case studies undp: sepik wetlands management initiative, papua new guinea
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7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: SEPIK WETLANDS MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE, Papua New Guinea
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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities
Papua New Guinea
SEPIK WETLANDSMANAGEMENT INITIATIVE
Empowered live
Resilient nation
Empowered live
Resilient nation
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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES
Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo
or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth
their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition
themselves guiding the narrative.
To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser
that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ
to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models
replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years
the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.
Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.
EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran
Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding
Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe
Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,
Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu
DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa
Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.
AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Sepik Wetlands Management Initiative, and in particular the guidance and inp
o Jerry Wana (Chairman) and Reuben Wak. All photo credits courtesy o Sepik Wetlands Management Initiative. Maps courtesy o C
World Factbook and Wikipedia.
Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Sepik Wetlands Management Initiative, Papua New Guinea. Equator Initiative Case Stu
Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdf -
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PROJECT SUMMARYIn its work with 50 communities along the Sepik River the longest river in New Guinea the Sepik WetlandsManagement Initiative has transormed the local economyand local treatment o wetlands. The sustainable harvest ocrocodile eggs rom nest sites along the river has become animportant source o income or local residents. Previously,crocodile nest sites were being indiscriminately destroyedby wetland res set or hunting, agriculture, or as part oland ownership disputes.
The initiative instituted a program in which local crocodile
egg collectors ollowing specied conservation guidelineswould receive a guaranteed return rom a commercialcrocodile egg retailer. The combination o egg collectionand crocodile arming to produce high-quality skins hasdoubled the annual income in participating communities,all while raising the awareness o wetland values andstressing the cultural importance o crocodiles.
KEY FACTS
EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2006
FOUNDED: 1998
LOCATION: Ambunti, East Sepik Province
BENEFICIARIES: Communities in upper & lower Sepik regi
BIODIVERSITY: Saltwater & freshwater crocodiles
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SEPIK WETLANDS MANAGEMENTINITIATIVEPapua New Guinea
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background and Context 4
Key Activities and Innovations 5
Biodiversity Impacts 7
Socioeconomic Impacts 8
Policy Impacts 8
Sustainability 9
Replication 10
Partners 10
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he Sepik River is the longest river on the island o New Guinea. The
majority o the river ows through the Papua New Guinea provinces
Sandaun and East Sepik, with a small section owing through
he Indonesian province o Papua. The Sepik was identied in
apua New Guineas 1993 Conservation Needs Assessment as Very
High Priority, the category o highest priority, due to its range o
istinctive landorms, associated biota in particular its extensive
erbaceous wetlands cultural diversity, and economic value.
A local response to loss o wetland resources
epik Wetlands Management Initiative (SWMI), based in Ambunti,
ast Sepik Province, was ormed in 1998 to address re-relatedwetlands degradation in the middle regions o the Sepik River.
During dry seasons, local people were burning grassland or
unting, cultivation, or as part o landowner disputes, and in the
rocess destroying vast areas o wetlands and nesting habitats or
he New Guinea Freshwater Crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae)
nd Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). By 1998, more than
al o crocodile nesting sites surveyed had lost over hal o their
uitable nesting area; at a third o the sites, more than 80% o the
egetation had been lost.
ince its establishment, SWMI has promoted crocodile and wetlands
onservation work in the Sepik through various strategies. These
ave included raising community awareness o the importance owetlands and wetland resources; the acilitation o a sustainable
rocodile egg harvesting program between community members
nd a commercial collector; increasing local awareness o and
aking action on controlling the spread o invasive species; crocodile
opulation monitoring; and developing community-driven
wetlands and wetland resources management plans. The link
etween community participation in conservation and the viability
livelihood activities based on natural resource management has
een at the centre o SWMIs work.
Its our main objectives are developing a community-orien
sel-help approach to conserve local wetlands, and in parti
herbaceous habitats; halting the degradation o locally-impo
wetland habitats, especially crocodile nesting areas,
rehabilitating sites where possible; enhancing the conserva
o local biological diversity; and strengthening the sustain
utilization o local wetlands resources.
