yr. The implementation cost would be approximately INR 4,16,722 with a payback period of 2.81years.


Table 18 Use of Direct/Indirect DX Evaporative Cooler

AC _Tag No Revised EER (W/W)

BAU Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)

Intervention Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)

Energy Savings (kWh/yr)

Energy Saving %

Power Saving (kW)

Cost Savings (INR/yr)

Capital Cost (INR)

Payback Period (yrs)

SAC_01 4.60 4,154 2,775 1,379 33% 0.68 14,295 1,15,160 8.06

SAC_02 4.60 10,160 3,084 7,076 70% 3.24 73,364 1,19,218 1.63

SAC_03 4.60 5,949 3,010 2,939 49% 1.38 30,471 1,19,218 3.91

DAC_01 4.60 15,883 4,951 10,932 69% 5.00 1,13,344 1,91,202 1.69

DAC_02 4.60 13,507 4,732 8,775 65% 4.20 90,978 1,91,202 2.10

DAC_03 4.60 7,858 4,782 3,076 39% 1.46 31,894 1,91,202 5.99

Total

57,510 23,334 34,177 59% 15.96 3,54,346 9,27,201 3.73

Table 19Replace existing system with 5 Star AC



Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)


Energy Saving %

Power Saving (kW)

Cost Savings(INR/yr)

Capital Cost (INR)


SAC_02 3.40 10,160 4,191 5,969 59% 2.73 61,890 61,180 0.99

SAC_03 3.40 5,949 4,089 1,859 31% 0.87 19,275 61,180 3.17

DAC_01 3.40 15,883 6,728 9,155 58% 4.19 94,923 98,121 1.03

DAC_02 3.40 13,507 6,430 7,077 52% 3.39 73,373 98,121 1.34

DAC_03 3.40 7,858 6,498 1360 17%

14,104 98,121 6.96

Total 53,357 27,936 25,421 44% 11.82 2,63,565 4,16,723 281

Table 20 Replacing existing system with 6 Star AC



Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)


Energy Saving %

Power Saving (kW)


Capital Cost (INR)


SAC_01 3.70 4,154 3,746 408 10% 0.34 4,228 51,875 12.3

SAC_02 3.70 10,160 3,878 6,282 62% 2.89 65,131 53,703 0.82

SAC_03 3.70 5,949 3,878 2,070 35% 1.03 21,466 53,703 2.50

Total

20,263 11,502 8,760 43% 4.26 90,826 1,59,281 5.12


The analysis for replacement with R290 based 6-Star ACs indicates that implementation of this

alternative could yield energy savings of 8,760 kWh/yr(43% over BAU energy consumption) and

associated operational cost savings of INR 90,826/yr. The implementation cost would be

approximately INR 1,59,281with a payback period of 5.12 years.

4.3.3.5 Radiant Cooling Technology A radiant cooling system circulates chilled water through a network of pipes. In this system, heat transfer occurs through thermal radiation. This system removes only sensible heat, and cools a floor or ceiling by absorbing heat radiation from the room. This system also provides fresh air to the occupants, maintaining healthy indoor air conditions, and removes moisture in the air. Its uniform cooling reduces the Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and increases the thermal comfort. Radiant systems are especially effective in spaces with large ceiling height and in non-partitioned spaces, where a traditional system will need a lot of forced air to condition the space. They are also useful in semi-open spaces, such as outdoor entrances, stadiums, etc. Since the radiant systems typically operate at relatively milder temperatures the cooling plants can be much smaller. These systems do not depend on air movement for heat transfer, thus the ventilation rates are typically cut down by up to 75%, just to meet the fresh air requirements. A Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS), sometimes with energy recovery, can also be used to provide this quality of air.

There are primarily two types of Radiant cooling systems: 1.Slab Integrated System 2. Panel System

Systems using concrete slabs are generally cheaper than panel systems and offer the advantage of thermal mass (the ability to store heat for longer duration) while panel systems offer faster temperature control and flexibility.

