case studies undp: instrument of peace school, niger

7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: INSTRUMENT OF PEACE SCHOOL, Niger

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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

Niger

INSTRUMENTOF PEACE SCHOOL(EIP-NIGER)

Empowered live

Resilient nation


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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wor people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadththeir impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practitionthemselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succto scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as modelsreplication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Yearsthe Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph CorcoranManaging Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver HugheWen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Brandon Payne, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la ParBrandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Instrument o Peace School, and in particular the guidance and inputs o SaliAssane Seiny (Coordinator, EIP.) All photo credits courtesy o Instrument o Peace School and Trudel, S. 2009. River to River InitiatAquatic invasive species; rom curse to resource. Great Lakes United (http://www.icais.org/pd/2009abstracts/SYLVIE_TRUDEL.pd). Macourtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Instrument o Peace School (EIP-Niger), Niger. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. N

York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://www.icais.org/pdf/2009abstracts/SYLVIE_TRUDEL.pdfhttp://www.icais.org/pdf/2009abstracts/SYLVIE_TRUDEL.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858


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PROJECT SUMMARYThe village o Saga, located south o Niamey on the bankso the Niger River, was the initial setting or an innovativeexperiment in converting a troublesome invasive speciesin the river basin into an economic opportunity or thelocal community. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) hasclogged local irrigation systems, limited navigability o theriver, restricted access to local markets, and decreased theviability o the local economy, as well as severely impactingecosystem health and water quality.

cole Instrument de Paixhas mobilized community members

to collect water hyacinth rom the river, beore drying theplant material or use in a number o income-generatingactivities. The organization has been particularly successulat promoting local production o uel briquettes, which aremade o both dried water hyacinth and agricultural waste.These briquettes help to generate income through theirsale and improve energy access or marginalized riverbankcommunities.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2004

FOUNDED: 1999

LOCATION: 7 km south of Niamey on Niger River

BENEFICIARIES: 9 womens groups, 24 local schools

BIODIVERSITY: Mango, moringa, sahelian apple

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INSTRUMENT OF PEACE SCHOOL(EIP-NIGER)Niger

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 6

Biodiversity Impacts 8

Socioeconomic Impacts 8

Policy Impacts 10

Replication 11

Partners 11


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he Instrument o Peace School (cole Instrument de Paix - EIP)mploys an innovative natural resource management strategy,

which transorms the water hyacinth, an invasive alien species, romn environmentally destructive problem into a poverty reductionolution. The community-based organization uses the wateryacinth as the central theme o its environment and developmentctivities. It aims to improve local livelihoods and ood security by

manuacturing and selling hyacinth compost, woven products andooking briquettes. While the organization works with communitiesll along the Niger River extending rom the northern border

with Mali to the southern border with Nigeria the majority o itsctivities and interventions are undertaken in the village o Saga.

Environmental, social and economic challenges

he village o Saga is located seven kilometers south o Niameyn the banks o the Niger River. The community aces many o theocioeconomic challenges common to rural Niger over the lasteveral decades. School attendance is extremely low, particularlymong girls. More than 80% o the population is illiterate. Food

nsecurity is an ongoing challenge due to droughts, deserticationnd the degradation o soil. Freshwater access is limited, adding

water-borne diseases such as cholera to a local health burden thatlso includes widespread malnutrition and parasitic diseases suchs schistosomiasis. Women generally lack access to maternal health

are services, which has produced high rates o maternal and inantmortality.

he local population also suers rom limited economic activities.he primary livelihood in the village is subsistence agriculture,he majority o which (98%) is carried out in small-scale plots andardens. Overdependence on agriculture has led to the aggressivend intensive use o chemical ertilizers, which quickly exhausts theoil and has proven damaging to natural ecosystems. Small-scale,rtisanal shing is another traditional livelihood. In recent decades,

marine resource abundance has plummeted due to overshing

and destructive shing techniques. A number o environmechallenges have made it increasingly dicult or this econommarginalized community to capture and benet rom its nacapital. A lack o alternative energy access and prohibithigh costs or electricity in the village has led to widespdeorestation and tree elling. As local orests have been clewomen have been orced to walk urther and urther (usually sekilometers) to nd the wood and odder needed to meet cooneeds.

