Case Study 2: CAVITEX: Bacoor Interchange

The City: Bacoor, Cavite

Bacoor is the so-called Cavite’s Gateway to and from Southern Metro Manila. It has just been

declared a city on June 24, 2012. Bacoor is part of the first congressional district of Cavite.

Its location, southwest of Metro Manila makes Bacoor an important gateway to Metro

Manila. This is further reinforced by the fact it contains the south end of the Manila-Cavite

Expressway. Bacoor is among the key areas and the fastest growing municipalities in Cavite

together with Imus and Dasmariñas.

City Boundaries

Land Area

Bacoor is at the northern tip of the Province of

Cavite. It lies approximately 15 kilometers

southwest of the center of Manila, and about 27

kilometers from Trece Martires City, the

provincial capital. It is situated along the Manila

Bay and separated by Zapote River on its eastern

boundary from the city of Las Piñas, and the Imus

River on its western boundary. It is bounded on

the west by the municipalities of Imus and Kawit,

on the south by the municipality of Dasmariñas,

on the north by Bacoor Bay, and on the east by the

cities of Las Piñas and Muntinlupa. The poblacion

is located inland on the northernmost part of the

municipality and lies along Bacoor Bay.

The municipality covers a total area of approximately 4,397.79 hectares. Its terrain ranges

from plain to slightly rolling. The west and the east sides are traversed by Imus and Zapote

Rivers and both provide salt water for Bacoor’s salt farms that double as fishponds during the

rainy season. During the wet season, water flowing from the old dams and thus filling up

existing creeks serves as natural irrigation for the municipality. The provincial road, which is

traversed by municipal and barangay roads linking all barangays of Bacoor, intersects the

national road or the Aguinaldo Highway, running north to south from Bacoor to Tagaytay

City. Formerly noted for its salt beds, Bacoor today is a bustling commercial and business

center.

Bacoor has a total of 73 barangays, of which 10 are coastal and 63 are inland barangays.

Demographics

The municipality of Bacoor registered an annual growth rate of 4.04% for the period 1995-

2000, increasing from 90,364 in 1980 to 250,821 in 1995, and 305,699 in 2000. The

municipal population is projected to reach 791,555 in 2011. Population density in Bacoor in

2000 was registered at 69.51 persons per hectare. This is projected to grow to 179.98 persons

per hectare in 2011.

Population density in Bacoor in 2000 was registered at 69.51 persons per hectare. This is

projected to grow to 179.98 persons per hectare in 2011.

Historical Background

Some accounts indicate that the town of Bacoor, also named Bakood or Bakoor (named after

a species of bamboo), was founded in 1671. When the Spaniard troops arrived in “Bacoor”,

they met some local inhabitants in the process of building a fence around their house. The

Spaniards ask the men what is the city’s name, but because of the difficulties in

understanding each other, the local inhabitants thought that the Spaniards were asking what

they are doing. The men answered “Bakood”. It was then pronounced Spanish which is

“Bacoor” by the Spaniards soldiers and was soon officially called “Bacoor”.

Bacoor was also the site of the Battle of Zapote Bridge in 1899 which involved Philippine

and American troops. It was in this battle where Gen. Edilberto Evangelista was killed.

In the aftermath of the Philippine Revolution which coincided with the declaration of the first

Philippine independence on June 12, 1898, Bacoor was designated as the first capital of the

Philippine Revolutionary government by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo until it was transferred to

Malolos, Bulacan. “Gargano” was then the revolutionary name assigned to Bacoor by

Aguinaldo’s henchmen.

Landform

Topography

The topography of Bacoor is characterized by a plain to slightly rolling terrain. Slope grade

of zero to three percent (0 - 3%) covers almost the entire area of Bacoor. Map 2.1 shows the

slope map. Maps 2.2 and 2.3 reflect the land system map and the geological map,

respectively.

General Slope Map of Bacoor

Legend

Provincial Boundary

Municipal Boundary

Barangay Road

River/ Stream

Shoreline

0-3% Slope

Land Systems Map of Bacoor

Legend

Provincial Boundary

Municipal Boundary

Barangay Road

River/ Stream

Shoreline

Fluvio-Marine/Alluvium

Alluvium

Volcanic Tuff

Hydro-Geology

The municipality of Bacoor has many rivers,

creeks, and other tributaries. The Zapote River

traverses barangays Zapote, Aniban, Ligas, San

Nicolas and Molino on the eastern boundary.

