case study: politics in nigeria copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 pearson education, inc. all rights...

Case Study:

Politics in Nigeria

Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Country Bio: NigeriaCountry Bio: Nigeria


Politics in NigeriaPolitics in Nigeria

Nigeria = megastate in African context Major Country

Over 1/5th of the people in Africa World’s largest black population Petroleum Standing military force of substance Over 100 universities

Nigeria = megastate in African context Major Country

Over 1/5th of the people in Africa World’s largest black population Petroleum Standing military force of substance Over 100 universities


Current Policy ChallengesCurrent Policy Challenges

Nigeria – question of future of country Ethnic, regional, religious divisions

intensifying 1999: Nigeria returned to civilian rule Wealthy country, fails to provide

basic needs: education, potable water, reliable transportation, communications

Ranked one of poorest, most corrupt nations

Nigeria – question of future of country Ethnic, regional, religious divisions

intensifying 1999: Nigeria returned to civilian rule Wealthy country, fails to provide

basic needs: education, potable water, reliable transportation, communications

Ranked one of poorest, most corrupt nations


The Effects of HistoryThe Effects of History

Enduring Effects of Precolonial Events Early empires of Nigeria: complex

political systems Colonial Interlude (1900-1960)

Conference of Berlin 1884: divided Africa Nigeria brought together as single entity

1914 Unifying action largely symbolic Southern and Northern conflict

Modern constitutional development 1922 Created federal system 1954 with 3 regions Became self-governing 1957-59

Enduring Effects of Precolonial Events Early empires of Nigeria: complex

political systems Colonial Interlude (1900-1960)

Conference of Berlin 1884: divided Africa Nigeria brought together as single entity

1914 Unifying action largely symbolic Southern and Northern conflict

Modern constitutional development 1922 Created federal system 1954 with 3 regions Became self-governing 1957-59


The Effects of HistoryThe Effects of History

Nigerian Independence October 1, 1960

Conflict tore apart ruling coalition in Western Region

National census 1965: law and order broke down in

Western Region over election-related fraud, violence

Military ended First Republic in January 1966 coup

Nigerian Independence October 1, 1960

Conflict tore apart ruling coalition in Western Region

National census 1965: law and order broke down in

Western Region over election-related fraud, violence

Military ended First Republic in January 1966 coup


Environmental Potential and LimitationsEnvironmental Potential and Limitations Conditions Affecting Agricultural

production and the Sale of Primary Commodities British developed Nigerian economy to

be compatible with them South – cocoa, palm oil, timber, rubber North – cattle, hides, cotton, peanuts Had to diversify economy

Disease: malaria is debilitating, river-borne diseases, HIV

Population Growth: almost half of population age 15 or less

Conditions Affecting Agricultural production and the Sale of Primary Commodities British developed Nigerian economy to

be compatible with them South – cocoa, palm oil, timber, rubber North – cattle, hides, cotton, peanuts Had to diversify economy

Disease: malaria is debilitating, river-borne diseases, HIV

Population Growth: almost half of population age 15 or less


Environmental Potential and LimitationsEnvironmental Potential and Limitations Urbanization: rapidly urbanizing, strain

on infrastructure, less agricultural labor Petroleum: accounts for 90% of exports Geographic Distribution of Natural

Resources Political Effects: oil concentrated in Niger Delta, locals protest sharing wealth

The International Environment: third world experience, high debt

Urbanization: rapidly urbanizing, strain on infrastructure, less agricultural labor

Petroleum: accounts for 90% of exports Geographic Distribution of Natural

Resources Political Effects: oil concentrated in Niger Delta, locals protest sharing wealth

The International Environment: third world experience, high debt


Political Culture and SubculturesPolitical Culture and Subcultures

Ethnic identity: absence of reliable census data Hausa-Fulani: mostly northern half of

Nigeria Igbo (Ilbo): southeastern, responsive to

western culture Yoruba: Lagos, Oba, lineage chiefs and

British Religion

Christianity, Islam, traditional institutions

Ethnic identity: absence of reliable census data Hausa-Fulani: mostly northern half of

Nigeria Igbo (Ilbo): southeastern, responsive to

western culture Yoruba: Lagos, Oba, lineage chiefs and

British Religion

Christianity, Islam, traditional institutions


Political Culture and SubculturePolitical Culture and Subculture The Evolution of Nigerian Nationalism: 3 major

sources Freed slaves, others of African descent

from Caribbean Nigerians who fought for British in WWII Nigerians who studied in UK, US

Democratic Norms and Values: little tolerance for opposition, support for democracy high

The Political Role of Women: position of women varies immensely

Political Corruption: pervasive

The Evolution of Nigerian Nationalism: 3 major sources

Freed slaves, others of African descent from Caribbean

Nigerians who fought for British in WWII Nigerians who studied in UK, US

Democratic Norms and Values: little tolerance for opposition, support for democracy high

