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Case Study and Exam Tips Booklet

Geography: Summer 2016

Contents: Terminal Exam - ____________

Terminal Exam Overview, Top Tips and Exam Technique Case Study summary & detailed Case studies by topic

SDME – _________

Overview, Top Tips, Exam Technique and case studies to use for SDME

To be used alongside….

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The Terminal Exam

Your final GCSE exam for Geography is on _____________________ It is 1 ½ hours long and there are 3 section of questions that you have to answer. You have to

answer all parts of all questions in the question paper. Theme 2: Population and Settlement Theme 3: Natural Hazards

Theme 4: Economic Development Each section is worth 33 marks – and is broken up into smaller question parts (ai, aii, bii, biii…).

There will be maps / graphs/ photographs that you will be required to respond to, and other questions will rely on your understanding and application of knowledge to the question. The final part of the question will be the case study – and majority of this booklet is designed to

help you with this part of the exam. Remember – case study questions are about specific PLACES or EVENTS – you need to remember facts and figures to show the examiner that you

remember these. These are worth a third of the marks. Secrets within the mark scheme:

BUG the question and look at the marks available!

There are 3 ways your answers will be marked; by Point, Simple development or Level. Point - you get a mark for each point you make Simple development - you will get marks for making a point and then explaining it

Level - you get marks for developing each point with some level of depth

INDICATORS OF POINT OR SIMPLE DEVELOPMENT QUESTIONS

Likely to be for lower mark answers 1, 2, 3 or 4 marks

Shorter space given for answers Key words in the question linking to simple command words e.g Describe, give reasons

Key words especially when linked to the number of marks e.g. name 2…(2marks) INDICATORS OF LEVEL MARK QUESTIONS (Level 1 – 3)

Likely to be more marks for these questions, 6 mark/case study questions Larger space given for answers Key words in the question higher level or more than one command word(s) – evaluate,

develop, describe and explain The case study question on each section will ALWAYS be level marked and you should make

at least three developed points to try and get full marks

Make sure your response refers to the case study you have studied, be specific, quoting specific detail, facts and Figures.

These are general guides but the best advice is KNOW YOUR STUFF and always follow the command words in the question

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Geography GCSE Case Studies (9 + 3 SPaG)

Theme 2: Population and Settlement

China’s One child policy - Over-population management Mexico/USA migration - International migration

NE Kenya to Kibera - Internal migration

Southampton West Quay - Retail change / land use change

Greenwich Peninsula –

Theme 3: Natural Hazards (all focus on Causes, Impacts, Responses)

E15/ Eyjaffjallajokull volcanic eruption, 2010

Haiti earthquake, 2010

Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans 2005 Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar, 2008

Drought in the Horn of Africa, 2010-2012

Drought Management in Las Vegas, USA

Theme 4: Economic Activity

Fawley Oil Refinery – Factors affecting location of secondary

Kenya Tourism Industry – location factors, impacts and management of Tertiary Industry

Nike in Vietnam – MNC reasons for location, impacts on Vietnam, Workers

rights changes Pearl River Delta, China – environmental impacts & economic development

Water Aid, Mali / Tanzania– Sustainable Aid ___________________________________________________________

Theme 1: Rivers and Coasts – This is your ‘Sustainable Decision Making Exercise (SDME)

Key words, concepts, processes are vital

Understanding of how to analyse and interpret resources

Practise the 16 mark question (follow the structure very carefully!)

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HOW TO ANSWER A 9 MARK CASE STUDY QUESTION

BUG – What are they asking? What key point do you need to refer to throughout your answer? Level 3 answer: Needs 3 developed points

A developed point could look like this [PEEE]

Point: Answer the question using a specific point about our case study

Evidence: Back up my point with some PLC (place specific info) or EG

Explain: Develop my point by explaining or expanding it – use connectives, examples,

comparisons, knock on effects to drill your point home to the examiner! Just say exactly

what you mean!

Explain further by explaining knock on effects, multiplier effects or links to other

geographical ideas or processes that are relevant

[Connectives: As a result – This means that – Therefore – because – so – a knock on effect is – this leads to – this results in – furthermore - moreover]

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Theme 2: Population & Settlement

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China’s One Child Policy ,1979: A case study to illustrate strategies to influence natural population change within a country (p32 CGP R.Guide)

Name a country in which management strategies have been used to influence

natural population change. Describe the strategies which have been used by the

government. How successful have these strategies been? Include at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2011]

Background: During the 1950s and 1960s the Chinese government encouraged its people to have large families. They did this because they believed it would help build a strong workforce and increase the country’s wealth. The population grew rapidly and famine ensued. In the 1980s

the communist party decided to restrict China’s population growth in order to stabilize food and water supplies and improve individual prosperity. In 1979 the Chinese Government introduced the “One Child Policy” to ‘keep the population below 1.2bn at the end of the 20th century’.

The policy: 1 child per married couple, permission must be given before conceiving and women must be 25

before they marry. Tibetans (China’s ethnic minorities) are exempt. Benefits (Free health care, childcare, education and better pensions) provided for those who

comply Enforced strictly: Parents who had more than one child were treated as outcasts, they would

lose benefits and could be fined a “social upbringing fee” to cover the extra costs to the state.

In some cases, women were forced to have abortions and were sterilised. Families in the countryside are permitted to have a second child if their first is a girl

Was it successful? Yes, in some ways….. The policy achieved its goal. The birth rate is much lower (it fell from 33 to 16 (per 1000

people, per year)) – a 50% decrease.

It has worked particularly well in urban areas where 83% of couples have 1 child compared to

63% in rural areas. Falling birth rates mean more land, resources, food and services to go round; It will improve

people’s standard of living (investment in education for a couple’s only child)

It was unsuccessful in many other ways…..