Figure 10 Radiant Cooling System

Radiant cooling can be integrated within any type of surface depending on the need and

feasibility of the project. These cold surfaces are generated by embedding pipes inside the

surface, and then circulating the water through these pipes. Delivering cooling from ceiling has

an advantage, as it is easier to leave ceilings exposed to room than floors. Also there is a greater

convective heat exchange through chilled ceiling as warm air rises up, leading to more air

coming in contact with cold surface.


The analysis for Radiant Cooling replacement indicates that implementation of this alternative

could yield energy savings of 18,356 kWh/yr (32% over BAU energy consumption) and

associated operational cost savings of INR 1,90,321/yr. The implementation cost would be

approximately INR 10,98,124 with a payback period of 5.57 years.

Table 21 Cost and Energy savings with Radiant Cooling

Current System EER

Revised EER (W/W)


Intervention Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)


Energy Saving %

Power Saving (kW)


Capital Cost (INR)


2.12 2.75 57,510 39,154 18,356 32% 8.49 1,90,321 10,98,124 5.57

4.3.4 Passive Design Techniques

4.3.4.1 Use of Low Emissivity Coated Glasses

Low E Coatings are microscopically thin metal or metal oxide layers, deposited on the surface of

glass, that prevent heat transfer across the glass. These coatings reduce the SHGC (Solar Heat

Gain Coefficient) value, which indicates the proportion of infrared radiation passing through the

glazing, as well as the heat transfer coefficient(U value). It must be noted that all Low-E glasses

have a reduced U Value which confers an advantage in cold as well as warm climates. In warm

climates, Low-E coatings are usually applied on the inner surface as this helps to reflect the solar

radiation back outside,whereas in cold climates, coating are usually applied on the outer surface

to allow useful solar radiation to pass through to passively heat the interior, and to diminish the

ability for infrared radiation to pass out.Therefore, applying a Low-E coating either reduces the

heat load by reducing the heat loss through the glazing, or reduces the cooling load by reducing

the solar heat gain. As compared to other active cooling measures, passive design measures

such as Low-E coated glazing which reduce cooling demand should be implemented before

implementation of active cooling interventions which require higher capital cost investment for

equipment overhaul and replacement10.

Building Energy Modelling results indicate that adding Low-E coating to glazingwould reduce

annual energy consumption by about 5.4% andthe associated operating cost saving would be

approximately INR 33,966 per year. The implementation cost would be approximately INR

16,368 witha payback period of 0.5 years. Table 22 Energy and Cost Saving with Low E Coated Glass

Type of Glass Used

Average Building Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)

Type of Glass

Expected Building Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)

Energy Saving(kWh/yr)

Energy Savings (%)


Capital Cost (INR)

Payback (yrs)

BAU 60,828 Low E Coated with 0.45 SHGC

57,552 3,276 5.4% 33,966 16,368 0.50

10Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiency(EDGE) User Guide for Offices, Version 1.0, Low E Coated Glass, Page no - 34


4.3.4.2 Use of High Thermal Performance Glass

High Thermal Performance Glasses (double or triple glazed) are characterized by even lower

SHGC and U values than Low E-coated glasses. Consequently, thermal performance of the

building envelope is enhanced by these interventions more than it is by coating to existing

glazing11.

By implementation of High thermal performance glasses the potential saving of the entire

building energy consumption would be around 13.8%, and the associated operating cost saving

would be approximately INR 87,092 per year. The implementation cost would be approximately

INR 2,92,298 witha payback period of 3.36 years.