SWMIs multi-stakeholder approach to conservation has invo
maintaining strong relationships with both government age
and non-governmental actors. The latter category has inclu
international conservation NGOs as well as the private sector
Papua New Guinea Department o Environment and ConservaPacic Island Ministries, and the district-level government o
in Ambunti village have all played important roles in coordina
responses to ecosystem threats and strategies or conservation
project has been unded and supported since 2005 by the W
Wildlie Fund (WWF) through its Sepik River Programme. S
has also partnered with Mainland Holdings Limited, a Papua
Guinea-based commercial crocodile egg collector.
The project does not have a guaranteed unding source, how
relying on grants to operate on a ull-time basis. The seven
members, made up o ve men and two women, work on a volun
basis or the majority o the time. The organisation consists
chairman, vice-chairman, treasurer, secretary and three eld oA technical advisory board comprises two community mem
one representing village crocodile armers, another on b
o crocodile habitat landowners representatives rom WWF
Papua New Guinea Department o Environment and Conserva
and a private expert.
Background and Context
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Key Activities and Innovations
KEY ACTIVITIEShe initiatives main activities are centered on providing adequate
normation to change community members behavior, encouraging
more sustainable harvesting o crocodiles and their eggs. A
econdary ocus has been on increasing awareness o the existence
o invasive species and nding ways to minimize their expansion.
WMIs work can be categorised into ve program areas. Their
management o natural resources has been underpinned by
nitial resource mapping and planning with local communities,
sing a Participatory Rural Appraisal ramework. This process o
ngaging local people is reinorced by awareness campaigns on themportance o wetlands and their resources, and actively involving
ommunities in minimizing their impacts on their environment. A
hird area o work has been monitoring populations o crocodiles.
his has been carried out by crocodile night counts, aerial crocodile
est counts, and tagging o crocodile individuals. Many o these
monitoring activities involve local people, while aerial counts have
been carried out in conjunction with government agencies. SWMIs
ole in improving local livelihoods, meanwhile, has been based
on its work with Mainland Holdings. The initiative oversees the
elationship between this commercial collector and local people
by acilitating the sustainable harvesting o crocodile eggs, and
nsuring that payments are made according to a signed contract,
or Tok Orait, between communities and Mainland Holdings. Finally,
SWMI provides training on crocodile arming and crocodile
harvesting techniques to improve the sustainability o these inc
generating activities. This has involved training on regulation
ensure that harvesting o crocodiles and their eggs do not de
crocodile breeding stocks; other training has ocused on impro
the quality o crocodile skins rom village arming pens, allo
armers to generate higher prots.
These work areas have involved approximately 50,000 peop
the lower and upper Sepik regions. SWMI has engaged aro
50 villages in these regions while conducting awareness ra
trainings, and monitoring activities. SWMI has also spent
with these communities conducting Participatory Rural Appexercises. The populations o these villages range rom an estim
300 to 1,500 inhabitants.
INNOVATIONS
Various innovations have enabled substantial success or S
Wetlands Management Initiative in both biodiversity conserva
and poverty alleviation. These have included the exte
engagement o local communities in all aspects o SWMIs w
utilizing the cultural and traditional signicance o crocodile
underpin their conservation, and creating tangible incentives
reinorce local action.
The region has seen unprecedented changes in water levels. Crocodile farmers have been urge
to elevate crocodile farms to about three meters and improve water outlets and feeding area
SWMI intends to conduct more awareness in the area of flooding and saltwater intrusion.