Turning an invasive species into economic opportunity

The Instrument o Peace School was ounded to turnenvironmental challenge aecting the Niger River Basin inteconomic opportunity. Water hyacinth is an invasive alien spthat has overtaken the region. It has severely clogged local irrigasystems, limited navigability o the river, restricted access to markets, and decreased the viability o the local economy. In addto the negative impacts the water hyacinth has had on the economy, it has also adversely aected ecosystem health and wquality. It covers a large percentage o the rivers surace, suoca

Background and Context


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ocal biodiversity and blocking light rom reaching underwater fora.The organization estimates that more than 60% o normal biomassas deteriorated since the water hyacinth has been introduced into

he region. This has impeded the reproductive patterns o nativesh and had predictably detrimental eects on endemic plant andnimal species).

IP uses water hyacinth to create income-generating opportunitiesor the local community and to meet energy needs, in particularhrough the manuacture o cooking briquettes. The organizationas used the invasive alien species as the cornerstone o itsnvironmental education and social change programs. They applyn integrated and participatory approach, which engages the

ocal population in people-centered sustainable developmentolutions with a particular emphasis on women and youth. EIPas become a platorm or the delivery o health, education and

livelihoods programming and prioritizes women and youth rigood environmental governance, and the active conservatiobiodiversity and natural resources.

The organization is guided in its programming by severalobjectives. It sets out to promote environmental education in the ormal and inormal education systems (and to instill posbehavior change in the management and conservation o systems); create conditions or people to recognize and actutheir rights to a healthy environment; promote the rights o woand children to education (in particular or girls); develop vcommunity development projects which draw on natural capitarespect ecosystem health; and strengthen community capaciautonomously manage their resources. EIP works primarily thronine womens sel-help groups and a number o local schools.

Projects in developing countries generally suffer from a lack of follow-up after the conclusio

of the work. When funding dries up, ongoing poverty reduction efforts are strained. We appe

to donors to provide long-term funding to community-based initiatives, and to support with th

monitoring and evaluation that can help local organizations meet reporting standards.

Salifou Assane Seiny, Coordinator, Instrument of Peace School


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Key Activities and Innovations

IP has taken a major environmental problem the prolieration onvasive aquatic plants, in particular water hyacinth and used it tomprove local incomes and generate positive social change. In all ots activities, the organization employs an integrated, community-

based approach that aims to include all segments o society. Byreating village management structures, EIP supports a process oonsultation, refection, evaluation, and action through which local

people become lead agents in community development.

Energy briquettes rom water hyacinth

One o EIPs primary activities is the collection o water hyacinth orse in the production o compost, handicrats, and, most notably,

plant-based uel briquettes. The community is mobilized to collecthe invasive alien species rom the Niger River, where it has cloggedhannels o transportation and commerce and threatened the

ntegrity o local ecosystem health. Plant material is then dried andsed in a number o income-generating activities. The organizationas been particularly successul at promoting local production

o uel briquettes, which are made o both dried water hyacinthnd agricultural waste. In addition to providing an extra source o

ncome, the plant-based uel briquettes reduce the need or woodn cooking, thereby reducing the pressure and stress placed onocal orests. The briquettes contain the same amount o energy asharcoal and provide the local population with a measure o energy

ndependence. EIP engages in ongoing research to explore how the

nergy pellets can be improved and how water hyacinth collectionmethods can be enhanced. For example, the organization designed

nd distributed a simple but eective foating grapnel, which hasboosted productivity and allows villagers to harvest plant materialrom the shore or canoes, reducing exposure to leeches and waternakes.

Reorestation and alternative energy

Reorestation and creating viable alternative energy options orhe local population are complementary project activities that are

also priorities or EIP. In partnership with the International CResearch Institute or the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PROFROMNiger-based non-governmental organization), and co Industrthe organization maintains a village tree nursery. This central nuis used to populate several smaller nurseries, which are operatewomens sel-help groups. Tree cultivation and propagation is ocon species with oilseed value, such as jatropha (Jatropha cuand neem (Azadirachta indica). Seedlings are sold to the gepopulation or planting in their elds, are used in the productiobiouels, or are used in reorestation eorts that ocus on desertdegraded areas in the village. Biouel produced rom the trees is to meet local energy needs, in particular the operation o multmills and water pumps (which provide irrigation or local gard

EIP has also partnered with the University o Leiden on a gbelt project that aims to combat desertication by planting bstrips o trees, and particularly those with medicinal and commevalues or the local population. Jatropha has been a species o chbecause o its high potential or biouel production. The villageplanted a green belt to the east o its borders to protect the virom wind erosion. Within the belt, the local population cantrees and plants with traditional medicinal value.