One tributary to Zapote River runs across the

barangays of Zapote and Talaba while another

tributary of the same river goes out directly to

Bacoor by traversing barangays Zapote, Talaba

and Maliksi. The Molino River that comes all

the way from the Dasmariñas area spills into

the Zapote River in the area of barangay San

Nicolas. The Imus River, on the other hand,

traverses barangays Sineguelasan, Banalo,

Mabolo, Salinas, Real and parts of Molino on

the western boundary. Bacoor River traverses

barangays Alima, Banalo, Mabolo, Daang

Bukid, Habay and other parts of Panapaan.

Surface Water Map of Bacoor

Geological Map of Bacoor

Legend

Provincial Boundary

Municipal Boundary

Barangay Road

River/ Stream

Shoreline

Alluvium

Taal Tuff

Land Use

Existing Land Use

With the advent of urbanization, much has changed in the land uses of the municipality of

Bacoor. Within a span of almost 20 years, the municipality has largely lost its agro-fishery

base for residential, commercial, institutional and industrial purposes.The table below shows

the area distribution of existing land uses in Bacoor.

Table 1 Existing Land Use of Bacoor by Category, 2010

Land Use Type Area (Has.) % to Total

Residential 4,030.61 86.29%

Agricultural 198.24 04.24%

Open Grasslands 264.30 5.66%

Commercial 91.95 1.97%

Institutional 23.30 0.50%

Industrial 42.88 0.92%

Cemetery 19.92 0.42%

Total 4,671.00 100.00%

Existing Land Use Map of Bacoor

Legend

Residential

Commercial

Agri-Fishery

Open Grassland

Institutional

Cemetery

Industrial

Barangay Boundary

Hi-way

Prov’l/Nat’l

Barangay Road

Boulevard

River

Bacoor’s roles as the Gateway to Cavite and the Catchment Area for the residential

population from Metro Manila and industrial centers in Cavite have largely influenced the

land uses in Bacoor. Residential areas comprise the majority of the land uses, followed by

open grassland, agri-fishery, commercial, institutional, and industrial. The town’s formerly

agricultural character has given way to a predominantly residential town. Land use potentials

and advantages include the town’s compact urban structure, and infrastructure projects that

are currently being implemented or being planned in Bacoor. Land use concerns include the

need to manage CBD growth as well as the need for density controls and more infrastructure

support.

Residential Area

Residential use comprises the bulk of Bacoor’s current land use, covering about 73

barangays. These include the following: Siniguelasan; Banalo; Mabolo 1; Tabing Dagat;

Digman; Maliksi 1; Talaba 1; Zapote 1,2,3; Ligas; Aniban 1,2,3,4,5; San Nicolas 1,2; San

Nicolas 3; Niog 1,2,3; Panapaan 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8; Real 1,2; Mambog 1,2,3,4,5; Salinas 3,4;

Habay 1,2; Dulong Bayan; Molino 1,2,3,4,5,6,7; Queen’s Row West, Queen’s Row East, and

Queen’s Row Central. In most of these barangays are found residential subdivisions.

Commercial Area

Commercial activities cover an area of 91.95 hectares (2.09% of total area). Commercial

establishments intersperse the residential areas scattered in different barangays of the

municipality. These commercial uses are found in Mabolo 1; Dulong Bayan; Habay 1-2;

Salinas 4; Real 1; Panapaan 1,2,4,5,6,7,8; Niog 1,2,3; Talaba 2,3,5,6,7; Zapote 1,3,4,5;

Aniban 1,4; Kaingin; Digman; Tabing Dagat; Alima; Mambog 4; San Nicolas 3; Bayanan;

and Molino 1,2,3,5

Major commercial activities lie along Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo Highway, and the highways of

Tirona, Evangelista, Molino and Talaba-Zapote. The main commercial centers can be found

in the intersection of Tirona and Aguinaldo Highways (where SM City Bacoor is located) and

in the Aguinaldo Highway Extension leading to Zapote, Las Piñas City.

Institutional Area

Institutional areas consist of lands which presently house the government, academic and

religious institutions as well as other structures catering to the provisions of public services

and needs. This covers 23.30 hectares (0.53% of total area).

Industrial Area

Industrial activities cover an area of 42.88 hectares (0.97%). Bacoor has existing industrial

warehouses that are scattered in different areas such as along the Tirona Highway and

Aguinaldo Highway. The town’s industrial activities are concentrated in Niog 3.