Jerry Wana, Chairman, Sepik Wetlands Management Initiative
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Using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) processes, maps were
nitially developed between SWMI staf and community members
o display the various land use activities in their areas. The
ommunities then played a key role in deciding what to protect, and
ow this should be undertaken. The PRA activities were explained
o communities using role-playing and drama conducted in local
anguages. Ultimately the challenge o establishing sustainable use
ractices was overcome through intensive community involvement
n all activities relating to the protection o natural resources, andncorporating their needs in the aims o the project. SWMI has also
sed participatory approaches to gain a clear understanding o local
eoples perceptions o development, especially in the context o
he utilization o natural resources or this.
he annual Sepik River Crocodile Festival was initiated in 2007
n collaboration with WWF. The estival is used to promote the
mportance o the crocodile a culturally signicant species to
nhance conservation in the Sepik. Integrating conservation into
ocal cultural traditions in this way has rooted the impetus or
ustainable resource use in local capacities.
inally, communities have gained substantial economic benets
rom protecting their wetlands and their wetland resources. This has
een supplemented by incentives or communities and individuals
who have taken lead roles in implementing skills given in training,
nd in coming up with innovative ideas.
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Impacts
BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS
The initiatives work in the Sepik region has achieved substantial
environmental impacts, measured both in terms o the numbers o
altwater and reshwater crocodiles, their eggs, and their improved
habitats.
Biodiversity monitoring and results
Crocodile population monitoring has involved three methods: aerial
urveys using helicopters and GPS or nest counts, night specimen
ounts using ashlights conducted in canoes, and numbers reported
rom egg and hatchling harvesting. Members o SWMI and thePapua New Guinea Department o Environment and Conservation
y in helicopters approximately 50-60 meters above ground to spot
rocodile nests, which are recorded using GPS. Two SWMI members
ct as spotters during the survey; one member acts as a navigator,
ommunicating with the pilot and giving directions.
Night counts are carried out by SWMI staf members in lagoons,
using ashlights to count crocodile populations based on the
ght illuminated rom the eyes o the crocodiles. Yellow eyes are
young specimens, while red eyes are adult crocodiles. Sometimes
ndividuals are caught to identiy their species type, to be weighed,
nd occasionally tagged or ollow-up surveys.
A survey in 2007 estimated a total o 220 saltwater crocodile nests,
ompared to 150 in 1997 prior to SWMI beginning their work. Positive
mpacts can also be seen in reshwater crocodile nesting trends, with
sharp increase o almost 80% recorded between 1996 and 2007.
Aerial surveys have revealed a steadily increasing total crocodile
population between 1998 and 2010. The latest survey, covering 50
villages, counted over 500 nests.
There has also been a reduction in burning o grassland areas w
crocodiles nests. By 2005, saltwater crocodile nesting habitats i
million ha o the middle and upper Sepik had been rehabilitate
regulations prohibiting burning.
Improvements in biodiversity are also reected in the commun
receiving improved income rom the sale o crocodile eggs
skins since the initiative began its work. Between 2002 and 2006
annual number o saltwater crocodile viable eggs and hatch
ound in SWMI canoe harvests increased rom 3,465 to 13,491.
Invasive species eradication campaigns
SWMI has also been active in raising awareness o the har
efects o invasive species on crocodile habitats. Pacu (Piar
brachypomum - see image below) and Javu Carp (Puntius gonion
destroy oating grass mats that serve as nest sites; Water Hyac
and Bush Morning Glory plants intrude on nesting areas. In vil
in the mid-Sepik region, SWMI has begun activities to com
the spread o these species. This has involved conducting sur
in villages to determine the extent o these species, colle
anecdotal evidence rom community members on where
when exotic species have been ound, and taking photograp
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collaborate these reports. These ndings are discussed with experts,
who advise on developing posters to describe the adverse efects
o these species and provide inormation on how to minimize their
pread. SWMI then conducts awareness-raising in villages using
posters. Actions have been taken in some villages to remove Bush
Morning Glory and Water Hyacinth.
Signs stating community management rules have been erected in
ourteen villages, with a urther seven planned or communitiesn the upper and middle Sepik areas. SWMI is working with WWF
and SWMI is working with WWF and DEC to develop community-
managed crocodile and wetland areas. Management areas and
plans will be developed by communities as part o their ward
development plans, as required under the Local-level Governments
Administration Act (1997). The ward development plans will then
be endorsed by local government administrators through the Joint
District Budget Planning and Priorities Committee. Community-
based management o natural resources is thereore rooted in the
context o decentralized development in Papua New Guinea: SWMI
s playing a key role in this process o devolving control over habitats
o the local level.