Table 23 Energy and Cost Saving with High Thermal Performance Glass

Type of Glass Used


Type of Glass -



Energy Savings (%)


Capital Cost (INR)

Payback (yrs)

BAU 60,828 High Thermal Performance Glass - 0.28 SHGC

52,428 8,400 13.8% 87,092 292,298 3.36

4.3.4.3 Reduce Window to Wall Ratio (For New Construction Only)

Solar radiation is a vital light source but is also a source of significant heat gain and cooling load for artificially cooled buildings. Achieving the correct balance between the transparent (glass) and the opaque surfaces in the external façades helps maximize daylight while minimizing unwanted heat transfer, resulting in reduced energy consumption. Glass windows are the weakest links in the building envelope since glass does not resist the flow of heat as much as other building materials; heat flows through a glazed window more than 10 times faster than it does through a well-insulated wall. A correct balance between the transparent (glass) and the opaque surfaces in the facades not only maximizes the daylight but also minimizes the heat transfer, thereby reducing the energy consumption12. The Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) is the ratio of glazing area to the gross exterior wall area. Glazing area is the area covered by glass on the walls regardless of their orientation. The gross exterior wall area includes opaque and transparent elements, such as doors, windows, and walls from the outside. Exteriors of the building, not exposed directly to the environment are excluded from calculations.

The WWR is calculated with the following equation:

WWR (%)= Σ Glazing area (m2)

Gross exterior wall area (m2)

11Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiency(EDGE) User Guide for Offices, Version 1.0, High Thermal Performance

Glass, Page no - 36 12Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiency(EDGE) User Guide for Offices, Version 1.0, Reduced Window to Wall Ratio, Page no - 18


Since windows generally transmit heat into the building at a higher rate than walls do, a building with a higher WWR will transfer more heat than a building with a lesser WWR. Conversely, higher WWR in warm climates will require implementation of passive design features such as shading devices or low solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) glass should to offset the energy gain. In cold climates, when the WWR is higher, increasing the insulation of glass using double or triple glazing would be warranted. The table below shows the potential saving that can be achieved by reducing the Window to Wall ratio to 30%. Theapproximate energy saving would be 4,728 kWh per year and the associated operating cost savings would beINR 49,020 per year.

Table 24 Energy and Cost Savings achieved by reducing Window to Wall Ratio

BAU Case WWR (%)


Proposed WWR for New Construction Building (%)



Energy Savings (%)


45% 60,828 30% 56,100 4,728 7.8% 49,020


4.5 UPS System

Small standalone UPS system used for feeding power to the computers and other sensitive loads in the branch was also identified. The rated UPS capacity and measured input power recorded is presented in the Table below.

Table25 UPS Details

Rating/Capacity Measurement Detail Voltage Current P.F Power (kW) kVA

5 kVA Input 210.30 5.00 0.61 0.65 1.07

5 kVA Output 213.05 4.45 0.61 0.60 0.98

It was noted that the input apparent power (1.07 kVA) is significantly lower than the rated

apparent power of the UPS system; 5kVA. The measured PF was 0.61 which is evidently poor.

Output apparent power from the UPS system was measured to be 0.98 kVA which yields a 8.4%

energy loss across the UPS system or a 91.5% energy efficiency ratio which is within the range of

acceptable performance. Considering that the UPS is oversized, future designs for branches

could consider considerable reduction in UPS system capacity to reduce capital cost by right-

sizing the system. However, the current system performs efficiently, consumes much lower

energy than rated for (commensurate with the load on the system) and therefore and does not

warrant replacement.


5. Conclusion The total current annual electrical energy consumption of the ICICI Bank, Dadar Branch is

approximately 65,081 kWh peryear (5,432 kWh per month). Considering a floor area of

approximately 1,895 sq. ft., the EPI (as defined by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, India) of the

branch is approximately 370 kWh/m2/year. This leads to a anticipated Building Star Rating of

No Star for a Warm & Humid Climatic zone with more than 50% air conditioned area.

The average electricity cost being paid by the facility is INR 77,600 per month (including all

Charges) and INR 9,31,202per year. The system-wise electrical energy breakdown clearly

underscores the importance of the HVAC-Refrigeration system, which is the most critical

component of the energy consumption, accounting for approximately 78% of the load. The

overall benefits of proceeding with the implementation of the various interventions proposed in

the earlier section are substantial; the ICICI Dadar Branch has the invaluable opportunity to

reduce its energy consumption and improve EPI by 65% through implementation of passive

design features to reduce cooling loads, replacement of existing system with 5 Star ACs or

Indirect-Evaporative+ DX Hybrid ACs,. The consolidated environmental, cost and energy

conservation impacts of all the proposed alternatives is presented in the table below.

