case study jaipur in india

8/21/2019 Case Study Jaipur in INDIA

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MEDIEVAL PERIOD

The Origins of Urbanization and The Characteristics of CitiesUrbanization After A.D. 1000

The Medieval Order and the Birth of Planning

Damascus



• Cities first settled in the Fertile

Crescent a few thousand years after

the discovery of agriculture. With

technological improvement in

agriculture and transportation,

population was increased but with

famine and disease it was decreased.

• With the industrial revolution,

urbanization increased dramatically.

When the population changed

agriculture to the manufacturing,

cities became the dominant for

human civilization.

•URBANIZATION

FertileCrescent

•Location of the Fertile Crescent



• Cities arose in India (1000

-

400BC), China (700

-

400BC) and the

America (100BC). Than cities diffused from China to Korea

(108BC

-

313AD) and Japan (650

-

700AD) and from China and Indiato Southwest Asia (700

-

800AD).

• But most historians said that the cities that emerged around the

globe after A.D. 1000.

•URBANIZATION

•World Map between1000AD to 1500AD



• Medieval Ages, which is commonly

known as “Middle Ages” started from

A.D. 395 to A.D. 1453, when the

Istanbul was discovered by Turkish

people (some sources accepted A.D.

1492, when was Cristof Colomb

discovered America).

• During the Middle Ages; important

development happened in agriculture

and trade. Most important

characteristics of Middle Ages were:

buildings designed with the Gothic

Style. Huge wide areas was designed

for trade, entertainment and bazaars

but streets are very narrow and used

as communication space.

•“MEDIEVAL AGES”~ “MIDDLE AGES”

•Example from Oxford withGothic style buildings.



• Medieval cities catagorized in to two groups:

1.

‘Organic’ cities

2.

‘Inorganic’ cities

• In general, there were three basic pattern of the medieval town;

1.

Corresponded to their historic origin:

Towns which were came from Roman

days usually kept their rectangular system . In the original center, they

designed monastry or a citadel.

2.

Their geographic characteristics:

Towns that developed out of a village or a

group of villages settled under a monastery or a castle. It designed more closely

to topography.

3.

Their mode of development:

Towns were designed for improve colonization:

central place left open for the market and public assembly.

• Venice, Florance, Paris, Bruges, Londra, Milano, Damascus, Sien

awere the most important towns in the Middle Ages

.

•MEDIEVAL CITIES



•Photo fromGenova

•Photo from Pisa•Photo from Bruges

•MEDIEVAL CITIES

•Genova, Florence, Venice etcwere the most importanttrade cities during themedieval period.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Boccadasse_beach.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Boccadasse_beach.jpg



•Photo from Middle•Ages Florance Walls

•Photo from Venice

•MEDIEVAL CITIES

•Photo from Florence



•A street view from Siena(Right side). The buildingsarranged according to thetopography.

•MEDIEVAL CITIES

•Plan of Siena (LeftSide). The square forthe public assembly.



•Picture from Bologna. The citykept their rectangular system.

•MEDIEVAL CITIES

•Picture from Amsterdammedieval city on the slopyarea.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bologna-SanPetronioPiazzaMaggiore1.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bologna-SanPetronioPiazzaMaggiore1.jpg



• Towns of the Middle Ages disproved this ideas:1. Organic plan is regular with meaningfulness,2.Irregulrity with intellectual confusion.

And with their variety, they embody a universal pattern.

• Each medieval town turn a unique situation. In its plan, presented aharmony of forces and a unigue solution. The agrement wascomplete and the purposes of town life and confirm the pattern.

•MEDIEVAL CITIES



•MEDIEVAL CITIES

•Oxford High Street where thebuilding seen in harmony.

•Plan of Noerdlingenwith organic shape.

•Photo from Carcassonne.



• The medieval city was a combination of little cities, each withdifferent degree of autonomy and self-sufficiency. Each of themformed by social needs also each of them enriched andsupplemented with purposes.

• The each quarter of the city had its own church or churches, oftenhad a local market, always had its own local water supply, a weel ora fountain. Each city developed without disturbing the main city.And it should be from six or less than six quarters.

•MEDIEVAL CITIES



• In the medieval city, open places in front of the big market places andcathedral were in formal shape square. But sometimes the marketplacewould be an irregular figure, sometimes triangular, sometimes many-sided or oval, to define the borders and define the shape of the openspace.

