cau truc tinh the
DESCRIPTION
tinh thểTRANSCRIPT
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Cu trc tinh th
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i c ng v tinh thMng l i tinh th (cu trc tinh th)l mng l i khnggian ba chiutrong c!c nt mng l c!c nv" cu trc (ngu#$n t% & ion& 'h nt% )
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M t/ tinh th7inh th 8c m t/ b9i 1: t"nh ti;n,c to ? c@a 'hAn t% nhBnht c@a n l c 19(t; bo c b/n)
7; bo c b/n *c tr ng b9i c!c thng12Hng s mng: a, b, c, , ,
S n v cu trc : nS phi tr c ht
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7inh th kim loi7rong tinh th kim loi& c!c ngu#$nt@ kim loi chi;m giD c!c nt mng
E:c li$n k;t l l:c li$n k;t gi5a c!ckim loiC!c loi cu trc
EF' 'h ng t m kh2iEF' 'h ng t m ,i$nG!u 'h ng ch*t kh4t
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Cu trc tinh thHG: 1I' -;' c!c 3u/cAu Jng nhtHCoi c!c n v" cu
trc l c!c 3u/ cAuc5ng v Jng nht7r$n m?t l' c K c!ch1I' -;' c!c 3u/ cAun#
H GI' -;' th5 nhtl *c kh4t nht g
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G: 1I' -;' *c kh4t L 'h ng ti l' th5K
2c b!t ,i.n
2c t5 ,i.n
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C!c loi h2c
Hc t! "i#n Hc b$t "i#n
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Mng lF' 'h ng t m ,i.n
2c b!t ,i.n
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Cu trc lF' 'h ng t m,i.n
A
C
AB
B
%&p ph ng t'm mt
A
A
C
B
S (u) c*u tr+ng mt c s-: ./012 34/014 5 63 S phi tr c7a mi ngu89n t im ;+i;< 02
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!trong mng lF' 'h ngt m ,i.n
S hc t! "i#n : 4 hcS hc b$t "i#n : 0 3 02/016 5 6 hc
%&p ph ng t'm mt
TO
O
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? *c kh4t trong mngEN7O
A
A
C
B
r5a 216 =h> tch (u) c*u t!c ; tch ngu89n t :? c 561@Ar@5 61@ A Ba 216C@
=H> thch tD b
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Cu trc l>c 'h ng ch*tkh4t
2c t5 ,i.n
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Cu trc l>c 'h ng ch*tkh4t
A
B
B
A
A
% c ph ng cht ht A
A
B
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S (u) c*u tr+ng mt c s-: 6/01. 3 6/0102 3 0 5 2S phi tr c7a mIi ngu89n t im ;+i ;< 02
c ht: F6G
a
a
a
a
a
a @
2
a .@
2a .@
a 5 2/rJ cs-
ba
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P!c "nh h2c
S hc t! "i#n : 6
S hc b$t "i#n : 2
E>c 'h ng ch*t kh4t
77 Q
7
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Cu trc lF' 'h ng t mkh2i
2@aa
a
56r
S (u) c*u tr+ng mt c s-: 034/014 5 2S phi tr c7a mIi ngu89n u im ;+i bng
4 c ht: .4G
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70ngk;t
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Cu trc Hng smng
S /v cutrc (n)
S phitr
S hcT
S hcO
!c"ht (#)
$im %&i
' p ph *ngt+m "hi (%pt"
, , ,-. &,0,c 1 2 3 3 42
$im %&i "i5m6B 6 786 96
Cr:' p ph *ngt+m ;i1 2 = ?=
Au6 Ag6 Cu6 @i6 06 ;6
t:' c ph *ngch!t "ht (%pc")
, ,-. & ,>1. &
,0,c1 >1 = 1 ?=
B86 g6 Dn6T%6 Ti:
70ng
k;t
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t4nh kh2i l 8ng ri$ng
Khi ; Lng c7a 0 ngu89n t im ;+i: M1Na =h> tch (u) c*u: ? c 5 6Ar @ 1@
? tb 5 ? c 1 E vOi E ;< c ht c7amng tinh th>Khi ; Lng ri9ng c7a im ;+i ;