It must be noted that the actual savings may vary between the ranges of ± 20% depending upon

the site conditions and other unforeseen variables.

Summary Energy Conservation Opportunities –

Lighting System - Luminance Assessment: Reducing the number of fixtures can result in

savings of INR 5,974 annually.

Lighting System - ILER Improvement: By improving ILER to 0.75 or more can result in

savings of INR 5,579 yearly.

HVAC System –Current AC System’s Replacement with Direct/Indirect Hybrid

Evaporative Cooling System : Replacement of AC system with Direct/Indirect Hybrid

Evaporative cooling can result in energy savings of 34,177 kWh/year and associated cost

The overarching conclusion from the Energy Audit process was that ICICI can achieve the

following positive impacts on the environment and its operational costs:

Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 53.65 metric tonnes of CO2 per year

(equivalent to planting approximately 215 trees every year)

Conserve 42,312 units of electricity every year (enough to power 35 average Indian

homes per year)

Reduce its operational cost by INR 4.38 lacsevery year

The capital cost for implementing all the proposed projects is approximately INR 11.1

lacs (Only Equipment Cost)

The payback period for these investments is a very feasible 2.52 years*.


savings of INR 3,54,346 per year,with an equipment capital cost of INR 9,27,201 and a

payback period of 3.73years.

HVAC System –Current AC System’s Replacement with 5 star system : Replacement of

theexisting AC system with 5 star AC system can result in energy savings of

25,421kWh/year andassociated cost savings of INR 2,63,565per year,with an equipment

capital cost of INR 4,16,722 and a payback period of 2.81years.

HVAC System – Current split AC systems’ (SAC_02 and SAC_03) replacement with 6

star system :Replacement of Split AC system with 6 star AC system can result in energy

savings of 8,352 kWh/year and associated cost savings of INR 86,598 per year, with an

equipment capital cost of INR 1,07,406 and a payback period of 1.66 years.

HVAC System – Current AC system’s replacement with Radiantcooling system:

Replacement of the existing AC system with Radiant cooling system can result in energy

savings of 18,356 kWh/year andassociated cost savings of INR 1,90,321 per year, with an

equipment capital cost of INR 10,98,124 and a payback period of 5.57years.

Passive Design Technique – Low Emissivity Coated Glasses: Use of low e coated glasses

with SHGC value of 0.45 can result in energy savings of 3,276 kWh/year and associated

cost savings of INR 33,966 per year, with a capital cost of INR 16,368 witha payback

period of 0.5 years.

Passive Design Technique – Higher Thermal Performance Glasses:Use of high thermal

performance glasses with SHGC value of 0.28 can result in energy savings of 8,400

kWh/year and associated cost savings of INR 87,092 per year, with a capital cost of INR

2,92,298and a payback period of 3.36 years.

Passive Design Technique – Reduce Wall to Window Ratio:By reducing WWR by 30%,

energy savings of 4,728 kWh/year and associated cost savings of INR 49,020 per year

can be achieved.

The recommended priority list for implementation of all energy related interventions proposed

follows the order of the relative Marginal Abatement Cost Curve specifically developed for the

facility as the culminating outcome of the Energy Audit.

The MACC Curves for the facility are presented below in Figure 11


Figure 11 ICICI MACC Curve

-8000

-7000

-6000

-5000

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00

MA

C: I

NR

/tC

O2

Tonnes of carbon saved/year

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T


Table 26 MACC Project Details

Project ID

Project Detail Energy Savings (kWh/yr)

Cost Savings (INR/Yr)

Capital cost (INR)

GHG Savings (Tonnes/yr)

Payback Period

MAC (Carbon Not Discounted)

A Reduce Lighting Fixtures 576 5,974 0 0.69 0.00 -7050

B Improve ILER by Reducing RI 538 5,579 0 0.64 0.00 -7050

C Reduce Wall to Window Ratio from 45% to 30% (Applicable to New Construction Only)