Environmental education and youth

A central aspect o EIP work is environmental education, a particular ocus on youth outreach and engagement.

organization oversees a network o youth troupes that use singdancing and storytelling to inorm and educate the gepopulation on locally relevant environmental and social isPerormances are carried out in local languages and attempt (wit is possible and appropriate) to incorporate human rights isSpecial emphasis is given to womens rights, such as the righown property, the right to marry by choice, and the right to mat an appropriate age. EIP also develops educational tools or schools and or the wider community. To date, the organizatioproduced ve booklets on a range o conservation and sustainresource management themes, one comprehensive guideboo


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nvironmental stewardship and childrens rights, and a numbero documentary lms (or use as teaching aids in schools). Theguidebook was so successul that the Ministry o Education hasncluded it as part o core curriculum in several regions o Niger. EIP

has also coordinated an environment exchange program that hasnterns rom Canada visit the community, live in the village, and

work with the local people on environmental awareness campaigns.xchange students have also been enlisted to work on school

egetable gardens, where produce is sold in markets to generate anlternative source o income.

Rotating und, solar dryers and uel-efcient stoves

IP also works in a number o other elds o community development,ncluding credit and savings services. The organization has helped tostablish a rotating credit und, a savings scheme that is common

throughout West Arica. Group members contribute small summoney at each meeting o the group and take turns receiving theThis is a valuable service or women who tend to be excluded more ormal credit and savings systems. Money is most comminvested into household repairs and small business developmAn additional area o activity or EIP is the marketing and salvegetables produced by local women in their home gardens.has provided women with collective bargaining capacity to en

they receive air prices or their produce. A portion o the procrom the collective sale o vegetable is invested into the rotaund to help women purchase gardening tools and seeds. LaEIP commissions the production o solar dryers and uel-ecstoves by local artisans, which are distributed to participawomens groups. Solar dryers help to preserve surplus vegetaor consumption in the lean season, while uel-ecient stoves aamilies to reduce energy inputs and smoke inhalation.

Our community has been affected by climate change. Just this year, torrential rains fel

leaving thousands homeless. The overflowing river submerged several hectares of arable lan

Biodiversity conservation is a prerequisite for reducing the negative impacts of climate chang

By protecting biodiversity, we strengthen the resilience of economies and ecosystems. And b

doing so, we protect the environment for future generations

Salifou Assane Seiny, Coordinator, Instrument of Peace School


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Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS

The water hyacinth has proven an eective rallying point ormobilizing community action. By ocusing on the eradication andproductive use o an invasive alien species, EIP has been able to

ombat broader environment challenges (such as deorestation anddesertication) and to conserve biodiversity. By turning collectedplant material into uel briquettes, the organization has helpedemove a species that was clogging local ecosystems and damaginghe local economy.

ince the initiative began, endemic fora and auna have regenerated

nd resumed normal breeding patterns. There has been a particularlynotable increase in sh diversity and abundance. Plant-based uelbriquettes have also reduced local pressure on orests or wood andodder. In addition, compost made rom collected water hyacinth is

used to nourish native tree seedlings in local nurseries and to enrichhe sandy, overextended agricultural soils.

EIP has also been actively involved in reorestation eorts toombat desertication. Oilseed and biouel tree species likeatropha (Jatropha curcas) and neem (Azadirachta indica) are

planted in strategic areas o the village. To also bolster secondaryvelihood options and local ood security, the organization haslso started planting mango (Mangiera indica), Sahelian apple

Ziziphus mauritiana), moringa (Moringa oliera), and gum (Acaciaenegal) trees. Fruit and non-timber orest products rom theserees are collected by local women and sold in regional markets.

The organization is currently reoresting at a rate o one and a halhectares annually, requiring more than 9,000 seedlings rom the

entral nursery. Reorestation has had positive biodiversity benets,with several bird and animal species returning to the region.

The organization commissions solar-dryers and energy-ecienttoves rom local artisans, and then distributes to womens sel-

help groups. Slow-burning, uel-ecient stoves use seven times

less wood than conventional stoves and are designed to use whyacinth-based uel briquettes. These technologies have provthe local community with energy autonomy and reduced preson local orest resources.