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
While SWMI has not been able to create direct employment or many
community members ve local staf primarily work on a voluntary
basis they have been able to substantially increase local incomes
hrough an agreement with Mainland Holdings. Increases in the
value o crocodile skins and eggs have also underpinned SWMIs
conservation eforts.
Local people sign a written contract, or Tok Orait, agreeing to
egulations on the harvesting o eggs and skins in return or a
guaranteed high price rom the collecting company. Currently this is
around 660 Papua New Guinea Kina (PGK), or USD 250, or a nest o
ixty good eggs. Regulations limit the burning o crocodile nesting
ites, protect nesting crocodiles, and establish a maximum size
or crocodile skins. These stipulations have helped to ensure that
breeding stocks o crocodile populations are not depleted.
Communities in the upper and lower Sepik region earn a
PGK120,000 (USD 46,000) annually rom sales o crocodile e
predominantly to Mainland Holdings, and over PGK50,000
19,000) annually rom the sale o skins. An estimated tot
PGK200,000 (USD 77,000) is received by the communities in
upper and middle Sepik, meanwhile, rom sales o crocodile
and skins. Overall, SWMI estimates that there has been a greater
100% increase in the income o the communities currently invo
in the initiatives work (based on village proles conducted on bo a local NGO in 2005).
There has also been interest rom local communities to dev
their own crocodile harvesting acilities. A WWF-European U
initiative, titled the Sepik Livelihoods Project, is working with S
to assess crocodile ranching potential, develop a Wetland Resou
Management Plan, and directly assist local communities to imp
existing crocodile acilities and build new ones. Some ranches
constructed ater 2009, but were destroyed by heavy oo
Improved designs and advanced management techniques
needed to promote protable ranches.
Many o the armers have invested their increased prots into scees or their children; in other cases, revenues have been use
purchase outboard motors or canoes; set up uel sheds;
water tanks to be used by communities; build a primary sch
and renovate a traditional building. In two cases, guest houses
been built using revenue rom sales o crocodile eggs, while
have also been invested in three trade stores.
POLICY IMPACTS
Sepik Wetlands Management Initiative has been able to
considerable inuence on policies at the local level, and s
inuence at regional and national levels, while its partnership
WWF has inormed planning processes or the wider Sepik regi
Many o SWMIs activities are supported by the Ambunti dist
ve year development programme. The district allocates und
the annual crocodile estival, and is also actively involved in p
to establish local crocodile arming. SWMI representatives
attended a workshop on developing a National Biodiversity Stra
or Papua New Guinea, held in Milne Bay in June 2007. Finally, S
is working with WWF to advocate or policies on water catchm
and watershed management in Papua New Guinea, including
Sepik River basin.
There have been obstacles to the initiative successully inuen
policy decisions, however. To date, the Papua New Gu
Department o Environment and Conservation has not
proactive in developing policies or crocodile and wetl
management. The department as a whole is underunded, w
repeated re-structuring has resulted in a lack o continui
personnel. In addition, SWMI is situated in a remote area o
country. Communication and transportation costs are high, mea
that opportunities or consultations with government oces
other stakeholders are limited.
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Sustainability and Replication
SUSTAINABILITYWMI has managed to achieve a high degree o social and cultural
ustainability, while its impacts on biodiversity and local incomes
re testament to its ecological and economic viability. As an
rganization, however, the initiative remains dependent on external
esources in the orm o unding and technical assistance.
ncreasing egg and hatchling harvests demonstrate that SWMIs
work has encouraged a more sustainable approach to resource
management; the sustainable egg harvesting program generates
USD 46,000/year or local communities. Ongoing work in increasing
ncome-generating opportunities or local communities ensureshat the nancial incentives or conservation will be reinorced. For
xample, many armers have been trained in increasing the value o
rocodile skins; as a result, some crocodile pens are now producing
igh quality crocodile skins. SWMIs work has also emphasized
dentiying communities needs, and subsequently developing
trategies to address these needs. One example o this is their
artnership with WWF-EU to develop local arming o crocodiles.
hese positive environmental and economic benets are
nderpinned by a high level o cultural awareness o the importance
conservation. The annual Sepik River Crocodile Festival has grown
n size, promoting crocodiles as an iconic species in the Sepik, and
urther encouraging communities to take action in protecting thenimal and its habitat within the region.