It was unsuccessful in rural areas where children are needed to work the land The policy has created an ageing population which causes a dependency problem (4-2-1)

and an economic strain on the public state (healthcare/services). Traditional large family

structure has been lost and therefore the support network for elderly relatives is not available Children do not have siblings often causing ‘Little Emperor syndrome’ (spoilt, lazy or over-

pressured)

It has created a Gender Imbalance: 110 males for every 100 females. Pressure on families for a baby boy means that girls may be terminated (female infanticide) or abandoned. 50 million bachelors are looking for wives. Sexual trafficking from S. Korea and

prostitution amongst the Chinese has become a problem. Human rights of women were be violated: forced sterilizations and forced abortions were

commonplace

The Future: By 2030, a quarter of China’s population will be over 60. An increasingly ageing population creates economic strains & a need for policy change. Recently, couples who

were ‘only children’ can apply to have more children. It is likely the government will need to relax immigration restrictions to meet labour demands.

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Mexico to USA Migration: A case study of international migration to illustrate its causes, consequences and management

International Migration: Name the 2 countries between which people

have migrated. Explain the causes and the consequences of the

migration. Included at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2012] Background: The border between USA and Mexico is 3200km long.

Annually, up to 1million people try to cross the border. Mexicans make up 9% of USA population (only 50% have the legal documents to be living there)

Causes:

Push Factors (Mexico) Pull Factors (USA)

Low paid jobs – (GNP = $3750) Well paid jobs – (GNP - $24,750)

Adult literacy rates – 55% (results in poor education prospects)

Adult literacy rates – 99% (good education prospects)

40% unemployed Many jobs available for Mexicans (low pay)

High level of political corruption Chasing the ‘American Dream’

Poor medical facilities – 1800 people per doctor

Excellent medical facilities – 400 people per doctor

Impacts on Mexico Remittances of $12 billion a year are sent back to Mexico

Certain villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its inhabitants, leaving a population lacking in men of working age and leaving a majority of women, very young or

retired Workers that return seasonally to Mexico from the US often bring new technologies and

expertise to domestic industries. This helps develop the Mexican economy or quality of life High levels of poverty in border towns as there is a transient population and a regular

conflicts between border patrol officicals, drug cartels and human traffickers Impacts on the USA / Management

Illegal immigration costs the USA £12billion/year for border patrols Mexicans are seen as a drain on the USA economy however they do fill labour shortages

for low skilled, low paid work that Americans are unwilling to do They cause problems in cities due cultural and racial issues; TB (tuberculosis disease) is

also on the increase Mexican migrants benefit the US economy by working for low wages and help to counteract

the issue of an ageing population (by paying tax which is then redistributed) Mexican culture has enriched the US border states with food, language and music

Management: Border Patrols: USA employs up to nine agents per mile along the 2000 mile border,

they have built and maintain a 650 mile fence and provide temporary prison facilities for

those who are caught. Mexico authorities are also responding. The have built 2000 new factories to offer jobs

(these are called maquiladora developments) and encourage their economically productive

population to remain in their home country Many demographic experts call for measures to address poverty and job creation in Mexico

so that would-be migrants will remain home. There are others who call for legalising

immigrants in the US to bring them into society as full taxpayers and stakeholders

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NE Kenya to Kibera, Nairobi: A case study of internal migration to illustrate its causes, consequences and management

Using a named example, describe the impacts of internal migration

and explain how these are being managed (9)

Explain the causes and consequences of internal migration with in a named country (9)

Kibera is a spontaneous settlement to the south west of Kenya’s capital city Nairobi. (Kenya is in East Africa)

Push Factors (Why are people moving out of rural areas?)

Social Poor quality of life including,

limited access to clean water, education and healthcare

Economic Few (if any) employment opportunities, mainly

work on subsistence farms where no wage is guaranteed

Environmental Drought occurs regularly and crops fail

Pull Factors (What does the city offer migrants?)

Social Education opportunities Better access to medical centres

and charity groups (NGO’s). Better infrastructure and less

isolation Economic Employment opportunities close

to home. Higher wages paid compared to

agriculture

Impacts on Rural areas (left behind)

Elderly left behind & cannot work for themselves

Infrastructure not maintained

Services close down such as schools, medical centres

Some remittance ($) is sent back to relatives

Impacts on Kibera (receiving area) Overcrowding – diseases spread easily such as

malaria, typhoid and cholera; open sewers Poor infrastructure – homes self made upon

arrival; 2 mains water pipes for 1 million people

High crime rates, often too dangerous for police to go into the slum

50% Unemployment rate; mostly informal sector

Only 20% of Kibera has electricity; No basic services e.g. rubbish collection

Flying toilets (enough said!)

Management of migration and Kibera settlement

Government built housing allowing 1500 people to move into affordable housing and demolition of the slum

Pee Poo bags – handed out by a Swedish

charity – removes all pathogens (poisons) and waste can be disposed of safely.