Agri-Fishery Area

Agri-fishery areas include all ricelands and other productive agricultural lands and water

bodies or fishponds. Based on 2001 GIS maps, Bacoor has 603.81 hectares devoted to agri-

fishery (13.73% of total area). Agricultural uses are located in Maliksi 1,2,3; Kaingin;

Panapaan 3; Talaba 1,2; Mabolo 2; Dulong Bayan; Habay 1; Alima; and San Nicolas 1,2.

Open Grassland

On the southern part of the municipality, vast grasslands can be found. This area totals 264.30

hectares, covering 6.01% of the total land area of Bacoor. Grasslands are found in

Siniguelasan; Daang Bukid; Campo Santo; Habay 1; Salinas 1; Ligas 3; Niog 3; San Nicolas

1,2; Bayanan; Molino 2; and Mambog 4.

Cemetery

Cemeteries cover an area of 19.82 hectares (6.45%). Cemeteries are found in Molino 2; Ligas

2; Digman; Kaingin; and Panapaan 7.

Proposed Land Use Plan

The proposed land use plan for Bacoor was made with the general purpose of guiding the

municipality’s spatial directions and overall growth towards attaining its vision of a

progressive, well-developed, self-reliant, peaceful, healthy and environment-friendly city

taking the physical as well as socio-economic conditions prevailing in the area including

proposed infrastructure programs and projects. The proposed land uses and area distribution are

provided in the table below.

Land Use Type Area (Has.) % to Total

Urban Core 1,417.00 32.22%

Urban Expansion 2,461.00 55.96%

Agricultural Development 369.00 8.39%

Ecological Development 34.27 0.78%

Light Industrial 88.92 2.02%

Coastal Development 27.87 0.63%

Total 4,398.06 100.00%

The proposed land use plan aims to channel future growth into the most suitable locations and

provide opportunities to intensify land utilization in the present urban area, conserve

environmentally-constrained areas while providing opportunities to enhance the economic

outputs of the municipality and provide an efficient service network for the municipality.

Table 2 Proposed Land Use of Bacoor by Category, 2010

Urban Core Area

This area is the business and commercial center of the town with the supportive residential,

institutional, and recreational type of activities. The area includes the present central business

district (CBD) and its immediate outlying areas characterized by high density land utilization.

Being the traditional commercial-residential center of the municipality, the area will be the

focus of urban renewal efforts. This area covers the barangays of Sineguelasan; Banalo;

Alima; Campo Santo; Tabing Dagat; Daang Bukid; Digman; Kaingin; Dulong Bayan;

Mabolo 1,2,3; Salinas 1,2,3,4; Habay 1,2; Real 1,2; Panapaan 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8; Maliksi 1,2,3;

Talaba 1,2,3,4,5,6,7; Zapote 1,2,3,4,5; Aniban, Ligas 1,2; Niog 1,2,3; and Mambog 1,2,3,4.

Proposed General Land Use Map of Bacoor

Legend

Urban Core Area

Urban Expansion Area

Agricultural

Ecological

Light Industrial

Coastal

Barangay Boundary

Hi-way

Prov’l/Nat’l

Barangay Road

Boulevard

River

Urban Expansion Area

This area will absorb the urban core expansion requirements of the municipality.

Urbanization would be promoted and enhanced in this area. This area refers to the vast track

of land spanning Molino 1,2,3,4,5,6,7; San Nicolas 1,2,3; Ligas 3; Bayanan; Mambog

1,2,3,4; and Queen’s Row West, East, and Central.

The area, which may be developed as a new town, would be a mixed development of low to

medium density residential neighborhood with commercial and institutional facilities. The

place is envisioned to be a community for people to live, work, and take leisure. This area

would be the site of the proposed municipal hall, specifically in Molino 3.

Agricultural Development Area

This area in Molino 4 would be utilized for cultivation, pastoral activities, livestock

production, integrated farm operations, etc. The Strategic Agriculture and Fishery

Development Zone (SAFDZ) in San Nicolas 1 and 2 is likewise included in the Agricultural

Development Area.

Ecological Development Area

Located in Molino 4, this area would be the site of the proposed Environmental Park.

Coastal Development Area

The Coastal Development area covers the waterfront areas of the municipality’s coastal

barangays. The development of this area would be limited to agri-fishery and agri-tourism

type of activities. Sineguelasan; Alima; Tabing Dagat; Digman; Kaingin; Maliksi 1,3; Talaba

1,2; and Zapote 5. Complementary uses allowed in this area include residential, commercial,

institutional and recreation activities provided they are in conformity to existing laws and

policies.