•MEDIEVAL CITIES

•Brussel in Belgium. Good examplefor the formal shaped square, wheredefined with formal shape buildings .

•Plan of Siena. Good example for theirregular shaped square andirregular building form.



• Most of the medieval plans were irregular or organic or informal.Because usually areas had natural slope and during Middle Agesthere were no need any wheeled traffic and drainage system was notimportant so they built their buildings according to the naturalcontours. Usage of the natural contours more economic than thedigging area.

• During the medieval planning all the trees cut down and old balksdefined the rural fields. Custom and property rights became a life,and once established in the form of lots, boundaries, permanentrights of way, are hard to change or remove.

•

Organic planning moved from need to need, from opportunity toopportunity, and in a series of adaptations, finally it become inharmony and purposeful, so that planning become a complex, andhardly less unified than a pre-formed geometric pattern.

•MEDIEVAL PLANNING




•Siena is the best example ofthe slopy city. It was locatedeon the slopy area and designedaccording to the naturalconturs.



• The organic curves in the medieval town was the emphasis on itscentral core. In most towns, is a central quarter or core,surrounded by a series of irregular rings, which have the effect ofenclosing and protecting the core.


•Bergues, with its certaingeometric form in its centralcore, only three streets cometogether at the center.



• Because of the limiting elements in the medieval plan kept bothfor an old town on a Roman foundation, like Cologne, or for a newtown like Salisbury. The wall, the gates, and the civic nucleusdefine the main lines of circulation. The wall, with its outside moat,cannal or river, it made the town an island. Walls bounded theeconomic classes and kept them in their boundaries.

• When the town gates were locked at sunset, the city was isolatedfrom the outside world. Such enclosure helps to feeling unity andalso security.


•Plan ofNoerdlingen.

City Wall

Moat

•Bridge fromNoerdlingen.



• The opening of the wall was “a meeting place of the inside and outside”. Fromthe door there was a customs house, a passport office, immigration controlpoint, and a triumphal arch.

• Where the river or traffic slow down, gate were built there for traders lefttheir loads. Also storehouses built near the gate and the inns and taverns weretogether, and in the intersection point of the streets, craftsmen and merchantsopened their shops.

• In the medieval town to understand the plans or towns one building must betaken as a focal point. It was especially the elements of nuclear components,like the Castle, the Abbey, or Friary, the Cathedral, the Town Hall. But mostlythe Cathedral taken as a key.

• The central point of the town is the Church. The church needed forecourt toprovide the entrance and exit of the worshippers. The theological orientation ofthe church, is toward the East, but often the church set at a non-conformingangle to a regular pattern of streets. Often the market settled close to thechurch because it is there for people frequently come together.





Example of the medieval planning

Outer wall

CathedralTown Hall

Main square

First line of wall



• In the medieval ages streets were different. Trade buildings orinstitutional buildings were created a self-contained quarter which wascalled as “island” and buildings were not use the public ways. Islandsformed with the castle, monasteries or colleges also in more advancedtowns with industrial section.

• In medieval new towns, houses had a two street frontage, one loked tothe street with twenty-four feet wide and other one looked to the alleywith seven feet wide. Generally street was used as a communication placeby the pedestrians and secondly it used for wheeled transportation.

•

The streets were narrow and sometimes irregular but frequently it hadsharp turn points and closures. The streets were paving. When thewheeled vehicles became life, the streets lost its natural underfooting.

•MEDIEVAL STREETS



• In some medieval cities very narrow streets became more confortable inwinter. Streets were covered with large overhangs and this wasprotected pedestrians both from rain and from direct sun light. Smallvarietions in height, in building material, the rooftop profile anddifferent window opennings and doorways gave the street its ownidentity.

• The medieval towns had a character of blank walls from a Classic Greekthus had a character in its residential quarters also cities had anotherimportant characteristic from ancient city. The street frequently edgedon each side with an arcade and this formed the open end of shop. Thisalso give better shelter then narrow street.

•MEDIEVAL STREETS



•MEDIEVAL STREETS

•Example of the alley withseven feet wide

•Example of the streets.



In the Medieval period especially the building material was timber.It was easy to constructed, quick and cheap. But timber had veryimportanat disadvantages. One of them, it had to be protectedfrom climate factorsand the most important one is it burnt.

Because of that fire was the important enemy of the medievalcities. From fires too many cities were re built again and again.