Vertical farms – small areas of productive land prevents widespread hunger during food shortages. Can use local “manure”

Tio Markets – set up by residents to develop

secure businesses and protect the market traders

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West Quay, Southampton: A case study to illustrate how retail service provision changes over time (Location, Changes, Impacts)

Name and locate an example of changes in retail service provision in

an area. Describe the recent changes which have taken place and

explain why these changes have occurred. Include at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2011]

Using an example, explain how a CBD can change over time (9)

Location: South coast of Hampshire, UK Past: The site of West Quay is built where the offices of the Daily Echo and Pirelli cable works used to

be. A low level of retail service provision as Southampton docks dominate the landscape. They were used for imports of fruit, potatoes, grain, timber and wool. Many manufactured goods were exported from Southampton during industrial times. It was also a busy passenger port

Docks started to become redundant as ships increased their carrying capacity and people increasingly travelled by air and manufacturing in the UK decreased. The Pirelli cable works (secondary industry)

was closed down causing major job losses. 1990s – Ocean Village is developed around an old dock; the land is developed into a luxury marina with

leisure facilities and luxury apartments. 2000 – Competition from Winchester and Gun Wharf Quays (Portsmouth) leads to the development of West Quay shopping centre. It has an retail area of 800,000 square feet and contains around a 150

major retailers selling medium to high order goods, many of them chain stores. [John Lewis (flag ship store), Marks and Spencer, Zara, Schuh, Waterstone's, Hollister Co., Apple] Customers are prepared to travel long distances to the apple store and Ikea as they sell high order goods; car ownership

is widespread and Southampton is very accessible via M3 and the M27 Ikea has also opened a store on the adjacent road alongside a fast developing retail park with European

brand Decathlon and major Homeware providers. This shows the international appeal of Southampton and its rapid increase in popularity with shoppers in the South of England [large sphere of influence] Southampton rises from 27th to 13th in terms of total retail space in UK towns.

Impacts & Sustainability

$ Economic: Increased numbers of retail outlets has created a multiplier effect whereby more local people are employed in the tertiary industry, earning money and often spending it in the Southampton area. As customers travel from further afield, more renowned brands are attracted to

the area. This further increases the sphere of influence, provides more jobs and generates more wealth for the city.

Socially: Universities become more popular as the city increases its international reputation. As a result, cultural diversity increases. X Local communities are priced out of their houses – prices have increased 6% since March 2014; they are forced to buy further from the centre.

Environmental: West Quay is heated using geothermal energy and this contributes to Southampton being the lowest carbon emitting city in the country.

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Greenwich Peninsula: A case study to illustrate urban land use change and sustainability Using an example, describe a land use change and comment on the sustainability of the change. Include

at least 3 developed points (9) [2012]

Background: De-industrialisation had a significant impact on the East area of London. Due to competition from NICs, food and textile processing industries moved abroad. Furthermore, increased capacity of shipping transport

(large containers) meant that modern ships were too large to travel up the Thames as far as the Greenwich Peninsula, making the London Docklands largely redundant for bulk industries.

Previous land use: The site was the largest gas works in Europe & a working dock for smaller ships.

Problems existing before regeneration: (Greenwich – Isle of Dogs area) Unemployment due to de-industrialisation of textile and food processing industries – Between 1960-

1975, the number employed in London’s manufacturing sector fell from 1.5 to 0.8million (47%)

with knock on job lossess for the docks and railways. Deterioriating terraced housing stock, built back in the 1800s Traffic congestion along pre-motor car, narrow roads

Derelict buildings - by 1981, 50% of the Docklands was classified as derelict Closure or retail services due to decentralization and counter-urbanisation; middle classes moved

away, reducing the demand for retail. By 1981, unemployment had reached 24%, twice the national average.

A lack of investment in inner city schools and public services. The emerging service sector did not buy up the derelict land as prices remained high in inner city

areas and green belt areas were, at the time, much cheaper. This kept the skilled, service sector

workers out of the area, further preventing any regeneration. Contaminated land from the gas works

Sustainable changes to land use: [Targeting improved quality of life, environmental sustainability (low carbon emmissions, food, water sources), low crime, a sense of community, access to transport, affordable housing, jobs and income generation]

Polluted soil (from the gas works) has been treated for plants, people and water supplies. Eco friendly supermarket (Sainsburys) – uses 50% less energy; 24,000 new jobs; 2.2km of river

walkways; Cycle routes, leisure facilities and modern public services (an integrated primary school

and health centre). 150 new shops and restaurants; O2 arena; New underground station on the Jubilee line and access to mainline bus routes - Mixed land use enables people to access their needs without having to travel for miles. This keeps their carbon footprint low.

10,000 new homes in neighbourhood districts and communal spaces to create a sense of community. Houses are built using aluminium (recyclable & durable) and cedar wood from sustainable forests. South facing to maximize sunlight.

20 hectares for parkland and open spaces, including 2 ecology parks – improves quality of life, mental health and physical health.

Successful / Sustainable? The area is not ‘zero carbon’ and people still use cars to travel out to work. Food and building materials are still transported into the area. This increases the carbon footprint and competiton for locally sourced

produce.

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Theme 3: Natural Hazards [MEDC vs LEDC]

You may be asked to compare MEDCs and LEDCs These are the general advantages of MEDCs, you can adapt these to your case study and question:

Prediction: Higher GDP available to invest in high tech prediction equipment and highly

skilled employees to operate software and equipment Preparation: GDP and knowledge available to regularly drill emergency services and the

general public in case of a hazard event; education in schools

Planning: Evacuation routes and regional plans in place in case of a hazard; communication systems to ensure warnings and contingency plans are successful

Protection methods (where available) are affordable, particularly for high value buildings or high

risk areas; specialist engineering research, knowledge and skills are available to adapt buildings for earthquakes; coastal and flood protection from cyclones; water management for drought prone areas

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E15 Eruption, Iceland, 2010: A case study of a tectonic hazard event in an MEDC (Cause, Impact, Response, comparison with LEDC tectonic hazard)

Using an example from a MEDC, explain the natural processes which caused the tectonic hazard event

and describe how people were able to reduce the impact of the hazard. Include at least 3 developed

ideas (9) [Specimen] Using a named example, describe the impacts of a tectonic hazard event on a MEDC and explain how the

event was managed on variety of scales (9)

Location and Cause: Eyjafjallajokull is located in SW Iceland. It is a volcano completely covered

by an ice cap (100km). The strato-volcano is fed by a magma chamber under the earth’s crust. It is located on the divergent plate boundary known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

February: Unusual seismic activity and rapid expansion of the Earth’s crust were detected; this indicated magma was pouring into the magma

chamber of E15 volcano. March: Small earthquakes were detected 7-10km beneath the volcano; 1st eruption 20th March from a fissure vent located away from the glacier

14th April: E15 erupts from the top crater in the centre of the glacier, causing meltwater floods (‘jokulhlaup’). This melt water entered the volcano’s vents, mixed with the lava, creating explosions and the infamous ‘ash cloud’.