Environmental education is the thread that binds all EIP together. Working primarily through local schools but also throlocal cooperatives, ederations and unions the organization wto promote awareness o environmental challenges and actioncommunity can take to ensure sound environmental stewardTeaching aids and educational guidebooks (largely on alternenergy, but spanning other topics in biodiversity and ecosy

services) are used in training workshops and to mainstconservation into school curriculum.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

EIP works through nine womens sel-help groups, a netwo24 teachers, and schools in the village (attended by over 2students). Socioeconomic benets are delivered primarily throtraining sessions and workshops on a wide variety o topics ranrom environmental education, sustainable agriculture, alternenergy, and human rights. The primary objectives are to impagricultural productivity, strengthen energy autonomy and implocal incomes and livelihoods. Specic trainings are regularly

at the EIP central workshop on making natural compost rom whyacinth, ecoagriculture techniques, crop rotation, and ood drParticipating armers and womens sel help group members reskills training and build their capacity to manage natural resouthrough the application o locally-appropriate technologiesparticipants are trained in the manuacture and processing o bioand plant-based uel briquettes and pellets. This alternative ensource is used to run biouel generators. Youth receive traininthe maintenance o biouel equipment, managing compost, anmarketing o local vegetables, which has generated employmand reduced out-migration.


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Jatropha and neem seed biouel

The production o biouel has had a signicant and positive impacton the local economy. EIP distributes empty bags to womensel-help groups or the collection o jatropha and neem seeds,

and provides training in seed pulping. One harvest produces anaverage o 120 bags o neem seeds. EIP then purchases the seedsand processes them into a unctional biouel. During the arming

eason, the organization uses this uel to run water pumps orgardening and irrigation that preciously ran on gasoline. Jatrophaand neem seed biouel is also used to run two multi-purpose mills,which the community uses to process four and crush tree seeds intooil during the day, and which provides the village with electricity atnight. This local production o biouel has resulted in greater energyndependence or the village, reduced energy costs or local amilies,

and reduced dependence on ossil uels and timber.

Natural ertilizer, soil productivity and agricultural outputs

Training sessions are also provided by EIP on the production,torage and use o natural ertilizers. These trainings target local

women who arm small plots, many o whom are cultivating okra.Women are provided instruction on the collection and processingo water hyacinth, which is used as the biomass base o the compostmaterial. To date, more than 1,500 square meters o water hyacinthhave been cleared rom the surace o the Niger River, providing aotal o twelve tons o natural ertilizer. The compost is then used in

both irrigated and rain-ed elds to grow rice and other agriculturalproducts. Since local armers began using water hyacinth compost,oil productivity has vastly improved and vegetable production

has tripled. The collection o water hyacinth and the processing onatural ertilizer have also provided an alternative source o income

or local women, who sell the compost in regional markets to arworking in dry areas where water hyacinth is not ound. EIP hasidentied a comparable invasive alien species, kariba weed (Salmolesta), which is now the target o similar collection and comprocessing eorts.

Agricultural diversity and ood security

EIP also supports local armers to diversiy agricultural produ

by introducing new varieties o crops and vegetables. The objeis improving the variety and abundance o vegetables in the diet and to reduce the prevalence and high rates o malnutrin the community. Womens sel-help groups are provided trainings on how to eectively and productively cultivate housevegetable gardens. These groups now supply the village withvarieties o resh produce, including carrots, onions, eggplant, gand beets. Agricultural diversication has improved local nutristrengthened ood security and provided local women with aincome stream.

Local ood security has also been strengthened throughdissemination o solar dryers, which allow villagers to pres

ood or consumption during the dry (or lean) season. Where beexcess produce went to waste i it could not be consumed orbeore it spoiled, local armers are now able to plan or perioddrought and retain the ull outputs o their crops. The solar dhave also reduced the daily workload o local women by an aveo two hours, reeing them or other productive activities.

Additionally, the organization has succeeded in raising awareo local health issues and motivating positive behavior chaFor example, EIP has carried out awareness-raising campaignsae drinking water, leading to ewer people drinking directly

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LEFT: Water hyacinth RIGHT: Blocked irrigation canal Source: Trudel, S. (2009)


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he river. The organization provides guidance on simple ltrationechniques and instruction on how to create lters rom locallyvailable materials. This campaign was closely linked to another

which has convinced the local population to stop bathing in thever and to boil drinking water, two actions which have reduce therevalence o intestinal parasites.

Womens empowerment and education

n a country where Islam is the dominant cultural and religiousorce, the gender division between women and men is markedlyronounced. By supporting local women to improve their livelihoodsnd supplementary sources o income (e.g. selling compost,riquettes, and crats rom water hyacinth), the organization hasiven women a measure o nancial independence, empowermentnd economic security. EIP is also committed, however, to gender

nclusion and the ull and active participation o all segments oociety in their work. With this in mind, the organization has made anort to integrate men and boys into its programming and activities.he organization has delivered workshops and trainings on genderquality and the sharing o nancial and household responsibilities.