WMI has identied various strategies to enable their sustained
rganizational existence. They are currently bidding or contracts
rom the governments Department o Environment and
Conservation to lead natural resource management projects
lsewhere in the country. They are also negotiating with Mainland
Holdings or the payment o management ees or acilitating the
rocodile egg harvest programs conducted annually in the Sepik.
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1010
WWF has provided unding and technical assistance through theirepik River Programme, based out o Wewak, in East Sepik Province;
onger-term unding and improved oce acilities would greatly
move this work orward. Having a representative based in Wewak
would enable greater coordination with other groups based in this
egional centre.
REPLICATION
WMI is currently working in about 50 villages in the upper and
middle Sepik regions, representing a substantial scaling-up o their
nitial work in the region. In 1998, SWMI was working with sixteen o
hese villages. It has used its experience and lessons learned romach community to inorm its work in other cases. New villages
pplying the SWMI model or sustainable crocodile egg harvesting
nclude Wanamoi, Waniap, Houm 3, Luluk, Japandai, Aibom and
hambri.
his work has also been published in conjunction with WWF. In June
010, SWMI developed a training manual or crocodile armers,
ased on their work to date. Approximately 30 armers attended a
raining session conducted in Ambunti in September, 2010. SWMI
as also acilitated peer-to-peer learning exchanges or armers.
PARTNERS
Mainland Holdings Ltd.: only buy eggs rom armers that com
with SWMI rules or sustainable harvesting, specied in the tok
agreement.World Wildlie Fund (WWF): provides technical support and resou
Papua New Guinea Department o Environment and Conservati
provides technical support and advice on government policies.
UNDP/Global Environment Facility Small Grants Program(USD15,000, 2001-2002)HELP Resources: local NGO conducting socio-economic developm
projects.Pacifc Island Ministries: have assisted in communications, prin
and photocopying, etc.Sepik River Crocodile Festival Committee: conducting awaren
raising during estivals on the sustainable egg harvesting progrAmbunti District Level Government: has included SWMIs work
the districts ve-year development plan, and works closely
communities.University o Papua New Guinea: has provided training on rep
writing and establishing protected areas.
Most o these partners provide technical and nancial support to
organization. SWMI partners with these organizations to con
awareness on socio-economic issues (HELP Resources), prom
sustainable harvesting o eggs (Mainland Holdings), unde
sustainable use and management o wetland resources (W
UNDP), and conduct crocodile population monitoring sur
(Department o Environment and Conservation).
WWF in particular has been critical to the work o SWMI. They h
given training to build the capacity o SWMI staf, provided tech
guidance, and shared resources with SWMI where needed. Pa
New Guinea Department o Environment and Conservationprovided technical support to SWMI through a rancher base
Ambunti. This rancher spends 50% o his time working with SW
The organization would not be also to continue unctioning i
partners such as WWF, UNDP, or Mainland Holdings withdrew
support.
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FURTHER REFERENCE
Darwin Initiative. 2007. Sustainable Use o PNGs Wildlie: Report o a Workshop. Madang, Papua New Guinea. http://www.geog.cam.a
research/projects/insectarming/WildlieSustainableUse.pd
Cox, J. H., Gowep, B., Mava, A., Wana, J., Genolagani, J. M., Kula, V., Solmu, G., Sine, R., Wilken, D., and Langelet, E. 2006. The saltwater c
dile Crocodylus porosus egg harvest program in Papua New Guinea: linking conservation, commerce and community development. Proc
ings o the IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group (CSG) 18, 2006. http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/NS-2006-001.pd
quator Initiative
nvironment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
04 East 45th Street, 6th Floor
New York, NY 10017
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www.equatorinitiative.org
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change and
necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.
The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati
o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.
2012 by Equator Initiative
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