Social impacts:

o 500 locals evacuated in March and 800 April; weeks of disruption for locals and tourists o Fine ash affected people with respiratory problems such as asthma or lung disease

Economic impacts:

o Volcanic ash was thrown several kilometres up into the

atmosphere leading to air travel disruption in NW Europe for six days from 15 April, including the closure of airspace over many parts of Europe. Volcanic ash can clog up and damage jet

engines when it gets inside. The glass in the ash can also melt and block the ventilation holes.

o Retail groups faced shortages of medicine, cut flowers and

exotic fruit and vegetables due to the closure of British airspace o Kenya had to destroy 400 tonnes of flowers as they could not be flown to European markets; this

led to $3.8million loss each day of the disruption. Flower and vegetable farm workers

temporarily lost their jobs as harvesting was halted during the flight ban. Environmental impacts:

o A thick layer of ash fell on Icelandic farms and pastures. Over time it became wet and compact, making harvesting and grazing very difficult. Short term economic losses; long term fertility gains for the soil!

Responses / Management: Iceland was prepared for the April eruption because the initial, smaller, eruption occurred in March.

Seismologists closely monitored the tectonic activity using high tech equipment. They were able to use the national warning system and send texts to residents with a 30 minute warning to evacuate.

European retail outlets have contingency plans for delivering to their distributors and despite delays, were able to transport goods via an advanced road/rail network in Europe, and across the channel via ferries and Euro Tunnel to the UK.

Emergency services were well prepared in Iceland having practiced eruption drills and contingency

plans

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Haiti Earthquake, 2010: A case study of a tectonic hazard event in an LEDC (Cause, Impact, Response, comparison with MEDC tectonic hazard) Name and locate an example of a tectonic hazard in a LEDC. Describe the impacts of this hazard.

Suggest why it may be difficult to prepare for this hazard in your chosen area in the future. Include at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2013]

Name and locate an example of a tectonic hazard event in an LEDC. Describe the effects of the hazard and explain how successful attempts have been to reduce the effects. Include at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2011]

Name and locate an example of tectonic hazard event in a LEDC. Explain the natural processes which caused the event and describe how it impacted on the area (9)

Location and Cause: Haiti is located along a conservative plate boundary where the Caribbean and North American plates constantly creep past one another about 2cm per year.

The Haiti earthquake measured 7.0 on Richter scale, epicentre 25km west of the capital, Port au Prince. 16:53 on 12 Jan, 2010.

Earthquakes occur when there is a sudden release of the pressure that is built up due to constant tectonic movement and friction at plate boundaries.

Haiti’s development (difficulty in preparation/investment) GDP = 6,800 / Life expectancy = 61yrs/ Literacy rate = 53%

Impacts [Social, Economic, Environmental] [primary – secondary – long term] 230, 000 people died and 1 million homeless due to building collapse and spread of disease 30,000 commercial buildings collapsed / severely damaged including the Presidential Palace, the

Port au Prince Cathedral and the main jail – an already very underdeveloped nation was set back further as economic activity ceased for months and there were few government officials alive to

lead a recovery operation The port was destroyed and the airport on had one runway – this hampered rescue and aid

efforts

Delays in aid distribution led to desperation, looting and violence A small tsunami caused damage along coastal areas

Response: Low GDP meant Haiti had very little protection from earthquakes; few earthquake proof

buildings, emergency planning, prediction and no warning system.

Response from the international community was overwhelming ($9bn from voluntary donations and individuals, including the ‘Help for Haiti’ music campaign; $13bn was pledged by governments – aid included food, water & shelter; rescue and medical teams (Medecins sans frontiers); engineers and equipment to rebuild infrastructure, public services and buildings.

Neighbouring Dominican Republic provided emergency water and medical supplies as

well as heavy machinery to help with search and rescue underneath the rubble, but most people were left to dig through the rubble by hand.

Emergency rescue teams arrived from a number of countries, eg Iceland. GIS [GIS: Geographical Information System. Electronic maps with layers added to display

information about the area.] was used to provide satellite images and maps of the area, to

assist aid organisations. Morgues were overwhelmed and mass graves had to be set up to try to halt the spread of

disease and further deaths

Aid was hampered by damaged communication systems and infrastructure (port, airport, roads)

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Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans (2005): A case study of a climatic hazard in a MEDC [Causes, impacts, responses & sustainability; MEDC/LEDC Comparison question: Hurricane Katrina & Cyclone Nargis]

Name and locate an example of a climatic hazard in a MEDC. Describe the climatic conditions which caused the hazard, and explain the impacts of the hazard on people in the area. Include at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2013]

Name an example of a climatic hazard in a MEDC. Describe the methods used to protect people and property from this climatic hazard, and explain how sustainable these methods are. Include at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2010]

Location / Background / Cause: Hurricane Katrina tracked west across the Gulf of Mexico and hit New Orleans on 29th August at

6.10am as a category 4 hurricane (on the Saffir Simpson scale). New Orleans is vulnerable as it is 6m below sea level in some areas and is sandwiched between the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain.