An equally important emphasis or EIP has been girls education.According to prevailing cultural norms and local tradition, girls are

xpected to stay home to help their mothers with domestic chores.Conditions o abject poverty reinorce this trend, as amilies rely on

irls and young women to contribute to amily income and earningapacity by collecting rewood and selling merchandise. As a result,oo ew girls are permitted to receive a ormal education. EIP hasackled this problem through awareness campaigns that aim toonvince parents o the value o enrolling their daughters in schools.his is a long-term objective or the organization, which will requireatience and likely advance incrementally. Illiteracy rates are highcross the sexes, and the argument or ormal education aboveroductive labor is greeted with skepticism in many segments o theopulation. Where the organization has seen success in this area, itas been a unction o improved economic security.

POLICY IMPACTS

IP has had a signicant impact at national and regional levels, inarticular by providing governments with a productive alternative oealing with invasive alien species. The organization has sensitizedovernment agencies to the need to educate the population livinglong the Niger River regarding the dangers o invasive aquaticlants and potential methods or managing the problem to their

enet. As a result o advocacy and lobbying by EIP, the governmento longer burns water hyacinth during its annual Fight AgainstWater Hyacinth Day. Instead, governments at both the regional and

ational levels have started to promote it as a resource that can quiteterally uel local development.

he organization has assumed a leadership role in the NationalCommittee or Coordination o Anti-Desertication andDevelopment NGOS o Niger. Through this network, EIP makesnputs and contributions to national environment policies, notablyncluding the Rural Development Strategy (SDR) and the Strategy o

Accelerated Development and Poverty Reduction (SDRP).

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Sustainability and Replication

REPLICATIONhe EIP model o turning an invasive alien species into a source oatural wealth or the local population has been shared with severalommunities along the Niger River. The organization has become

leader on community-based environment and developmentrojects in the region, providing guidance on composting,lternative energy, and agricultural diversity. Through peer-to-peerxchange and other outreach, EIP has popularized traditional plantsuch as moringa and jatropha, adding value to a locally availablend plentiul resource. The organizations success has also spreado Mali, where the Nigerian embassy requested their guidance on

managing a similar water hyacinth problem. EIP sta visited Segou,Mali or one-month site visit to train people in the various uses water hyacinth, a model currently being applied to eradicatequatic weeds in the Marakala dam. The mobilization o youth intonvironmental education troupes has also been replicated in otherreas. These troupes perorm at community events and promotenvironmental protection, biodiversity conservation, the value oraditional knowledge, and womens and childrens rights.

PARTNERSEIP has benetted rom a diverse group o partners over the yincluding but not limited to the Canadian International DevelopmAgency (CIDA), Cardinal Lger Foundation, Roncalli FoundationUNDP implemented GEF-Small Grants Programme, UniversiLeiden, UNICEF, Save the Children-Sweden, and Great Lakes Un

Canadian International Development Agency: CIDA has beeinstrumental nancial partner since the project began in 20

Cardinal Leger Foundation: CLF has been involved in the pr

since 2005 and has provided unding o CND 300,000 over tyears.

Ministry o International Relations o Quebec: MRI contributed since 2005 to a number o projects, inclubiodiversity conservation and the popularization o techniques.

University o Leiden: This Netherlands-based univesupports research and develops synergies between biodiveconservation eorts and local work to combat deserticati

ICRISAT: This center assists in research, and in particula

dissemination o research ndings to the local population.

UNDP implemented GEF-Small Grants Programme: provided the organization with catalytic unding to launcprogramming.

co-Industrielle: This Quebec-based rm specializes inproduction o environmentally riendly tools and induequipment and has been an instrumental partner in vaadded secondary processing.


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The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizatio recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

2012 by Equator InitiativeAll rights reserved

FURTHER REFERENCE

Instrument o Peace School websitehttp://portail-eip.org/SNC/eiparique/Niger/Niger.html

Trudel, S. 2009. River to River Initiative: Aquatic invasive species; rom curse to resource . Great Lakes United. http://www.icais

pd/2009abstracts/SYLVIE_TRUDEL.pd
http://portail-eip.org/SNC/eipafrique/Niger/Niger.htmlhttp://www.icais.org/pdf/2009abstracts/SYLVIE_TRUDEL.pdfhttp://www.icais.org/pdf/2009abstracts/SYLVIE_TRUDEL.pdfhttp://www.icais.org/pdf/2009abstracts/SYLVIE_TRUDEL.pdfhttp://www.icais.org/pdf/2009abstracts/SYLVIE_TRUDEL.pdfhttp://portail-eip.org/SNC/eipafrique/Niger/Niger.htmlhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348150390.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348068029.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348163630.pdf

case studies undp: instrument of peace school, niger

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