The Political Role of Women: position of women varies immensely

Political Corruption: pervasive


Boko Haram : BBC News report

Boko Haram

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17790002

Political SocializationPolitical Socialization

The family Polygamy Kinship, sense of identity

Schools: viewed as important, expected from government

The Mass Media: independent press, radio, TV

The State

The family Polygamy Kinship, sense of identity

Schools: viewed as important, expected from government

The Mass Media: independent press, radio, TV

The State


Political RecruitmentPolitical Recruitment

Northerners dominated leadership of country under military, civilian rule

Military power Role of Nigerian universities Civil service No recruitment of strangers Federal character of appointments of

military personnel Ethnic politics still dominate

Northerners dominated leadership of country under military, civilian rule

Military power Role of Nigerian universities Civil service No recruitment of strangers Federal character of appointments of

military personnel Ethnic politics still dominate


Political StructurePolitical Structure

The Development of the Constitution of 1999 Election of 1993 Succession of military regimes

Federalism: established 1954 Self-governing: Eastern, Western, North All levels derive funds from national oil

monopoly, money distributed by national government

The Development of the Constitution of 1999 Election of 1993 Succession of military regimes

Federalism: established 1954 Self-governing: Eastern, Western, North All levels derive funds from national oil

monopoly, money distributed by national government


Presidents of NigeriaPresidents of Nigeria

Obasanjo Yar’Adua

President Goodluck JonathanPresident Goodluck Jonathan

Political StructurePolitical Structure

Parliamentary versus Presidential Government Pluralism, lack of trust by subcultures No institutional structure can overcome

roadblock Judiciary

Federal, state courts integrated into single system of trial, appeals courts

Independent judiciary survived throughout military regimes

Traditional authorities maintain greatest influence in judicial role

Parliamentary versus Presidential Government Pluralism, lack of trust by subcultures No institutional structure can overcome

roadblock Judiciary

Federal, state courts integrated into single system of trial, appeals courts

Independent judiciary survived throughout military regimes

Traditional authorities maintain greatest influence in judicial role


Interest ArticulationInterest Articulation

Ethnic and Religious Associations Associational Groups

Trade unions Professional organizations Civil society groups

Nonassociational groups Kaduna Mafia

Patron-Client Networks Clientelism

Ethnic and Religious Associations Associational Groups

Trade unions Professional organizations Civil society groups

Nonassociational groups Kaduna Mafia

Patron-Client Networks Clientelism


Political ParticipationPolitical Participation

Great range in activityVoting: 52% 1999, 69% 2003Violence, political party thugsRise in honest, responsive institutions

Great range in activityVoting: 52% 1999, 69% 2003Violence, political party thugsRise in honest, responsive institutions


Parties and ElectionsParties and Elections

National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCGC): nationalist party 1944

Regional Parties: Northern People’s Congress (NPC) All People’s Party (APP) Alliance for Democracy (AD)

1993: party activities banned, except 5 artificially created parties

1998, 1999 elections: parties required to show nationwide organization

Ethnic Solidarity and Party Loyalty: drives political organizing

National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCGC): nationalist party 1944

Regional Parties: Northern People’s Congress (NPC) All People’s Party (APP) Alliance for Democracy (AD)

1993: party activities banned, except 5 artificially created parties

1998, 1999 elections: parties required to show nationwide organization

Ethnic Solidarity and Party Loyalty: drives political organizing


Policy Formation and ImplementationPolicy Formation and Implementation

Extractive Performance Fiscal system Revenues from oil

Distributive Performance Potential to be rich, but remains poor Education

Dealing with Debt and Structural Adjustment Regulative performance

The Census issue Conclusions on Performance

Curse of oil

Extractive Performance Fiscal system Revenues from oil

Distributive Performance Potential to be rich, but remains poor Education

Dealing with Debt and Structural Adjustment Regulative performance

The Census issue Conclusions on Performance

Curse of oil


Nigeria in Africa and in the WorldNigeria in Africa and in the World Has population, resources to be regional

power, substantial military power Economic Community of West African

States Free trade zones Critic of international organizations’

monetary policy: World Bank, IMF France: closer economic ties US, Britain: condemnation of military

rulers

Has population, resources to be regional power, substantial military power

Economic Community of West African States Free trade zones Critic of international organizations’

monetary policy: World Bank, IMF France: closer economic ties US, Britain: condemnation of military

rulers


Prospects for DevelopmentProspects for Development

Political, economic setbacks Few have gotten rich, too many poor Oil wealth exacerbates problem

because money accrues to national government

Emergence of vigorous private sector Environmental destruction of oil Regions unharmonious

Political, economic setbacks Few have gotten rich, too many poor Oil wealth exacerbates problem

because money accrues to national government

Emergence of vigorous private sector Environmental destruction of oil Regions unharmonious


case study: politics in nigeria copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 pearson education, inc. all rights...

Documents

pearson education

political culture

western cultureyoruba

environmental potential

palm oil

agricultural production

reliable transportation

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