4,728 49,020 0 6.16 0.00 -6453

D Replace Blue Star SAC_02 - Split AC with 5Star Split System

5,969 61,890 61,180 7.12 0.99 -6191

E Replace Hitachi DAC_01-Ductable AC with 5 Star Split System

9,155 94,923 98,121 10.92 1.03 -6151

F Use of Low Emissivity Glasses 3,276 33,966 16,368 4.25 0.48 -6100

G Replace Hitachi DAC_02-Ductable AC with 5 Star Split System

7,077 73,373 98,121 8.44 1.34 -5887

H Replace Blue Star SAC_02 - Split AC with 6 Star Split System

6,282 65,131 53,703 8.11 0.82 -5853

I Replace Blue Star SAC_02 - Split AC with DX Hybrid System

7,076 73,364 1,19,218 8.78 1.63 -5421

J Replace Hitachi DAC_01-Ductable AC with DX Hybrid System

10,932 1,13,344 1,91,202 13.58 1.69 -5361

K Replace Hitachi DAC_02-Ductable AC with DX Hybrid System

8,775 90,978 1,91,202 11.01 2.10 -4966

L Replace Blue Star SAC_03 - Split AC with 5Star Split System

1,859 19,275 61,180 2.22 3.17 -4291

M Replace Blue Star SAC_03 - Split AC with 6 Star Split System

2,070 21,466 53,703 3.08 2.50 -3903

N Use of High Thermal Performance Glasses 8,400 87,092 2,92,298 10.90 3.36 -3797

O Replace Blue Star SAC_03- Split AC with DX Hybrid System

2,939 30,471 1,19,218 3.84 3.91 -3329

P Replace Entire HVAC System with Radiant Cooling

18,356 1,90,321 10,98,125 23.76 5.77 -1875

Q Replace Hitachi DAC_03-Ductable AC with 3,076 31,894 1,91,202 4.21 5.99 -1603


DX Hybrid System

R Replace Hitachi DAC_02-Ductable AC with 5 Star Split System

1,360 14,104 98,121 1.62 6.96 -1003

S Replace Hitachi SAC_01- Split AC with DX Hybrid System

1,379 14,295 1,15,160 1.97 8.06 -40

T Replace Blue Star SAC_01 - Split AC with 6 Star Split System

408 4,228 51,875 1.08 12.27 1627

Total (for selected projects) 42,312 4,38,695 11,04,340 53.65 2.52


Appendix – I Monthly Energy Consumption Detail

Month TOD Tariff

Structure

Units

(kWh/month)

Current Contract

Demand Charges

(INR)

Recorded PF

Current Total

Demand Charges

(Base+Excess,INR)

Time of

day

Charges

(INR)

Energy

Charges (INR)

PF Incentive

(INR)

Bill Amount

(INR)