Causes:

1. Hurricanes are born over tropical oceans (27C)

2. Evaporation occurs and warm, moist air starts to rise (creating an area of low pressure)

3. Due to the rotation of the earth this air spirals

upwards (N. hemisphere anticlockwise) and sucks more and more air upwards. This creates strong winds (up to 240km/hr during Hurricane Katrina)

4. As the air rises, it cools and creates heavy storm clouds (eye wall), these produce torrential rainfall

(250mm fell during Hurricane Katrina)

Impacts [may also be categorized as primary, secondary or long term] – Choose the stats you will remember!

o Levees collapsed in 53 places due to a storm surge, this flooded 80% of city up to 3m depth

Social: o 1836 people died, many drowning in the floodwater; 10,000 people made homeless, 705

missing

o 1.2 million evacuated but 100,000 people left behind due to poor planning – mostly elderly, poor and black;

o 20,000 people stayed in the super dome where riots broke out, high temperatures increased

the risk of the spread of disease, no food, fresh water or help came for several days; widespread looting

Environmental: o The tidal surge caused significant coastal erosion in Mississippi. The habitats of pelicans &

turtles was devastated o Flood waters were pumped into Lake Pontchartrain, causing toxic chemicals and raw

sewage to contaminate the water and habitats of wildlife

o Productive farmland was ruined by salt water Economic:

o High costs: Total damage was $300 billion; 90% of buildings along the coast were destroyed by the tidal surge

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o Loss of earnings and tax revenue due to: loss of water, electricity and telecommunications; oil rigs ripped from anchors; 36 casinos destroyed (generated $500,000 in tax revenue

before the hurricane); roads and railways submerged (hampering rescue and aid delivery missions)

o Insurance premiums have risen dramatically, some coastal areas have been refused

Responses:

o Due to its vulnerability, New Orleans was protected by levees (high banks of earth to

protect the city against flooding), but these had weak steel foundations and collapsed, worsening the effects of the hurricane

o Hurricane warnings were given and on 28th August - 1.2 million people were issued with evacuation orders; the poorest were left behind as there were enough buses provided to evacuate all vulnerable people from the city.

o 6 days LATE, army rescue and response reaches New Orleans – President Bush was highly criticized for the delay. Despite being delayed, $62 billion was spent in the clean up and aid mission including thousands of pumps to drain the water away; 10,000

National Guard troops were sent to maintain order after looting and violence; this took attention away much needed manpower from the rescue mission; International aid was also sent including the largest single pledge from Kuwait ($500 million) whilst India sent

tarps, blankets and hygiene kits o Long term aid: Brad Pitt’s ‘Make it Right’ Foundation built eco friendly and flood

resistant homes in the Lower 9th district (worst hit); Habitat 4 Humanity built a

musicians village to raise spirits and hope in the community; $14bn spent to rebuild the flood protection system

Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar (Burma) 2008: A case study of a climatic hazard in a LEDC (Causes, impacts, responses & difficulties) (compare with Hurricane Katrina – impacts & responses Nargis was less powerful but more devastating (compare death toll/ damage costs /

responses and aid effort) Name and locate an example of a climatic hazard in a LEDC. Describe the climatic conditions which caused the

hazard, and explain the impacts of the hazard on people in the area. Include at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2013] Name an example of a climatic hazard in a LEDC. Describe the methods used to protect people and suggest why it

may be difficult to prepare for this hazard in your chosen area in the future. Include at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2010 tectonic cs]

Background/cause: Hurricane formation as above; Cyclone Nargis struck Myanmar

on2nd May, 2008. Category 3 – strong winds (200km/hr), heavy rain and 12ft storm surge. Myanmar (Burma) is a LEDC where the majority of people are dependent on the natural environment and

its resources Impacts:

o Most devastated area = Ayeyarwady Delta region o 140,000 people killed

o $10bn worth of damage o 63% of Rice paddy fields flooded with salt and contaminated water; livestock killed (these

were heavily depended on for income and livelihood); mangroves destroyed

Responses:

o Warnings from Indian and Thai governments were ignored and there was no evacuation

o 10day delay before the Military Junta (strict government) allowed international aid agencies to start their mission; no emergency planning in place; lack of resources to protect

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Somalia Drought, 2010-2012: A case study of a climatic hazard in a LEDC (Causes, impacts, responses & difficulties) (compare with Hurricane

Katrina – impacts & responses) - (compare with California drought management) Name and locate an example of a climatic hazard in a LEDC. Describe the climatic

conditions which caused the hazard, and explain the impacts of the hazard on people in the area. Include at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2013]

Name an example of a climatic hazard in a LEDC. Describe the methods used to protect people and suggest why it may be difficult to prepare for this hazard in your chosen area in the future. Include at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2010 tectonic cs]

Location and Cause:

o The Horn of Africa a semi-arid area on the southern edge of the Sahara desert. This area is naturally susceptible to drought where high pressure weather systems dominate and

prevent precipitation from occurring. o Seasonal rains had failed for 2 consecutive seasons (thought to be caused by the a

strong El Nino event)

o Precipitation rate in 2010 was less than 30% of what it was the previous decade

Factors that have worsened the problem of drought / famine: o Desertification makes soil less productive so food

production quickly halts

o A lack of preparedness (no PPP) due to low development levels (life expectancy: 46, GDP per capita $600, literacy rate 24%) and a lack of stable

government since 1991 o Warnings about the impending food crisis were sent in October 2010 but aid agencies did

not act until the UN first declared famine in the Southern region in July 2011. Aid agencies

were short of $800million to meet immediate needs in the region. o Even when aid was available, the governing militant group Al-Shabab denied there was a

famine and banned Western aid from the area Impacts

o 4.6% of the population died from the resultant famine (malnutrition and dehydration); 10% of children under 5 died, mainly in the central and southern area

o 920,000 refugees fled to Kenya and Ethiopia in search for food. The Dadaab refugee

camp has become the 3rd largest ‘city’ by population in Kenya and conditions are crowded and unsanitary. The surrounding natural environment is suffering from water shortages and pressures on food and wood

o 90% of livestock died. Pastoralists depend on animals for their food and income. o 50% crop failure in 2011. Food prices soared, the sorghum grain increased 240% in one

year

Responses

o An early warning system for famine was developed and is constantly monitored in the USA (by looking at climate and food prices in local markets to predict famine)

o A UN-backed government came to power in Sept, 2012 to try to bring stability to the volatile

area o UNICEF and Wateraid work to provide training and assessments of groundwater resources.