Open Space/Parks

The existing open space in the municipality would be enhanced by the planting of trees. The

existing plaza and parks in the different subdivisions in Bacoor would be developed as

breathing spaces for the residential areas. Construction of more parks would be encouraged to

upgrade the visual component of the town.

Buffer Zones

The buffer zones refer to parks or open spaces intended to separate incompatible land uses to

control pollution and nuisance as well as define the areas where no permanent structures

would be allowed. All existing water bodies, rivers and streams would have an easement of at

least 3 meters on both sides of the water bodies. The buffer zones would be established in

areas between incompatible land uses and along the roads.

Project Background

The Manila-Cavite Expressway (CAVITEx) is a 14 km (8.7 mi) expressway in along the

coast of Bacoor Bay after south of Roxas Boulevard with exits to Bacoor and Kawit. It is an

extension of the Radial Road 1 (R-1) of Metro Manila. It is owned and operated by the Public

Estates Authority Tollway Corporation (PEATC), a government owned and / or owned

corporation and a subsidiary of the Public Estates Authority, an office under the Office of the

President. It is also nicknamed the Coastal Road because of its vicinity to the Manila Bay.

The R-1 Expressway Extension, Segment 4 is a dual two lane, North and South bound, seven

(7) kilometer expressway traversing Bacoor Bay built over water, and a combination of

reclamation and viaduct works stretching from Bacoor to Kawit, Cavite. It was built from

January 2007 to April 2011 by its general contractor Sargasso Construction Development

Corp in joint venture with Atom Development Corporation. The project was funded by local

and foreign lenders. The said Expressway Extension is the continuation of the existing R-1 Expressway , a dual

three lane, north and south bound, 6.475 kilometers expressway from airport junction to the

foot of Bacoor. It was built in 1996 and became operational May 1998 by a Malaysian

company United Engineers ( Malaysia )Berhad-(UEM), the investor of the MCTE Project.

The said company was acquired by Mr. Luis Juan Virata in the year 2000, and had been and

remains as its Chairman and major stockholder at present. The MCTE Project at present has a

total stretch of approximately 14 kilometers and known as Aguinaldo Boulevard.

The Site:

Manila- Cavite Coastal Road and Reclamation Project

Bacoor Interchange (Longos-Talaba Area)

At the north end, it feeds into and from Roxas Boulevard in the city of Parañaque in Metro

Manila, also part of R-1. The highway features a limited number of interchanges. The

original south terminus of the expressway in Bacoor is being converted to a full interchange

and is currently partially open, and one of the terminal points of the expressway in Kawit is a

forced interchange. There are two toll barriers on the expressway: the original barrier at Las

Piñas and the extension barrier in Kawit. Vehicles are charged a flat toll rate based on class.

PEATC has also incorporated an electronic toll collection system it calls E-TAP.

Sign indicating the boundary between Metro Manila and the Province of Cavite; Interchange construction

and unfinished part of Cavitex

Construction works for the approach to the overpass for what is now the Bacoor Exit. Vehicles now take the

rightmost lanes to turn left towards Bacoor using the overpass that can already be seen in the photo. Vehicles

proceeding towards Kawit should proceed along the tollway

Turning towards Bacoor, motorists are greeted by another overpass on the opposing direction that leads

travelers from the Alabang-Zapote Road the Aguinaldo Highway towards the Coastal Expressway.

Environmental and Resource Management Issues concerning CAVITEX

Land Use Conversion

Bacoor had been renowned for its mussel production. However, due to rapid urbanization,

the economic contribution of the fishing industry to Bacoor’s economy has declined over

the years. In contrast, trade and service-oriented activities have increased in the

municipality. Many agricultural lots, particularly fishponds, have been converted into

subdivisions. Offshore and coastal fishing has also been affected by the construction of the

Manila-Cavite Coastal Road and Reclamation Project.

The Municipality of Bacoor conducted a

survey on informal settlers living along the

Philippine National Railways (PNR) tracks,

river and in other areas which fall within

danger zones, along the PNR tracks, 23,443

along the river, and 11,075 along the coastal

areas, or a total of 37,091 families. The

biggest concentration of these families is

found in Longos, numbering 3,600 families or

9.7% of the total number of families. Longos

is located directly beside the Bacoor

Interchange of the Manila-Cavite Coastal

Road and Reclamation Project.