After the times, buildings were started to constructed with stone.Also they try to calculated loads on the beams and columns andconstructed buildings timber framed buildings with masonryfoundations.

Also brick and tiles were became a popular building material inAmsterdam, Lübeck and Gdansk.

•MEDIEVAL PERIOD BUILDING MATERIAL




•View from Saxon, Romania.Example of the tiber houses.

•Example of the tiber houses.




•Amsterdam (Left side), Lübeck(Right side) and Gdansk (middle)example of the building withbrick material.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Museum.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Museum.jpg



•MEDIEVAL DWELLING

The medieval houses was designed for a individual living.

The buildings were two stories. The office, kitchen and storageon the ground floor. Living & dining room also bedroom on thefirst floor.

Masonry was the general construction material, but wood framewith clay and roofed with thatch also preferable.

On the facades opennings had no glass and just protected withshutters.



•MEDIEVAL DWELLING

First Floor PlanGround Floor Plan

G

H

F

B

A

A: OfficeB: KitchenC: Courtyard

D: WeelE: PrivyF: Living RoomG: Sleeping RoomH: Courtyard

D E

C



JAIPUR – THE PINK CITY.

Jaipur is considered by many urbanisms to be one of the

best planned cities in India. the city was established in 1729by Maharaja Jaisingh as the new capital of kachwaha dynasty.

In the 19th century the city grew rapidly andbecame prosperous; by 1900 it had a population of160,000.the city’s wide boulevards were paved and lit with gas.

Jaipur was painted pink by Maharaja Man Singh when princeof wales, later Edward VII, visited Jaipur in 1876. the royalheritage of Jaipur lives in its architecture and culture.



• Jaipur is the tenth largest city in India.• Capital city of Rajasthan is located amidst

the Aravali hill ranges at an altitude ofabout 430 m above sea level.

• Population - 30,73,350• Area – 111.8 sq. km.• Walled city area – 6.7 sq. km.• Wards – 77• Latitude – 26 55’• Longitude – 75 50’• Population growth - 32.2%• Walled city is 2.32% of JMC.•

Population density in walled city-58,207persons/ sq. km.• Population density in JMC-8,054 persons/

sq. km.

Source : census 2011, JMC report 2012

JAIPUR – CONNECTIVITY



MEDIEVAL CITIES IN INDIA

ORIGIN OF JAIPUR



ORIGIN OF JAIPUR



Jai Singh And The Bengali GuruVidyadhar(who Was A ‘Shaspati’ – Hindu

Priest Architect), Planned The WholeTown According To The Principles OfHindu Architectural Theory.The Town Of Jaipur Is, In Fact, Built In

The Form Of A Eight-part Mandala KnownAs The ‘Pithapada’.Nine Signifies The 9Planets Of The Ancient AstrologicalZodiac.It Is Also Known That Sawai Jai SinghWas A Great Astronomer And A TownPlanner, And Hence The ‘Pithapada’.Also,

The Commercial Shops Are Designed InMultiples Of Nine(27), Having One CrossStreet For A Planet.

PLAN OF JAIPUR

PLAN OF JAIPUR

CITY PLAN OF JAIPUR



Raja Jaisingh planned the citykeeping in mind vastu shastra.

City was divided into 9squares. Occurrence of a hillsidechanged. The placement of one of thesquares. The central square compriseof the palace.

CITY PLAN OF JAIPUR



PLANNING OF JAIPUR CITY



SCHEMATIC MAP OF JAIPUR WALLED CITY

PHYSICAL PLANNING AND



Residential neighborhood planningconcept was mohalla which act as modulefor urban growth. Safe, secure, livingenvironment is created where individualshave their own horizon to flourish andgrow.

SUN PATH , WIND DIRECTION GIVEN

UTMOST IMPORTANCE. SUN PATH

FOLLOWING MAJOR FACTORS ARE ALSO

CONSIDERED.

1. CONTOUR AND TOPOGRAPHY

2. STORM WATER DRAINAGE

3. CLIMATE

4. HYRDOLOGY AND SOIL

5. CONTEXT

PHYSICAL PLANNING AND

DESIGN.



LARGER BUILDINGS ON THE PERIPHERY

AND SMALLER ONES IN THE INTERIORS.

REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES.

Only main roads, major public spacesare controlled. Interior of sector offersenough flexibility to individual with

freedom to express with moderatecontrol.