They train farmers in sustainable farming practices; help communities to improve drought resilience and water security and encourage afforestation to help stabilise soil, store water and reduce the risk of desertification.

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For comparison questions on climatic hazards either compare Hurricane Katrina & Cyclone Nargis

OR Drought in Somalia & Drought in California

Las Vegas, Nevada Drought Precautions: A case study to use for a comparison of responses to a DROUGHT hazards (California vs Somalia)

Name and locate an example of a climatic hazard in a MEDC. Describe the climatic conditions which

caused the hazard, and explain the impacts of the hazard on people in the area. Include at least 3

developed ideas (9) [2013] Name an example of a climatic hazard in a MEDC. Describe the methods used to protect people and

property from this climatic hazard, and explain how sustainable these methods are. Include at least 3 developed ideas (9) [2010]

Background & Cause: Las Vegas is a sprawling city in the middle of a

desert. Drought has been dominant for 14 years in Las Vegas and huge investment of time and money is going into solving the problem. They

are able to do this because there is a high level of development (GDP) and investment opportunities for improvements to

infrastructure. Cause: Scientists blame global warming for the

worsening effects of the warm temperatures and dry spells common to this region. El Nino is also frequently blamed. Natural causes are high pressure systems which prevent rainfall.

Impacts o Residents of Las Vegas are adapting their lifestyles to manage the severe shortage of water

e.g. they are ‘xeriscaping’ and removing turf (see below)

o Lake Mead is at 40% capacity and one of its 2 intake pipes will no longer be able to pump water if it drops any more

o The Colorado river is also threatened with low levels [Irrigation of 4million acres of land and

the provision of water to 30 million people in 7 states depends on this river

Responses o Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) is completing a new water pipe at a lower level in

nearby Lake Mead to improve water quality (the existing one is now at the surface where

the pollutants and bacteria gather) o Water conservation is actively encouraged

in society and through the media: water use has dropped 40% in the last 20 years, water recycling is up and homewoners are

pulling up their lawns to prevent the need for sprinkler systems. This is par of the ‘Water Smart Landscapes programme’

which pays residents $1.50 per square foot to remove turf. Xeriscaping with cacti and other plants that require very little water is

also on trend and encouraged. o The city recycles 100% of the water it uses indoors (domestic use)

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Theme 4: Economic Development (Industry and Aid)

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Fawley Exxon Mobil Oil Refinery , Southampton Water. An example of key factors which affect the location of secondary industry and the conflicts that occur between different interest groups and stakeholders

"Industries locate for many different reasons. Choose a secondary manufacturing industry that you have

studied. Explain how different factors have affected their choice as to where to locate the industry and how these factors have changed over time." (9)

Background: Fawley is an oil refinery processing crude oil into other oil products eg jet fuel & petrol; it is a heavy industry requiring large amounts of space and has a significant impact on the surrounding

environment Location: On the west side of Southampton Water, south of Hythe. Close links to Southampton, the

national grid and a port for exporting to global markets Locational Factors

Originally the oil was used to supply cruise liners so it was located near the docks of Southampton FLAT LAND & LARGE SPACE AVAILABLE (3250 acres) to make construction of the refinery easier

and cheaper DEEP WATER PORT to allow oil ‘super tankers’ access to the site; water is also needed as coolant in

machinery used for the oil refining process i.e. crude oil being refined to liquid petroleum gas (LPG) DOUBLE HIGH TIDE allows super tankers to dock twice a day (Up to 330,000 barrels of crude oil

processed each day (15 million tonnes per year)

ACCESSIBILITY to a large workforce (over 3000 employees) from nearby Southampton (7 miles); far enough away to avoid conflicts over air and noise pollution.

Knock on effect - Over £65million is spent every year in the local community by workers and

contractors

Conflicts There is an area of outstanding natural beauty and a National Park close by. Environmentalists

argue the refinery is aesthetically displeaseing and fumes harm the natural habitats surrounding the area

Tankers conflict with sailors and pleasure boat users in the Solent as it is a constricted area, particularly at low tide e.g. high profile collision in 2011 when a Cowes Week yacht hit an oil tanker

Possible environmental catastrophe due to spillages

Oil refineries are a potential terrorist target. This would cause large scale disruption to local residents and Southampton city dwellers

Potential changes in the future: Oil is diminishing resource, non-renewable so will run out

There is rapid urban expansion in SE England therefore planning changes may lead to pressure

from residents and environmentalists to prevent operations at Fawley The site may be redeveloped for alternative energy industries e.g. solar, wind or tidal

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Nike, an MNC in Vietnam An example of why a MNC outsources abroad (location factors), the national (on Vietnam) and global

impacts; secondary industry Name an MNC and one country where it operates. Explain how the MNC affects local people and economy of

that country. Include at least three developed ideas (9) [2012] Name an MNC and one country where it operates. Explain why the MNC operates in many coutries and

explain how this MNC affects the country you have named (include at least three developed ideas) (9) [2014]