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Rik6n
A
A
C
B
a 52
5
5 @,R F BEC
6r
6 / 0,262
rNi 5 0,26 T 5 0,26 /0 U4 cm
E ;ptm: F6G
=V hi:
@ / ,F6 / R4,F6 / @,06 / B0,26/0 U4C@ / ., 2/0 2@
5 W, 6 Bg1cm@C
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Xu8 tYc Zng[; v< \r[][rXu8 tYc Zng[; v< \r[][r ch+ biDt cutrc tinh th> im ;+i h+c hLp im phthuc v
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7inh th natriNa : 0s22s22p.@s0
a 5 0 tinh th>mng ;pt
S phi tr 4 = hi ; thu8Dt:
,W0W = hi th c ngi#m:
,WF
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7inh th magi6Mg : 0s22s22p.@s2
0s22s22p.@s0@p0
a 5 2 tinh th>mng ;pcS phi tr c7a Mg ; mng ;ptmS phi tr: 02
3 = hi ; thu8Dt:2,F 4
3 = hi th cnghi#m: 2,F
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70ng k;t
0s 22s 22p . @s00s 22s 22p . @s20s 22s 22p . @s2@p0
Kim ;+i Na Mg Q;S th! t 00 02 0@
Ngu89n t hi 22,WW 26,@6 2.,W4du hnh [;[ctr+n
Ki>u mng tinh th> %pt %pc %ptm\$n nh ngu89n t 0,4W 0,. 0,6@
\$n nh i+n ,W4 ,F6 ,RF 'm i#n ,W 0,2 0,R =V hi ,WF 0,F6 2,F
Nhi#t neng ch)8 W4 .R0 ..Nhi#t s i 44@ 00 F 2R2 "fn i#n 2 ,4 20,6 @.,0
c!ng ,6 2,R 2,FR
B+dC+d +d +d
Bg1cm@C
BEC
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G: tr 8t l$n nhau c@a l'trong tinh th kim loi
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G: ,"ch chu#n l' iontrong tinh th ion
r
S
SS
S S
SSS
S S
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7hu#;t vTngN Q ce m!c njng ; Lng g*n nhau tk hLp th
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7hu#;t vTng
N Q N MBc$c vlng nhau v ZC
vlng h+$ trc$c M b + h+< [
vlng "fnM h ng b chiDmh+
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7inh th natri
?lng 2p
?lng 2s
Z
Li3 Li4
2p
2s
Li Li2
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7inh th magi$
?lng 2p
?lng 2s
2p
2s
Z
Mg 3 Mg 4Mg Mg 2
?lngo[nph7
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S h^nh th im ;+i %i v< Mg
0s
2s
%i %i2 %i@%i4 %iNZ
?lng
?lng
?lng
0s
2s
2p
@s
@p ?lng
?lng
?lng cm
?lng o[n p
Mg MgNZ
"fn
h+$ tr
cm
"fn
h+$ tr
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t4nh ,Un i.n c@a c!ccht
?l ng h+$ trZ
?l ng "fn/nhi u [;[ctr+n ce mtB h ng ce vl ng cmC
Kim ;+i ce vl ng "fn vu phi trb$t "i#n Bs phi trcua M ;< .C
Nad;, NiQs/
/F@ _ X r M r
_ 0 i>u phi tr;&p ph ng Bs phi trc7a M ;< / mng dsd;/
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7inh th C1Vrt ;#: r C1 Wr\r 50,.W10,WR5 ,4F n9n ;< mng;&p phng n gi)n:
=inh th> dsd; g m hai mng;&p phng n gi)n ; ngv
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7inh th XVYrX W r\r 5 0,@@10,WR5 ,.W
=inh th> ;< mng ;&p ph ng t'm"i#n:d$c i+n \r U oDp th[+ i>u;ptm, c$c i+n K 3 nhx hn chiDmhDt s hc b$t "i#n/ =inh th> K\r
g m hai mng ;&p ph ng t'mmt ; ng v
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7inh th MgQ
r Mg W rQ Z[&L\W]&^Z[&^L n$nl mng lF' 'h ngt m ,i.n
G2 'h2i tr4 c@a c!cion l L
M?t t; bo c ^'h n t% MgQ
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V/ng 1o 1!nh74nh cht C1Vr XVr MgQR_ng l 8ng
mng tinhth(k`Wmol)
L] L = = K^
Rhi.t ?nng ch/#
( [ C )L= =^ K K\
Rhi.t ?1i ]K [ ]^[ ^][[
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7inh th$ vuarit
?uarit ynS
Syn
Q
Qz
\
\z
Q