Sep-15 LT- 2b # New 5,199 4,494 1.00 4,494 876 54,426 5,256 86,852

Aug-15 LT- 2b # New 5,471 4,494 1.00 4,494 904 57,255 5,080 84,059

Jul-15 LT- 2b # New 5,373 4,494 1.00 4,494 961 56,303 4,921 81,442

Jun-15 LT- 2b # New 5,713 4,494 1.00 4,494 978 59,822 4,934 81,728

May-15 LT- 2b # New 4,831 4,494 1.00 4,494

49,759 77,077

Apr-15 LT- 2b # New 4,114 4,494 1.00 4,494 710 43,084 3,434 54,441

Mar-15 LT- 2b # New 3,991 - - 41,107

Feb-15 LT- 2b # Old 4,399 - - 45,309

Jan-15 LT- 2b # Old 5,185 - - 53,405

Dec-14 LT- 2b # Old 6,204 - -

63,901

Nov-14 LT- 2b # Old 7,140 - - 73,542

Oct-14 LT- 2b # Old 7,461 - - 76,848

Annual Total 65,081 26,966 1.00 26,966 674,765 23,626 465,601


Appendix – II Area Wise Indoor Lighting Details

Area Reference Fixture Type

Fixture Wattage

Qty Total Watts

Measured Average Lux level

Branch Entry LED 18 9 162 256

CSE Desk LED 18 13 234 231

Cash Counter & Loan Service LED 18 2 36 138

Branch Manager LED 18 4 72 200

Deputy Branch Manager LED 18 2 36 157

Meeting Room LED 18 4 72 207

Back Office LED 18 4 72 224

Storage CFL 18 2 36 158

Corridor In Front Of Back Office LED 18 2 36 182

Corridor Near Pantry Area LED 18 1 18 79

Pantry Area LED 18 2 36 156

UPS Room CFL 18 4 72 14

Locker Room LED 18 4 72 134

Toilet LED 18 3 54 107

ATM LED 18 2 36 146


Appendix – III

o The ‘Scott-transformer’ consists of two single-phase transformers, with special winding ratios, hooked up to a three-phase system.

They are connected in such a way that at the output, a two-phase orthogonal voltage system is generated allowing the connection

of two single-phase systems. This set-up presents a balanced three-phase power to the grid.

o A ‘Steinmetz-transformer’ is in fact a three-phase transformer with an extra power balancing load, consisting of a capacitor and

an inductor rated proportional to the single phase load. When the reactive power rating of the inductor and the capacitor equals

the active power rating of the load, divided by √3, the three-phase grid sees a balanced load. The three-phase rated power of the

transformer equals the single-phase load’s active power13.

Finally, special fast-acting power electronic circuits, such as ‘Static Var Compensators’ can be configured to limit the unbalance. These

behave as if they were rapidly changing complementary impedances, compensating for changes in impedance of the loads on each phase.

Also, they are capable of compensating unwanted reactive power. However, these are expensive devices, and are only used for large loads

(e.g. arc furnaces) when other solutions are insufficient. Other types of power conditioners that can deal with unbalanced systems as well

as other power quality problems are in development but are not yet ready for general application.

Appendix – IV

Note on Energy Savings Lighting Transformers

The branch has installed a voltage modulating device (ELCON) at the main incomer panel which reduces the incoming phase voltage from

approximately 230-240 V to approximately 210-215 V for the purposes of energy conservation since active power consumption (kW) is

directly proportional to phase voltage and current according to the following mathematical relationship:

Power Consumption (W) = √3𝑥 𝑉 𝑥 cos 𝛷 𝑥 𝐼

Where;

13 Balancing through this device is only perfect for loads with an active power equal to the value used to design the system.


V = line voltage (V)

I = line current (A)

cosΦ = Power Factor

Such voltage reduction systems are instrumental in achieving energy savings from dimmable electrical-ballast based lighting systems

(conventional FTLs and CFLs) but not too useful for saving energy from non-dimmable fixtures. Furthermore, their impact on energy

savings from HVAC systems is undocumented and is unlikely to be significant to warrant installation on the main incomer. It is also

plausible that the voltage reduction impact of the installed transformer might adversely affect the performance of inductive loads such as

compressor motors of HVAC systems which require a desired set voltage as opposed to dimmable lighting fixtures which can perform at

lower voltages while producing lesser light.

It is therefore recommended that such a system only be installed in facilities where the lighting load is significant and consists of dimmable

fixtures. Their impact on energy savings from highly-efficient LED based systems is marginal.

Finally, when such a system is installed, it is advised that it be installed on the lighting panel rather than the main incomer so that other

equipments that require higher voltages (such as HVAC systems etc.) do not suffer from low-voltage and consequent system failure.

Appendix – V

Note on Energy Savings from Spectrally Selective Films

Per degree of temperature reduction achieved across the building air volume, energy savings from chillers is expected to be in the range

of 3% to 5 %

Per BTU per 100 sq. ft. per hour of thermal load mitigation from these films, chiller power consumption can be reduced by approximately

10 W

cbalance solutions pvt. ltd energy audit report · the geographical scope of the project comprised...

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