Location Factors – Why locate in Vietnam? LOWER WAGES than their previous locations (Taiwan & S. Korea), therefore lower costs & higher profits; there is an endless supply of cheap labour due to poverty levels

in Vietnam whereby sweatshops are the ‘best alternative’ FEW PROTECTIVE LABOUR LAWS – ‘unions’ were illegal, workers rights minimal, few health & safety regulations to follow. This means workers can work harder, longer

hours and are more productive FEW ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS – this keeps costs low so Nike do not need to buy specialist equipment to treat pollutants and toxic by-products of the manufacturing

process ACCESS TO NEW GLOBAL MARKETS – demand for western brands is high in rapidly developing SE Asia and China/India etc are easily accessible via ship

CHEAP LAND – large areas available, unprotected and development is encouraged as Vietnamese government offer tax breaks and cheaper energy bills to MNCs who locate there National Impacts on Vietnam

Negatives for Vietnam Benefits for Vietnam

o No security of employment – if another country offers a better deal Nike will move

their factories elsewhere leading to job losses.

o Wages are still low ($40 a

month insufficient for survival)

o Tae Kwang Vina factory

forcing workers to work overtime.

o Verbal and physical abuse of workers

o Nike ignored the environmental regulations as factory in

the middle of an industrial zone and difficult to monitor.

o 34 factory plants located in Vietnam o Provides jobs particularly for young women

who might otherwise be unemployed or

forced into the sex trade –in the Tae Vina factory 10,000 jobs were created

o Wages paid are often higher than other

companies o Nike has helped to attract other MNC’s to

Vietnam

o Workers contributions to local taxes helps pay for improvements in the infrastructure of the country

o Exports are a positive contribution to tax

revenue and increase GDP; this has multiplier effect on investment in infrastructure and public services e.g.

schools, hospitals..

Global Impacts Nike are creating a ‘global division of labour’ to get different jobs done as cheaply as possible in

different areas of the world – this is known as ‘outsourcing’ Following international criticism, Nike implemented its own ‘Code of Conduct’ in 1999; there are

now safer working conditions and awareness of worker’s rights e.g. minimum wage. By 2001, 85% of the Nike factories offered education and training programs, improving literacy levels and

job prospects for local populations. These ideas have spread to other MNCs in the area. International pressure for workers’ rights continues via social media campaigns. Potential changes in the future: Change of location to keep costs low as costs for Nike rise (Vietnam may increase minimum wage,

environmental and health/safety laws as they become more developed) Demands for products may change; technologies advance requiring different skill sets

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Tourism in Masaii Mara National Park, SW Kenya An example of key factors which affect the location of tertiary industry (tourism), the positive and negative

impacts of tourism and and sustainable management of the area Factors affecting the growth in international tourism to Kenya (Tourism is now the

growing by an average of 9% a year)

- Improvements in technology and communication

- Cheaper long haul flights. - Changing tastes as people look for new and different holidays - People in MEDCs have more money and leisure time.

- Promotion of tourist sites by LEDC countries. Impacts:

Positive - Provides a more valuable alternative to cash crops such as coffee. These primary products are

decreasing in price compared to the charges that can be applied in the tourist industry. 25% of revenue is dedicated to the Massai tribe as compenstation in this area

- Promotes links with other countries that may lead to trade - Creates jobs e.g. Masaii tribes people can sell their crafts and artefacts and therefore afford to

send children to school and healthcare if needed Negative

- Some lodges are owned by foreign tour operators. This means profits may be leaked back to head quarters in the UK (ex-colonial power)

- Masaii tribes people have been forced to settle, instead of continue their nomadic lifestyle (loss of culture and traditions)

- Hot air balloons and trucks loaded with tourists can disturb natural behaviours of animals e.g. hunting, mating, nesting. 58% of non migratory species have declined in the area

- Minibuses cause soil erosion due to their tracks and the vulnerability of dry soils before the rainy

season. >150 vehicles enter the park every day (over 50,000 per year) - Tourist lodges have been critics for using up too much of the precious water resources, not fitting in

with the natural ecosystem and not disposing of waste carefully leading to some animals becoming

scavengers. Sustainable Management

‘Sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee that any tourism scheme is long-term.’

Masaii Wilderness Conservation Project Eselenki Conservation Area – A leading and innovative example of eco-tourism on the

Massai tribal land. e.g. Camping safaris are organized for small groups of tourists instead of lodges for large numbers Poaching patrols and designated protected areas have lead to a total absence of poaching and snaring of

wildlife. 10% of Maasai tribal lands have been designated as a private reserve. They receive rent for the land from the tour operator and receive an entry fee for each tourist Maasai asre employed as game scouts and trained to be guides.

Profits from the park fees and ecotourism are used for water supplies, maintenance of the conservation area and education for the Maasai. Potential changes in the future: Increased tourism due to cheap long haul flights

Decreased tourism due to new environmental taxes on carbon emissions or increase in national park fees to pay for conservation projects and management plans

Disease outbreak / Terrorist activity e.g. shopping mall attack and Ebola significantly reduced tourist numbers and keeps them away for long periods of time

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The Denim industry and the Pearl River Delta (PRD), Southern China An example of the fine balance between environmental & economic sustainability

Name and locate an economic activity. Describe how this economic activity has caused environmental damage. How has the conflict between economic development and environment been managed? Include at

least three developed ideas. (9) Location & Background

The PRD has experienced rapid urbanisation and is a dynamic industrial region. Waste, chemicals, air pollutants and toxins put an enormous strain on the environment. Secondary industries include electrics, textiles, chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Main Cause:

A lack of environmental laws means factories pollute directly

into the delta or air without fear of fines or punishment. Causes and Impacts:

Power stations and car ownership cause acid rain – In 2007, 8 out of every 10 rainfalls in Guangdong were classified as acid

Health problems and breathing complaints are on the increase as air quality is consistently below European standards

Deforestation due to rapid urbanisation allows soil and silt to clog the delta Lack of sewage treatment has led to eutrophication (algae blooms as growth increases with the

added nutrients) Toxins, pollutants and more specifically, ‘blue dye’ from denim jeans manufacturers is pumped

directly into the river

Fish stocks fallen, local fishermen have lost trade Farmers nearby have had their fields and produce contaminated; sales have fallen and people

are eating contaminated food (Shampoo fish)

Future/Management Greenpeace wrote a detailed report in 2009 on the prevalence of hazardous waste in the region. They highlight the care free approach from industries the Chinese law enforcers. They call for co-operation

between local government leaders in the PRD region; focus on upstream management; laws so industry is forced to use less hazardous substances or have effective treatment systems.