d$c i+n S2U sYpoDp th[+ i>u ; c phng, c$c i+n yn23
chiDm mt n a shc t! "i#n/Mng vuarit ba+ g mhai mng ; c ph ng
cht ht ; ng v
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Mng spha;[rit
Spha;[rit ynS
S
yn
S2U sYp oDpth[+ i>u ;&pphng t'm
mjt, c$c i+nyn23 chiDmmt n a shc t! "i#n
S phi trc7a S v< yn u bng 6
M i h h hL h "
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Mng tinh th> hLp cht "ngM2{
d$c i+n da23 sYpoDp th[+ i>u ;&pphng t'm mt
c$c i+n |U chiDm c$chc t! "i#n/ dlngi>u mng n c7a Na2
da|
|;+rit Bda|2C
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Mng tinh th ngu#$n t% =r+ng tinh th> ngu89n t , c$c nt mng b chiDmb-i c$c ngu89n t , ;i9n Dt vOi nhau bng ;i9n Dtcng h+$ trP+ ;i9n Dt cng h+$ tr ce tnh nh h Ong n9n cutrc tinh th> v< s phi tr Lc (u8Dt nh b-ic i>m ;i9n Dt cng h+$ tr, h ng ph thucv ngu89n t ce c!ng c bi#t ;On,nhi#t neng ch)8 v< nhi#t s i ca+, h ngtantr+ng c$c "ung m i/ dhng ;< cht c$ch i#n ha8b$n "fn
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ng
d$c ngu89n t d chiDm v tr c$c nh, c$c t'm mt v< mt n a shc t! "i#n/ S phi tr c7a d bng 6/
MIi tD b
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Ei$n k;t trong tinh thkim c ng
d$c ngu89n t d - trng th$i ;aih+$ sp@ t+ ra 6 Q ;ai h+$ h Ongv 6 nh h^nh t! "i#n/ d$cngu89n t d s " ng c$c Q ;ai
h+$ n
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7inh th than ch+
@,@R Q
0,62 Q
H# ;i9n Dt gi)i t+)tr+ng t+
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7inh th Vonitrua , ng m ngthan ch+
du t+ c7a \N ging nhthan ch^, c$c ngu89n t \v< N clng ;ai h+$ sp2/}ing than ch^ \Nm m,chu ; a Btnc @ +dCP+ ngu89n t N ce 'mi#n ;On n9n c$c M nv ch7 8Du - N, "fn Dnc$c [ h ng Lc gi)i t+) nh- than ch^ v< \N h ng"fn i#n B Z 5 6,. U @,. [?C
\N
@,@6 Q
0,66. Q
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=inh th> b+ nitrua mng im cng B\+ra+nC\+ra+n c!ng, c$ch i#n
nh im c ng/ =u8 nhi9n b+ra+n ce tnh
b n v mt c v< nhi#thn im c ng B hi nungneng tr+ng ch'n h ngDn 2F +d b+ra+nh+
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Mng tinh th 'h n t% =r+ng tinh th> ph'n t , mng ; Oi h nggian Lc t+ th ;< ; c ?an "[r aa;s/d$c ph'n t tr+ng mng tinh th> "t$ch hxi nhau, nhi#t neng ch)8 v
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7inh th kh4 tr
7inh th dr& P6& Xr 7inh th 6
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7inh th iotMng ;Oi c7a tinh th> 2 ce i o!ng
"ng tr c th+i vOi c$c th ng s a 5F,2R T, b 5 W,FF T, c 5 6,F4 T/
='m c$c ph'n t 2 nm -
nh, t'm c7a mng mjt th+iKh+)ng c$ch ngYn nht U tr+ngtinh th> ;< 2,F T op o "
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7inh th n c !%i9n Dt gi a c$c ph'n t ; h$ rIng, "+e tinh th> n Oc $ ce hi ; Lngri9ng nhx/ Khi ; Lng ri9ng c7a nOc- $p sut h (u8>n ;On nht -@,W4 +d/
%i9n Dt hir+ "
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7inh th P6e Ktinh th> {[|2 Lc t+b-ic$c ph'n t thng{[|2/ ='m c7a c$cngu89n t {[ nm - nh v< t'm c7a hih^nh ch nh&t/{[|2 ;< cht rYn ,
h ng m
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=inh th> ph'n t {[|6 Eh'n t {[|6 cu
t+ vu ng phng,{[ ;ai h+$ sp@"2
{[|6 ;< cht rYn, "ba8 hi, h$ b n -nhi#t th wng/P 5 6, 6 g1cm@ tnc5 006+d/
a 5
{[|