When the construction of the Cavitex started,

these informal settlers were greatly affected,

since they have to vacate the said location for

the clearing of the site. The livelihood of these

informal settlers was also affected, since most

of them use agri-fishery as their source of

income because they live in the coastal area of

Bacoor. The mussel and oyster pond were

destroyed to give way to the extension of

coastal road to Cavite. Based on the proposed

general land use of Bacoor, the mentioned site

would be part of the new urban and coastal

development zone.

Informal Settlers at Longos beside Bacoor Interchange

Informal Settlers at Longos

Transportation Network

Bacoor aims to maintain its competitive advantage as a key “gateway” from Metro-Manila to

the province of Cavite. It aims to capitalize on its vital role as an important physical link

between the industrial and tourism areas of Cavite and Metro Manila via the Cavitex.

The map below shows the structural plan of the transportation network in Bacoor.

When the Cavitex started its operation, the congestion at Talaba Road and Aguinaldo

Highway were lessen. Vehicles going to Kawit, Tanza, Cavite City, etc. will not have to

traverse Talaba Road and Aguinaldo Highway to be able to reach these municipalities.

Vehicles will have the option of going directly to these coastal areas through this proposed

road without having to pass through SM Bacoor and Mabolo in Tirona. Although currently,

there were few who uses the Cavitex compared to the road capacity they had forecast so in

effect most of these vehicle still travel through the Talaba road and the use of Cavitex was

not maximized.

Structural plan of Transportation Network

Power pylons were built, encroaching the carriageway and thus reducing the traffic capacity

of this road. RROW limits are not defined as there seems to be an overlapping between the

frontage of properties along the road and RROW. This situation has led to the reduction of

road capacity.

Traffic signals are not used during peak hours. Side cars and tricycles cross the junction

between the Talaba Road and Bacoor Interchange connecting Las Pinas to Bacoor. Slow-

moving vehicles like these two should not in any way be allowed to cross part of the national

highway like the Talaba Road. Pedestrian facilities are not provided, and jaywalking is a

common sight. There is no overpass for the crossing pedestrians.

The pavement from the Bacoor Interchange through Talaba Road is poorly maintained and is

ripe for rehabilitation. The current condition of the pavement causes the slowing down of

vehicles crossing it.

Talaba Road Connecting to Cavitex; Construction of the Cavitex, Bacoor interchange

Cavitex, Bacoor interchange

Drainage and Sewerage System

The government of Bacoor provides for the drainage alongside municipal road systems as

well as assistance to barangays in implementing drainage improvements along barangay

roads. The private sector likewise implements drainage construction, improvement and

rehabilitation projects within their respective development areas. Real estate developers are

expected to plan and construct the drainage system within their subdivisions. Industrial or

economic zones are supposed to have satisfactory drainage facilities within their eco-zones.

The drainage problem of Bacoor differs with respect to areas; approaches to these problems

require unique treatments. The maps below shows the drainage lines of Bacoor and the

location of drainage problem areas.

The site which was a formerly agri-fishery land located in low-lying area experience most of

the drainage problem. As a result, this area is prone to flooding. The situation is aggravated

by the slow process of draining water runoff due to the improper functioning of the drainage

lines which are clogged by household wastes improperly disposed by residents. As a result,

the creeks have reduced capacity and impeded flow resulting to momentary flooding.

The coastal area of Bacoor was submerged in deep water every time it rains because of the

Manila- Cavite road extension project or Cavitex. Before Cavitex, flood was not an issue

among the coastal people of the city. Since the road project came into existence, it altered the

natural flow of waters in Bacoor Bay, flooding has become a regular nightmare to tens of

thousands of fishermen and residents along Manila and Bacoor Bays.

Map of Drainage Lines in Bacoor; Location of Drainage Problems

Standpoints from Various Roles

ROLES PHYSICAL

IMPLICATIONS

SOCIO-ECONOMIC

IMPLICATIONS

Local Public

Officials

Bacoor will maintain its

competitive advantage as a

key “gateway” from Metro-

Manila to the province of

Cavite. It will capitalize on

its vital role as an important

physical link between the

industrial and tourism areas

of Cavite and Metro Manila

via the Bacoor Interchange

of Cavitex.

Establishment and

Improvement of Key Road

Links

Infrastructures like this

would attract foreign and

local investors.

Cavitex will be a boost to

Cavite Tourism and will

allow commercial traffic to

move goods quicker from

Port Area and Naia to the

Cavite Export Processing

Zone, which is essential to

nationwide economic zone

The construction of Cavitex

will provide a compact urban

core that is well-connected to

residential expansion areas as

well as to commercial and

industrial development

corridors which would

enhance agglomeration

economies and will help on

preserving the close social

ties of Bacoor’s population.