STRUCTURES ALWAYS BUILT

IN PROPORTION TO THE

ROADS WIDTHS.



First Order Street Defines The SectorSize; Second Order Street Defines TheNeighborhood Or Block. Gridiron System IsUsed For Road Network For ProcessionPaths, Which Is Relevant Today ForVehicular Traffic.

• Further In Present System Of HierarchyOf Roads Problems Related To Traffic AreMinimum. Internal Road Network HaveHierarchy In Terms Of Access And Privacy,Hence At The Same Time SafeNeighborhood Is Created. All The StreetsHave Certain Character That Creates EveryStreet Identifiable.

• Jaipur’s road network follows a definitehierarchy. The major east-west and north-south road ,form the sector boundaries andare called Raj Marg as they lead to the citygates. These measure 33m. wide.

• Next there is a network of 16.5m widewhich runs north-south in each sectorlinking the internal areas of the sectors tothe major activity spine.

ROADS



Amenities Are Provided WithRespect To King And Upper ClassInstead Of Common Man.Amenities Are Provided On MainRoad, Within 5 Minute WalkingDistance. Placement Of Amenities

Was Done With Respect ToFunction, Use And Traffic.

Further Juxtaposition HasCreated Distinct Nodes AndActivity Landmarks, Which

Ultimately Has Created DefinedPath.Thus Socially InteractiveSpaces Are Created By Design, BuiltForm Definition, Open SpacePattern And Road Pattern.

INTERACTION SPACE

AMENITIES



BUILT FORM AND PLOT

Jaipur Is An Example Of Dictatorial Planning AndDesign. Plots Are Always Kept In Proportion WithRespect To Hierarchy Of Roads. It Has Achieved ARegular Size And Shape Of Plot Followed ByUniform Built Form, Hence Plot Size And Shape,Location Gives Coherence.

Subdivision Of Subplots WithControl On Size And Shape Is Required. TheStructure Of City Is Dense Yet Porous In Nature.Compact Built Form With Plot Edge-to-edgeConstruction With Courtyard Is Logical In HotClimate.



JAIPUR CITY

Pattern, Placement And

Juxtaposition Of Roads,Amenities And Or OpenSpace

“Pattern” Is Formed When All TheSectors Come Together. Further ThereIs Coherence Between Different

Sectors Having Enough Variety.There Are Binding Elements

Like Road Pattern, Road Hierarchy, BuiltForm And Open Space System. TheseStrong Elements Create A Whole. OpenSpaces Are Distributed, Located,Allocated As Per,

Hierarchy User Group

Serving Area

Sense Of Enclosure



SECTION THROUGH RAM GANJ BAAZAR

Commercial Footpath Road Temple ResidentialStaircase



FACADES OF

BUILDINGS



TYPOLOGY OF TEMPLES

Each mohalla (cluster of houses) has its own temple presided over by the deity most appropriate for their

prosperity and protection. A relationship between temples and wells (both constituting ritual spaces) canbe observed inside the chowkries in the layout of the sectors.

TYPOLOGY OF HAVELIS



TYPOLOGY OF HAVELIS

The havelis ofJaipur range from a single courtyard house form to an assemblageof multiple courts, depending on the status of the owner and number of familymembers.

Majority of the havelis have one or two courtyards.

TYPOLOGY OF WATER BODIES



TYPOLOGY OF WATER BODIES

The surface water bodies – Talkatora, Jai Sagar,Man Sagar (Jal Mahal Lake) and the RamgarhLake were important features in the city plan. Theartificial lakes were created in response to the

natural topography

A unique water system of undergroundcanals was specially devised for the watersupply in the city and the square central tankswere located in the Badi Chaupar and Chhoti

Chaupar.



•REFERANCES

Kostof, S. (1991). The city Shped: Urban Patterns and meaningthrough history. Boston: Little Brown

Mumford, L. (1989). The city in history: It’a origin, it’stransformations and it’s prospects. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace& Co.

Pounds, N. (2005). The medieval city. Westport, Conn:Greenwood Press

www.wikipedia.com

jaipurmc.org/ HUP/USAID /WASH REPORT Dr. Shikha Jain (INDIAN HERITAGE CITIES NETWORK

,Walking into the microcosm of Jaipur)

http://www.wikipedia.com/



case study jaipur in india

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