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International Aid - Water Aid, Mali / Tanzania

An example of a sustainable aid project in a LEDC, showing how small changes can be life changing

Key principles of sustainability:

LOW COST- SMALL SCALE – LOW

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT – COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT- COMMUNITY TRAINING -

APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY

The project aim: To provide clean and safe drinking water to communities in need

How are Water Aid projects sustainable?

They are low cost (£15 a head for rope water

pumps in Tanzania; cheap hand dug wells in Mali)

Hygiene education schemes area also carried out, particularly in school

They use recycled, local materials so there is minimal wastage and low carbon footprint

The whole community is involved in decision making to ensure they have ownership of the project. The women take a leading role as they are most affected by the long walk to find water. This creates a sense of ownership of the project and means it is more likely succeed as local people have

the best understanding of their needs and challenges. They will also be able to manage the water system long after the foreign engineers and aid workers have gone.

Local people are trained to build, fix and maintain the rope pumps and pipes. This removes the

need for expensive engineers flying in from abroad, increases the skills base of the local people and keeps costs down

Appropriate (simple) technology is used to enable local people to fix and maintain (low tech)

All of these factors ensure the project can continue for years to come and brings nothing but benefit to the

natural environment and local community. Impacts

Higher life expectancy as there is a lower risk of disease caught from drinking contaminated water ‘A 5 mile walk has become a 5 minute queue’ therefore freeing up time for women to grow

crops for the family and make a living from the surplus (they save 6 hrs /day). There is water available for irrigation and as a result they are more productive. School fees, medicines and seeds are bought with the profits creating yet more benefits for the local community

Children no longer have to help fetch water. They now have the time to go to school to improve their chances of finding work in the long run. Literacy rates increase

Death rates are reduced as water is clean (this avoids the high rates of cholera and dysentery that used to kill so many)

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Understanding the SDME: ____________

The SDME comes in 3 parts:

Background Options Decision

The background section is usually made up of shorter questions (only a

few marks each and 10 marks for the whole section) . This means you should be spending the least amount of time on this section and should be able to answer the questions with shorter responses, sometimes only

a few words or a sentence. This section is about the topic in general. This could be how a hazard forms, where they form, the impact of the hazard.

The Options is the second biggest section, 14 marks, and is made up of a small number of longer style questions. In this

section you have to ensure you are developing your answers properly, using evidence whenever appropriate.

This section is designed to get you thinking of the different aspects involved in the decision which will probably include stakeholders and the different types of sustainability

The decision is the final and most important section of the SDME. It is made up of one 16 mark question and requires you to fully develop your answers.

This means that within your answers you need to:

Follow the structure that they give you within the question (this is the start of your plan and a

guide to how it will be marked.

Use evidence to support the points you are making (this might be from anywhere in the

resource booklet or your own knowledge)

Refer to Sustainability, focusing on the aspects of sustainability they ask you to.

Consider the different Stakeholders involved and assess who is the more or less important.

F U S S over the answer (if that helps as an acronym)

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Key Ideas for SDME: Rivers & Coasts Mapwork [p10 & 22 in green revision guide]

- Recognising river / coastal features / land use (use the key) - 4&6 figure grid references / distances

Rivers [p3-16 green revision guide] - Key processes and landforms - Hydrological system and drainage basin system [what causes MORE flooding

in an area & what REDUCES the risk of flooding] - Hydrographs (steep and gentle) - Flooding: causes, effects & management [p14 green revision guide]

KNOW YOUR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FLOOD MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES!

Coasts [p17-26 green revision guide] - Key processes and landforms - Coastal Erosion: causes, effects & management

[p24-25 green revision guide] KNOW YOUR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COASTAL DEFENCE

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES!

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Answering the 16 mark questions: Decision time

Tips for the 16 mark decision BUG the questions

Identify ideas and evidence in the RESOURCES that will be useful for each question

If you are asked about ‘sustainability’, refer to the longevity of the option and social/economic/environmental aspects. Refer to different stakeholders and their opinions if relevant.

Develop your points, reasons and arguments! Don’t forget to PEEE!

1. Make your POINT

2. Provide some EVIDENCE 3. EXPLAIN it using connectives

4. EXPLAIN it even further by explaining the knock on effects and link it back to key words in the question e.g. sustainability

Link back to the question or the key words in the question Give examples, quote examples or be as obvious as you can i.e. don’t say ‘flooding’,

say ‘flooding of people’s homes, shops and local services’ And finally……

- If you are stuck - Look back through the resource booklet, there are lots of hidden answers there! - Use own words. If parts of your answer are ‘copied’ from the booklet the mark is given a maximum Level 1

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Your sources of help:

Exercise books with 2 years of notes!

Personal Learning Checklist (PLC) booklet to use

alongside past questions listed on the Priestlands

Geography website

CGP Revision guide CGP Practice workbook

CGP Revision toolkit

Priestlands case study & exam tips booklet, Geography

2016 (here!)

Your teacher! Podcasts by Mr Wagstaff

Revision sessions (as per timetable)