Agri-Fishery

Residents

Families in the affected site

would lose their houses to

give way for the project.

The construction projects go

through the communities,

demolishing the houses to

literally pave the road for the

expressway. And according

to the residents, they have

received no assistance from

the government.

Hundreds of urban poor

families would lose their

livelihood because of the

Manila- Cavite Road

extension project. Many of

the residents in the urban

poor communities in Bacoor

are small and itinerant

vendors, jeepney and pedicab

drivers, and small fishermen.

The Cavitex project

displaced a minimum of

3600 families in Longos

area.

Many of the families used to

reside in the site of Cavitex

lost their houses, livelihood

and were reduced to deeper

depths of poverty.

City Residents

Improving circulation and

Diffused economic growth,

(Non-agri-fishery

residents)

traffic flow within the

municipality’s CBD and

major commercial corridors.

The existence of Cavitex

caused the alteration of the

natural flow of water in

Bacoor bay and this led to

momentary flooding at the

area.

including a larger economic

base and broader

employment opportunities

Environmentalist

Ecological imbalance due to

reclamation of the Bacoor

bay to give way to the

Manila-Cavite Expressway.

The reclamation for Cavitex

impeded movements and

natural flow of waters that

cause massive flooding and

sky high storm surge during

tropical storms and torrential

rains

Two years after the

completion of the solid-

based road infrastracture

done through massive

reclamation of not less than

5,000 hectares of foreshore

waters along Bacoor Bay, a

dramatic decline in fish

capture and aquaculture

production took place.

Mussel farms were

demolished causing grave

economic difficulties to

small and medium scale

mussel operators in Bacoor.

Shell gathering which is once

a productive activity in

Bacoor Bay is now a thing of

the past due to the ecological

imbalance created by

massive reclamation.

Foreign and Local

Investors/

Businessmen

Good for construction and

this would pave way for

urban expansion and real

estate development in

Cavite.

Strengthen the commercial

link between Metro Manila

and the booming provinces

of Cavite, Laguna and

Batangas.

Economic activities in

Cavite, have practically went

into a full swing with the

construction of many

subdivisions in these areas

after we Cavitex started

operating.

Motorists/Users

Alleviate traffic congestion

in Bacoor- Talaba road,

since the motorists going to

Kawit, Trece Martirez and

other parts of Cavite have

the option on taking another

route which is the Cavitex.

Provision of high capacity,

reliable, and efficient

alternate route parallel to

Aguinaldo Highway and

Tirona Highway.

Cavitex is seen to ease traffic

on major stretch for travelers

going to Cavite province.

Travel time will be reduced

to 20 minutes instead of one

hour and 30 minutes from

Kawit, Cavite to Manila, and

from Imus, Cavite to Makati

City. There would be more

time to spend with family

and other things.

Conclusion:

In order to effectively plan and implement any projects and regulations related to urban

development and environmental resources management, the government planning agencies

need to engage stakeholder participation i.e. public, key agencies and local organizations, on

decision making process. This would enable to formulate the acceptable plan that would

equally benefit all sector of the society. This practice generally highlights the realistic needs

of the city and minimizes the conflicts.

Given the fast growth of the Bacoor, some form of control over development densities are

needed since these will affect the demand for infrastructure, utilities, services, and the overall

quality of the environment. To support current and future land use activities, infrastructure

and services such as transportation, water supply, drainage and sewerage should be

augmented. This need becomes more prominent since Bacoor starts to become the catchment

area of residents from Metro Manila as well as of migrant population employed in the

industrial centers of the other districts in Cavite like Carmona, and Dasmariñas.

Urban land use and environmental resources management are the priority issues in the study

area. There is a need to implement improved land use management plan, which should

comprehensively address land requirements for natural resources, urban development and

other development needs. Projects related to urban development and natural resources should

be regularly monitored and update data information to evaluate the effects of the

implemented projects and immediately provide actions or alterations in the projects. In this

way, the negative externalities such as pollution, drainage and sewerage problems and

transportation network system would be eliminated or diminished.

Reference:

Comprehensive Land Use Report, Municipality of Bacoor, Cavite 200-2020 (n.d) Retrieve

from http://www.bacoor.gov.ph//clup

Cavitex, Manila-Cavite Expressway. (n.d) Retreve from http://cavitexpressway.com

Corpuz, Gerry. Battle of Manila Bay Looms over Reclamation. December 07,2012. Manila

Bulletin.